【英语】2018届二轮复习形容词和副词核心考点讲练学案（9页word版）

【英语】2018届二轮复习形容词和副词核心考点讲练学案（9页word版）

‎2018届二轮复习 形容词和副词核心考点讲练 ‎◆形容词和副词的功能 ‎1．形容词的功能：形容词主要是用来修饰名词或代词，说明事物或人的性质、特征、状态，在句中：‎ ‎①作定语修饰名词或代词，说明其性质、特征等；‎ ‎②作表语与连系动词构成系表结构，说明主语的性质或特征；‎ ‎③作补足语说明宾语或主语的性质、状态或特征；‎ ‎④作状语主要表示原因、伴随等。‎ ‎⑤作独立成分。‎ ‎2．副词的功能：副词作状语说明动作性质或状态的特征，常用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子等。‎ ‎◆形容词和副词的核心考点 ‎1．形容词和副词的位置 形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则是用来修饰形容词、动词、其他副词或者句子的，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记：‎ ‎(1)形容词短语作定语，须后置。‎ a task difficult to finish ‎(2)表语形容词(afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake，alive等)作定语，须后置，如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well，faint，ill只作表语；sick既可作表语又可作定语。ill如果不是表示身体或精神上“不适的”“不健康的”“有病的”等，而是表示类似bad(不好的)的意思时，通常只作定语。‎ He’s been ill since then.‎ By ill luck，my flight had been cancelled.‎ ‎(3)形容词用作定语，修饰由不定代词one，no，any，some和every构成的复合词如anything，something等时，通常后置。‎ I have something important to tell you.‎ ‎(4)else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。‎ ‎(5)enough修饰名词前置或后置均可；修饰形容词、动词或副词时，必须后置。‎ ‎(6)几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。‎ We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.‎ ‎(7)频度副词如often，always，usually等放在be动词后，行为动词前。‎ ‎(8)副词作定语，须后置。‎ The person there is waiting for you.‎ ‎(9)几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定词(包括冠词、所有格、人称代词、指示代词、数词等)＋观点词(品质、状态，即表示好、坏、美、丑等的词)＋形状或样式词(大小、长短或高低词)＋年龄或新旧词＋颜色词＋产地或来源词＋材料或种类词＋用途词＋名词。‎ a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella ‎(10)以ly结尾的词性辨析。‎ ‎①下列单词以ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively，lonely，lovely，deadly，friendly，ugly，silly，likely，brotherly，timely等。‎ ‎②表原意(无ly)和引申意(有ly)的副词：‎ ‎③有无ly意义大不相同的副词：‎ ‎2．形容词和副词的比较等级 ‎(1)原级的构成和用法。‎ 构成：形容词、副词的原级即本身。‎ 用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as＋原级形容词/副词＋as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so/as＋原级形容词/副词＋as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数＋as＋原级形容词/副词＋as”的结构。‎ Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.‎ This building looks not so/as high as that one.‎ Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you.‎ This room is three times as large as that one.‎ ‎(2)比较级和最高级的构成。‎ 掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则，熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。‎ ‎(3)比较级的用法。‎ ‎①表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级＋than”的结构表示。‎ This picture is more beautiful than that one.‎ ‎②表示一方不及另一方时，用“less＋原级＋than”的结构表示。 ‎ This room is less beautiful than that one.‎ ‎③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far，yet，by far等修饰。‎ He works even harder than before.‎ 注意：(A)英语的比较级前如无even，still或yet等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“……一些”或不译出，一般不可用“更”。‎ She is better than she was yesterday.‎ 她今天身体好些了。‎ Please come earlier tomorrow.‎ 请明天早点来。‎ ‎(B)by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。‎ He is taller by far than his brother.‎ He is by far the taller of the two brothers.‎ ‎④表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the＋比较级(主语＋谓语)，the＋比较级(主语＋谓语)”的结构(意为“越……就越……”)。‎ The harder he works，the happier he feels.‎ ‎⑤不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级＋and＋比较级”的结构。‎ The weather is getting colder and colder.‎ ‎⑥‎ 某些以ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有inferior(劣等的，次的)，superior(较好的，优于……)，junior(资历较浅的)，senior(资格较老的)，prior(在……之前)等。‎ He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.‎ ‎⑦在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one既可指人又可指物。that可代替单数可数名词和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。‎ The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one) on the desk.‎ A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.‎ ‎⑧倍数表达法。‎ ‎(A)A is three(four，etc.) times the size(height，length，etc.) of B.‎ The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.‎ ‎(B)A is three(four，etc.) times as big(high，long，etc.) as B.‎ Asia is four times as large as Europe.‎ ‎(C)A is three(four，etc.) times bigger(higher，longer，etc.) than B.‎ Your school is three times bigger than ours.‎ 注意：用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double。‎ ‎(4)最高级的用法。‎ ‎①三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the＋最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。‎ Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.‎ He works (the) hardest in his class.‎ ‎②最高级可被序数词以及much，by far，nearly，almost，by no means，not quite，not really等词语所修饰。‎ This hat is by far/much/nearly/almost/not really/by no means/not quite the biggest.‎ ‎③表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。‎ ‎④形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。‎ He is the tallest (boy) in his class.‎ ‎⑤作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。‎ Of all the boys he came (the) earliest.‎ ‎ ⑥否定词＋比较级＝最高级 He has never spent a more worrying day.‎ ‎(5)形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。‎ ‎①形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。‎ ‎②形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。‎ He is a most clever young policeman.(a most＝very)‎ The film is most interesting.(most＝very)‎ ‎③表示两者间“较……的一个”，比较级前加the。‎ Who is the older of the two boys?‎ ‎④在“the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..”结构中，可用省略形式。‎ The more，the better.‎ ‎(6)由as组成的形容词或副词短语。‎ ‎①as much as＋不可数名词　数量多达……‎ Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.‎ She could earn as much as 100 dollars a week.‎ ‎②as many as＋可数名词　数量多达……‎ I have as many as sixteen reference books.‎ ‎③as early as早在 As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.‎ ‎④as far as远到；就……而知(论)‎ We might go as far as(远到) the church and back.‎ As far as I know(就我所知)，he has been there before.‎ ‎⑤may(might，could) as well不妨，不如 Then you might as well stay with us here.‎ ‎⑥as...as one can尽某人所能的……‎ He began to run，as fast as he could.‎ ‎⑦as...as possible尽可能……的 Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.‎ ‎3．几组重要的词语辨析 ‎(1)very和much的区别。‎ ‎①可分等级的形容词和副词前使用very不用much。‎ ‎②表示状态的分词形容词前用very。如a very frightened boy，a very tired child，a very complicated problem。一般情况下，以ing，ed结尾的分词形容词多用much，very much/greatly等修饰。‎ We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom.‎ I was much amused by Jack’s attitude.‎ ‎③已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如：very interesting/worrying/exciting。‎ ‎④too前用much，a lot或far，不用very。如：You are much/far/a lot too nice.另外，在too many/much，too few/little前可用far。‎ There’s far too little opportunity for adventure these days.‎ We’ve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.‎ ‎⑤关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构：(A)修饰“绝对”意义的形容词，一般不用very，而用quite，completely，well，entirely。如：quite wrong(mistaken，sure)，completely dead，quite impossible，quite perfect等。(B)修饰以a开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone，very much alone，wide awake，fast asleep，very much afraid。(C)修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有：be well worth，much the same，freezing cold，quite different，terribly cold/frightening。‎ ‎(2)so...that...与such...that...的区别。‎ 注意：下列结构中只能用so不可用such，当名词前有many，much，little，few等表示“多、少”的词修饰时，如so much progress，so many people，so little food，so few apples等。但当little表示“小”时用such。如：These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.下列短语中so的用法是错误的：so a difficult problem，so difficult problems，so hot weather。‎ ‎(3)其他几组词的辨析。‎ ‎①ago，before：ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”；before指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用before而不用ago。‎ ‎②already，yet，still：already表示某事已经发生；yet表示期待某事发生；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句。‎ ‎③too，also，either：too和also用于肯定句，too多用于口语，also多用于书面语；either用于否定句。‎ ‎④good，well：与good不同的是，well作形容词用，只能在系动词后作表语，表示“身体状况好”；well还可作副词修饰动词。‎ ‎⑤quick，fast：作形容词皆表示“快”。fast多指运动的物体，含持续的意思；quick多指一次动作的敏捷、突然，而且持续的时间较短。‎ ‎⑥real，true：作形容词皆表示“真的”。real强调真实存在的而不是幻想的，在句中常作定语；true指与事实标准和实际情况相符合，在句中作表语或定语。‎ ‎⑦hard，difficult：均表示“困难”，但hard通常指体力上困难；difficult则指智力或技能上的困难，困难程度大于hard。它们都可作定语和表语。‎ 题组训练 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．He spoke to me in English and started explaining his past life when he was healthy(health)．‎ ‎2．It might have made it a little harder(hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around，but that didn’t stop the kids in the class.‎ ‎3．Lost in the tune，he came suddenly upon a homeless(home) beggar lying in the midst of the sidewalk.He reached down，touched the beggar’s cheek，and left a 100dollar bill to him.‎ ‎4．The more we do for the people，the happier(happy) we’ll be.‎ ‎5．The lyrics of the songs make rap music truly(true) unique.‎ ‎6．Some politicians have been quick to describe the event as simple violent(violence) action.‎ ‎7．They were clearly(clear) longstanding customers，and I suppose they must have stayed faithful(faith) to him because he had promised to sell fruit of good quality.‎ ‎8．The conclusions are contained in the agency’s latest(late) report.‎ ‎9．The teacher replied，“You tasted the water.I tasted the gift.The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love.Nothing could be sweeter(sweet)．”‎ ‎10．For some reason he sat beside Mary.Mary felt pleased(please)，because there were many empty seats in the room.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题1处错误)‎ ‎1．That is too much for us，considering how the houses are.‎ ‎2．Don’t panic or get out of line，and try to remain quiet and .‎ ‎3.，Cleo tends to bark an average of six hours a day.‎ ‎4．No one in the carriage had spoken to or even noticed the ticketowner before.‎ ‎5．My uncles jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.‎ ‎6．I remember my grandfather very .‎ ‎7．To make matters ，now I have to share a room with my younger sister，Maggie.‎ ‎8．I am awfully ，but I know I’ll never fall asleep.‎ ‎9．Today we had a chemistry test.I found the test ，but I tried hard to do it.‎ ‎10．After waiting for about half an hour，I was beginning to get .‎ Ⅲ.语法填空(形容词和副词专练)‎ I don’t think there is much 1.difficulty(difficult) in learning English well，because as long as you master the method and work hard，you can make progress 2.rapidly(rapid)．I believe that the 3.harder(hard) you work at your study，the greater progress you will make.For example，Li Ping，a friend of mine，is the 4.most hardworking student in our class，and he gets 5.higher(high) marks ‎ than any other student in our class in every English test.‎ Led by him，all the students in our class are studying English harder 6.than before.As a result，in the 7.latest(late) English test，our class was the 8.better(good) of the two key classes in our school，and the number of students who got excellent marks is twice 9.larger(large) than that of the other.10.Therefore，all of us should study hard no matter what we learn.‎ ‎◆书面表达中形容词与副词易错点聚焦 ‎1．搭配错误 ‎2．汉语干扰，词性混乱 ‎(1)形容词误作动词 ‎(误)He eager to know everything about China.‎ ‎(正)He is eager to know everything about China.‎ ‎(2)形容词与名词混淆 ‎(误)The sport teaches us the important of obedience.‎ ‎(正)The sport teaches us the importance of obedience.‎ ‎(3)形容词与副词混淆 ‎(误)Unfortunate，many people are ignorant of it.‎ ‎(正)Unfortunately，many people are ignorant of it.‎ ‎3．比较级的错误表达 ‎(误)The sea level is rising more and more high.‎ ‎(误)The sea level is rising more and more higher.‎ ‎(正)The sea level is rising higher and higher.‎