2019届二轮复习语法专题非谓语动词课件（45张）

2019届二轮复习语法专题非谓语动词课件（45张）

考点一  非谓语动词作状语 一、不定式、分词作状语的基本原则 不定式、分词作状语时,不定式、分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保 持一致,即不定式、分词作状语时必须和句子主语含有逻辑上的主动或 被动关系,否则一般不能使用不定式、分词作状语。 二、不定式作状语 1.不定式作目的状语 不定式作目的状语的情况较多,如果强调目的性时,不定式前还可加in order 或 so as, 构成“ in order to do” 或“ so as to do” 结构。“ in order to 考点 清单 2019 届二轮复习语法专题 非谓语动词 do”结构作目的状语时,可以放在句首也可放在句中;“so as to do”结 构只能放在句中。 Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year (so as/in order) to visit her.她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京来看她。 2.不定式作结果状语 不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中:so...as to;such...as to;...enough to; only to(常表示意外的或事与愿违的结果);too...to等。 I ' m not so stupid(a fool) as to write it down. 我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。 Jane hurried back only to find that her mother had left. 简匆忙赶回来却发现她的母亲已经离开了。 ( 表示“意外或事与愿违 的结果” ) I ' m too tired to stay up. 我太累了,不能熬夜了。 注意:在only too...to结构中,too...to...并非是“太 …… 而不能 …… ”之 意。此时,与too...to...搭配的形容词常见的有pleased,ready,willing,glad, happy等。 I ' m only too glad to have passed the exam. 考试及格了,我非常高兴。 3.不定式作原因状语 形容词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语,用以说明产生这种情绪 的原因。 用于这类结构中的形容词常见的有 :happy,glad,sorry,anxious, proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delighted,pleased 等 。 You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday. 你永远不会知道昨天看到她时,我是多么高兴。 4.在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”结构中,句子的主语与动词 不定式有逻辑上的被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时, 需 用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有:easy, hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable, safe,dangerous 等。 This question is easy to answer. 这个问题容易回答。 This book is difficult to understand. 这本书难以理解。 三、分词作状语 1.分词作状语时其形式的选择 形式 意义 v .-ing(doing) 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,与句子谓语动词动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生 having+ v .-ed(having done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,先于谓语动词动作发生 v .-ed(done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成 being+ v .-ed(being done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且与谓语动词动作同时发生 having been+ v .-ed(having been done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生 2.分词作状语的句法功能 分词作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴 随状况等。为了强调,还可与while,when,once,if,unless等连词连用。 When offered help,one often says“Thank you”or “It ' s kind of you”. (时间) 当被提供帮助的时候,人们常说“谢谢你”或“你真好”。 Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.(原因) 因为没看见有人在家,她决定给他们留一个纸条。 Generally speaking,if taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.(条件) 一般来说,如果按照说明服用,这种药没有副作用。 He glanced at her,noticing that though she was tiny,she seemed very well. (结果) 他瞥了她一眼,注意到她虽然很纤弱,但看起来非常健康。 Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.(让步) 虽然被告诉过好多次了,但他仍然犯同样的错误。 The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.(伴随) 老师进了实验室,后面跟着一些学生。 四、独立成分作状语 有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作 独立成分。常见的有:generally speaking 一般来说;frankly speaking 坦白 地说;judging from/by...根据 …… 来判断;considering.../taking...into con- sideration考虑到 …… ;to tell you the truth 说实话;compared to/with 与 … … 相比。 Judging from his accent,he is from Hong Kong. 从口音判断,他是香港人。 Considering your health,you ' d better have a rest. 考虑到你的健康,你最好休息一下。 To tell you the truth,I am a little tired.说实话,我有点累。 五、独立主格结构作状语 非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非 谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格 结构。 独立主格结构的特点:①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同, 它独立存在。②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分 词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。③独立主格结构一般有逗号 与句子分开。 独立主格结构的构成:①名词/代词+分词;②名词/代词+不定式;③with/ without+名词/代词+分词/不定式 。 The test finished(=When the test was finished),we began our holiday.考试 结束后,我们就开始我们的假期了。 The president assassinated(=Because the president was assassinated),the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被暗杀了,全国上下沉浸在深切的悲痛之中。 Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we are going to visit you tomor- row. 如果天气允许,我们明天就去看你。 I stood before her with my heart beating fast. 我站在她面前,心脏跳得很快。 题组训练·用所给动词的适当形式填空 ①He got up early 　to catch     (catch)the early bus. ② 　Having spent     (spend)nearly all our money, we couldn ' t afford to stay at a hotel. ③Be careful when you deal with this chemical, as it will explode when     exposed     (expose)to sunlight. ④The sentence is not easy 　to translate     (translate). ⑤All the people were surprised 　to see     (see)the president ' s coming. ⑥He hurried to the railway station, only 　to find     (find)the train had left. ⑦Many activities are organized after class 　to help     (help)the students to develop team spirit. ⑧ 　Accustomed    (accustom)to living in the countryside, my parents can ' t adapt to living in an apartment. ⑨So far all cloned animals have suffered from different serious disorders, many of them 　dying     (die)soon after birth. ⑩ 　Having been warned     (warn)several times, he still turned a deaf ear to the typhoon forecast. 考点二  非谓语动词作定语 一、不定式作定语 1.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词 是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面需有相应的介词。 The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. 布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。 但是,如果不定式所修饰的名词是time,place或way 时,不定式后面的介 词习惯上省去。 He had no place to live. 他没有地方住。 2.用不定式作定语的几种情况: (1)表示将来的动作。 The car to be bought is for his sister. 要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。 (2)用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词,且与中心 词为逻辑上的主动关系。 He was the best man to do the job.他是做这份工作的最佳人选。 She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。 (3)有些名词的同根词后面常跟不定式,因而它们后面也常跟不定式作 定语,常见的有:promise,plan,attempt,offer,decision,refusal,failure,ability, chance,warning,anxiety,eagerness,willingness,readiness等。 I don ' t trust his promise to come for a visit. 我不相信他来访的诺言。 (比较:He promised to come for a visit.) He said he had no plans to go there. 他说他没有要去那里的计划。 (比较:He didn ' t plan to go there.) He made an attempt to stand up. 他试图站起来。 (比较:He attempted to stand up.) 二、分词作定语 1. 作定语的及物动词的分词形式为 : v .-ing,being+ 过去分词和过去分词。 当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为主动关系时 , 用 v .-ing; 当被修饰的名词 与非谓语动词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being+过去分词;当 被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词。 The houses being built are for the teachers. 正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。(被动,正在进行) 2.作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为: v .-ing 和过去分词。 v .-ing 表示正 在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。     三、to be done,done和being done作定语的区别 to be done表被动、将来;done表被动、完成;being done表被动、正在进 行。 Have you read the novel written by Dickens? 你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗?(表被动、完成) Listen!The song being sung is very popular with the students. 听!正唱着的这首歌非常受学生们的欢迎。(表被动、正在进行) The question to be discussed at tomorrow ' s meeting is very important. 明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。(表被动、将来) 题组训练·用所给动词的适当形式填空 ①There are still many problems 　to be solved     (solve)before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. ②Prices of daily goods 　bought     (buy)through a computer can be lower than store prices. ③John is so happy because he has got the letter 　offering     (offer)him the job he has been dreaming of. ④My favorite dish is fish 　cooked     (cook)with pepper and other spices. ⑤It can give you an amazing experience because of its interesting things      offered     (offer)to all types of tourists. ⑥As I was about to give up hope, a man 　driving     (drive)an old dirty car came to my aid. ⑦These huge creatures were being held by only a small rope 　tied     (tie) to their front legs. 考点三  非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语、补语 一、非谓语动词(不定式、动名词)作宾语 (一)下列动词一般用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀: 决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。 主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。 decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend; offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 当我经过时,她假装没看见我。 We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn ' t turned up yet. 我们约好了在这里见面,但是她到现在还没有露面。 此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等一般也用不定式作宾语。 (二) 下列动词或词组一般用动名词作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀: 考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。 避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏。 禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡。 consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/put off, fancy(想要,想做);avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/ap- preciate;forbid,imagine,risk;can ' t help(禁不住),mind,allow/permit,es- cape。 He got well-prepared for the job interview,for he couldn ' t risk losing the good opportunity. 他为这次求职面试做了充分准备 , 因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风 险。 此外,be used/accustomed to,lead to,devote to,go back to,stick to,object to, get down to,pay attention to,can ' t stand(无法忍受),give up,feel like,insist on,be busy,have difficulty(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),spend time(in)等短语后也要用动名词作宾语。 (三)下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但 意义上有区别,要特别注意。 forget   remember   regret   try   mean   (四)在动词allow,permit,forbid,advise,consider后直接跟动名词作宾语;如 果后面有名词或代词作宾语,则用动词不定式作宾语补足语。 allow/permit/forbid/advise/consider   Smoking is forbidden here so we don ' t allow you to smoke. 这里禁止吸烟,所以我们不允许你吸烟。 We don ' t allow smoking in the hall. 我们不准有人在大厅内吸烟。 (五) 动词need,require,want 作“需要”,deserve作“应受,应得”讲时,其 后用动名词的主动形式(doing)或不定式的被动形式(to be done)表被动 意义 。be worth后用动名词的主动形式(doing)表示被动意义,而be wor- thy后则需用不定式的被动形式。此外,need,require,want后可以接名词 或代词作宾语,然后接不定式作宾语补足语,表示“需要/要求/想要某人 做某事”。 词语 可以跟的作宾语的非谓语动词 含义 例句 need/require/want to be done/doing 某物需要被 …… The car needs repairing.=The car needs to be repaired.这辆车需要修理。 be worth doing 某事值得去做 The place is worth visiting. 这个地方值得参观。 be worthy to be done 某事值得去做 The place is worthy to be visited. 这个地方值得参观。 deserve doing/to be done 某事值得去做 These proposals deserve considering.=These proposals deserve to be considered.这些建议值得考虑。 (六)不定式作动词(词组)tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,ad- vise,discuss,ask,decide,wonder,find out等的宾语时,前面常带how,what, whether,where,when,who,why等,但why后加不带to的不定式。 注意:此用法中的不定式的逻辑主语需与句子的主语或宾语保持一致, 否则用宾语从句。 He showed us how to do the work.(=He showed us how we should do the work.) 他给我们演示怎么做这项工作。 I don ' t know what to do.(=I don ' t know what I should do.) 我不知道做些什么。 We must decide whether to stay or go.(=We must decide whether we ' ll stay or go.) 我们必须决定是留还是走。 Can you tell me why do it?你能告诉我为什么这么做吗? 题组训练·用所给动词的适当形式填空 ①She refuses 　to stop     (stop)talking while she works. ②I remember 　locking/having locked     (lock)the door, but why is it open now? ③In some parts of London,missing a bus means 　waiting     (wait)for an- other hour. 二、非谓语动词作补语 (一)后接不定式作补语的动词及动词词组 advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite, love,order,persuade,prefer,remind,require,teach,tell,want,warn,wish,wait for,call on,depend on等。 You are not allowed to smoke here.这里不允许吸烟。 The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat. 医生告诫他不要吃太多的肉。 注意: think,consider,believe,suppose,feel,find,imagine,prove,judge等后常用“to be...”作宾补/主补。 People considered him to be a great leader. 人们认为他是一位伟大的领袖。 They found the answer to be quite satisfactory. 他们觉得那个回答非常令人满意。 Chinese food is considered to be the healthiest in the world. 中餐被认为是世界上最健康的。 He imagines himself to be an able man. 他自认为是个能人。 (二)非谓语动词作感官动词(词组)、使役动词的宾补 1.感官动词(词组)see,watch,observe,look at,notice,hear,listen to,feel的宾 语补足语有四种形式,以see 为例:     I heard her sing an English song just now. 刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动,完成) I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. 昨天经过她的房间时,我听见她正在唱一首英文歌。(主动,正在进行) I heard an English song being sung by the little girl when I passed by her room yesterday. 昨天经过她的房间时,我听见那个小女孩正在唱一首英文歌。(被动,正 在进行) I ' d like to see the plan carried out. 我想看到这个计划被执行。(被动,没有一定的时间性) 2.使役动词make,let,have,get后接复合宾语的情况: (1)     He made his workers work 12 hours a day. 他让他的工人们每天工作12个小时。 He tried to make himself understood. 他尽量把自己的意思表达清楚了。 (2)     Don ' t let your child play with matches.别让你的孩子玩火柴。 Let the work be done immediately.工作要马上去做。     注意:①have sth.done还表示“使 …… 遭受 …… ”之意。 Tom had his leg broken while playing football. 汤姆踢足球时弄伤了腿。 Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday. 在史密斯先生外出度假期间,他家被盗了。 ②have sb.doing常用于否定句中,其中have有“允许、容忍”之意 。 I won ' t have you speaking to your dad like that. 我不允许你和你父亲那么讲话。 ③have还可用于have something to do结构,该结构中have作“有”讲,不 定式作定语 。 I have something urgent to inform you. 我 有 紧急的事 要通知 你们。 (4)     He got me to post the letter for him. 他让我替他寄信。 The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest. 休息了片刻之后,上尉让士兵们朝前线行进起来。 I ' ll get my bike repaired tomorrow. 我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。 3.一些动词(词组)在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,但在 被动语态中要加上to,它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”——5看(look at, see,watch,notice,observe);3使(make,let,have);2听(listen to,hear);1感觉 (feel)。 Someone was heard to come up the stairs. 听见有人上楼了。     It ' s wrong to leave the machine running. 让机器一直运转着是不对的。(主动,正在进行) The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didn ' t taste deli- cious.大部分的菜客人们动都没动,因为它们不可口。(被动,完成) ( 三 ) 动词 leave,keep,find,catch 及介词 with 后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的 情况 : He left,leaving me to do all the rest work. 他走了,留下我一个人去做剩余的所有工作。(主动,将来) We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.我们 匆匆忙忙地结束了会议,留下了很多问题等待解决。(被动,将来)     Keep the engine running.别让发动机熄火。 You should keep me informed of his whereabouts. 你应该让我了解他的行踪。     We found him(to be)dishonest.我们发现他不诚实。 Often I found her quietly weeping alone. 我经常发现她独自默默流泪。 I found him buried in a novel. 我发现他在埋头读一本小说。 4.catch sb.doing sth.撞见某人正在做某事。 I caught John reading my private letters. 我撞见约翰在偷看我的私人信件。     John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work finished,he gladly accepted it. 约翰收到了一份宴请函。工作都完成了,他欣然接受了邀请。 With a lot of difficult problems to settle,the newly elected president is hav- ing a hard time. 因为有很多难题要解决,所以这位新任总统的日子不好过。 (四)常用不定式作主语补足语的句型 Sb./Sth. be said/believed/known/supposed/reported/considered/found/ thought+to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done+其他。 He is said to have gone abroad. (=It is said that he has gone abroad.) 据说他出国了。 Heat is considered to be a form of energy. 热能被看作是一种能量形式。 You ' re supposed to pay the bill by Friday. 你应该在星期五前结清这笔账。 题组训练·用所给动词的适当形式填空 ④The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see 　carried     (carry)out the next year. ⑤The missing boy was last seen 　playing     (play)near the river. ⑥I will be surprised if you can get Calvin 　to buy     (buy)these tickets for you. ⑦As we drew closer, I could see a whale 　being attacked     (attack)by a pack of about six other killers. ⑧The professor came into the lecture with many students 　following     (follow)him. 三、非谓语动词作主语、表语 (一)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词)作主语 1. 不定式、动名词都可作主语,但动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的 动作,可以是多次的、经常性的行为;不定式作主语多表示具体的动作, 尤其是某一次的动作 。   2.下列句型中常用动名词作主语。 It is/was+   +doing sth. It is worth making an appointment before you go. 去之前预约一下是值得的。 3.“Wh-+不定式”可作主语。 When to leave hasn ' t been decided yet.什么时候动身还没定呢。 Whether to drive or take the train is still a question. 是开车还是乘火车仍是一个问题。 (二)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)作表语 1.不定式、动名词都可作表语,但动名词作表语多指抽象的、概念性的 动作,可以是多次的、经常性的行为;不定式作表语多表示具体的动作, 尤其是某一次的动作。 His favorite sport is swimming. 他最喜欢的运动是游泳。(泛指游泳) Your task today is to wash the curtains. 你今天的任务是洗窗帘。(指一次具体的工作) 2. 现在分词、过去分词都可作表语,但现在分词用来说明主语的特征,意 为:令人 …… 的;过去分词用来说明主语的状态,意为:感到 …… 的 。 The film is exciting.这部电影激动人心。 He is excited at the news.听到这个消息他激动不已。 3.非谓语动词作remain的表语。 (1)remain作“仍需去做(或说、处理)”讲,后面加“to be done”作表语。 One problem remains to be solved.有一个问题尚待解决。 It remains to be seen whether the operation was successful. 手术是否成功还有待观察。 (2)remain作“仍然是”讲,后面可加现在分词或过去分词作表语。 She remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down. 虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下,但她还是站着。 The true author of the book remains unknown. 这本书真正的作者依然不详。 题组训练·用所给动词的适当形式填空 ⑨ 　Interrupting     (interrupt)others when they are talking to us is usually considered rude and inappropriate. ⑩Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains 　to be seen     (see)whether they will enjoy it.   As we joined the big crowd I got 　separated     (separate)from my friends.   The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain 　seated     (seat)as the plane was making a landing.   She was so 　absorbed     (absorb)in her job that she didn ' t hear anybody knocking at the door.   　Being injured     (injure)in the leg made it impossible for him to walk to school every day.