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【英语】2018届二轮复习32区分定语从句和同位语从句学案(3页)
2018届二轮复习 "3+2"区分定语从句和同位语从句 同位语从句和定语从句从表面来看十分相似,在形式上基本相同,都是跟在名词之后,且又常由that引导。因此考生极容易将两种从句混淆。实际上,定语从句和同位语是截然不同的两种从句,两者有着本质的区别。下面本文将从三个方面来区别这两种从句,并用两种方法来判断这两种从句。 三个区别 第一,先行词不同。 1. 定语从句可以放在任何名词后面,即定语从句的先行词可以是表人或事物的任何名词。其中when、where和why引导的定语从句,先行词必须是时间名词、地点名称和reason。如: I still remember the day when I first came to the US. This is the house where I lived two years ago. This is the reason why she will not attend the meeting. 2. 同位语从句的先行词多为抽象名词,常见的名词通常有news, idea, fact, doubt, hope, promise, question, thought, message, suggestion, word(消息), possibility, decision等。具体名词后一般不可以再加同位语从句。when、where和why引导的同位语从句时,先行词不是时时间名词、地点名词和reason,必须是抽象名词。如: We have no idea when he was dead. He put forward the question where the meeting would be held. The teacher had no idea why Jack was absent. 第二,引导词不同。 1. 定语从句的引导词主要有两类: (1)关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose和as。 (2)关系副词:when、where和why。 关系代词在从句中做主语、宾语或表语,关系副词在从句中做状语。如: The question that/which he came up with is not settled. 本句中引导词that/which在从句中做谓语动词came up with的宾语。 2. 同位语从句属于名词性从句的一种,引导词主要有三类: (1)连词:that、whether; (2)连接代词:what、who和which等; (3)连接副词:when、where、 why和how。 连词在从句中不做任何成分,只起连接作用。连接代词在从句中做主语、宾语或表语,连接副词在从句中做状语。如: The question whether he will come or not is not settled. 本句中,从句主语是he,从句谓语动词是will come,come为不及物动词,构成“主语+vi”句型。从句成分完整,引导词whether不做成分,只起连接从句与主句其他成分的作用。 第三,句法功能作用不同。 1. 定语从句相当于形容词,从句对先行词进行修饰限定,从句和先行词是附属关系。如: We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。 本句中的that从句的作用相当于一个形容词,其作用是修饰the news,因为根据句意,我们并不能知道消息news的内容是什么。 2. 同位语从句相当于名词,从句对先行词进行解释说明,从句和先行词是相等关系。如: We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。 本句中的that从句的作用相当于一个名词,是对the news的进一步说明,因为根据句意,我们知道消息news的内容是“他赢得了比赛”。 两种方法 第一,引导词判断法。 1. whether、what和how不可以引导定语从句。所以名词后的从句若由whether、what和how引导时,该从句一定不是定语从句。如: I have no idea how much money I have earned today. 2. that既可以引导定语从句也可以引导同位语从句,区别时词性不同:that引导定语从句时是代词,that在从句中做主语、宾语或表语。that引导同位语从句是连词,只起连接作用,不做任何成分。如: The fact that we talked about is very important. 本句中,从句主语是we,谓语动词是talked about,that做talk about的宾语,that是代词,所以本句是定语从句。 The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody. 本句中,从句主语是he,谓语动词是succeeded in,宾语是the experiment,从句的结构和意义都完整,that不做成分,所以本句是同位语从句。 3. 定语从句的引导词在从句中作宾语或状语时,可以省略或者替换成别的词;而同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略,也不能替换成别的词。 如: The news (that) she heard is true. 本句是定语从句,that可省略。 The news that she will go abroad is true. 本句是同位语从句,that不可省略。 The reason why he was chosen remains unknown. 本句中why引导的是定语从句,why可以被 for which或 that 代替。 The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 本句中 why引导的是同位语从句,why 不能省去,也不能被其它词代替。 第二,变句判断法。 同位语从句与先行词是是同位关系,即二者是相等的,所以可以将其变成一个先行词做主语,后加系动词和原同位语从句,将原同位语从句变成表语从句的句子。但是定语从句则不可以变成表语从句。如: The news that he won the first place is true. 可变成:The news is that he won the first place. 语法结构成立,意义完整,故可确定原句是同位语从句。 The news that you told me yesterday was really exciting. 如果将本句若变成表语从句,则是: The news is that you told me yesterday. 引导表语从句时,that是连词,不做从句成分。此时,从句缺少told的宾语,从句的结构和意义都不完整,故可确定原句不是同位语从句。 综上所述,准确判断定语从句和同位语从句的区别要学会分析句子结构,才会正确判断,准确理解。考生在平时的学习中,要注意归纳总结,进一步提高复杂句式的分析能力。查看更多