【英语】2020届二轮复习 代词学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习 代词学案

‎2020届二轮复习 代词学案 代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中代词分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词。‎ 一、 人称代词 人称代词是表示我们，你们，他们，她们，它们的词。人称代词不仅指人，也可指物。有人称（第一，第二，第三人称），数（单数，复数）和格（主格，宾格）之分。‎ 1. 人称代词的形式 ‎ 数，格 人称 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you ‎ you ‎ you 第三人称 he, she, it him, her, it they them 2. 人称代词的句法功能 (1) 作主语 人称代词作主语时用主格 ‎ Look at the girl in the red skirt. She is my classmate.‎ I can’t say much for what you have done.‎ ‎(2) 作动词或介词的宾语时用宾格 Mel is a well-trained soldier, and we all wish him well.‎ Aunt Amy is going to make some tea for me.‎ ‎(3) 作表语 ‎ 作表语时用主格，但在口语中常用宾格。‎ ‎ Who is knocking at the door?‎ ‎ It’s I/me.‎ ‎ Who gave out the news?‎ ‎ It’s her.‎ ‎3.考点：‎ ①句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格以及意义上一般要保持前后一致。‎ The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格，故用he替代)‎ They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格，故用her替代)‎ ②作表语的人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。‎ I met her in the hospital.→It was I who met her in the hospital.‎ ③在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如：He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别：‎ I like Jack as much as her.＝I like both Jack and her.‎ I like Jack as much as she.＝I like Jack and she likes him，too.‎ ④两个以上的人称代词并列，排列顺序为：二 三 一(人称)‎ ‎ ＂I＂总是放在最后。宾格me也一样。‎ You，she and I will be in charge of the case.‎ Mr. Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.‎ ‎4.练习 ‎1.（2018·短文改错）As kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to them, my parents would not let me. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.‎ ‎2.（2018·新课标卷III·语法填空）When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find _______(they) alive.‎ 一、 物主代词 ‎ 物主代词用来表示所属关系，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。‎ 1. 物主代词的形式 ‎ 数 人称 单数 复数 形容词性 名词性 形容词性 名词性 第一人称 My ‎ mine our ours 第二人称 your yours your yours 第三人称 His, her, its His, hers, its their theirs ‎2.物主代词的用法 ‎(1)形容词性物主代词 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,在句中只能放在名词或动名词前作定语,不能单独使用。 ‎ Those people are my schoolmates.那些人是我的校友。‎ Would you mind my opening the window? 你介意我开窗户吗?‎ ‎(2)名词性物主代词 名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,可单独作主语、表语和宾语,也可与of连用作后置定语,但不能单独作定语。‎ Your bike is black. Mine is red.你的自行车是黑色的,我的(自行车)是红色的。‎ There is something wrong with my bike. May I use yours? 我的自行车坏了,我可以用你的吗?‎ Kate and her sister went on holiday with a cousin of theirs.凯特姐妹俩和她们的一个表妹一起度假去了。‎ ‎3.考点 ‎(1)形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，在句中只能用作定语，后面必须跟名词如果名词前用了形容词性物主代词，就不能再用冠词(a, an, the)、指示代词(this, that, these, those)等修饰词了。‎ our country 我们的国家 your classmate 你的同学 her brother 她的兄弟 his father 他的父亲 例如：‎ 误：This is his a desk. 正：This is his desk.‎ ‎(2)名词性物主代词起名词作用，其后不可跟名词，可作主语、表语、宾语等。如：‎ Our office is on the first floor，and theirs is on the second floor.‎ 我们的办公室在一层，他们的办公室在二层。‎ This book is hers and that book is yours.‎ 这本书是她的，那本书是你的。‎ ‎(3)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。‎ take sb.by the arm，be wounded in the leg An apple fell from the tree and hit him on the head.‎ 一个苹果从树上落下，砸在他的头上。‎ ⑶one’s own……=……of one’s own句式的转换。‎ ‎“one’s own ＋名词”与“名词＋of one’s own”都可表示“某人自己的……”。‎ one’s own和of one’s own都表示“某人自己的”， one’s own做前置定语相当于of one’s own 做后置定语。‎ ①若强调“从无到有”的意思时，该用of one’s own结构（常与have, get, buy 等词连用），若表示“已有的”，则用“one’s own＋名词”。‎ This is my own home. 这是我自己的家。‎ They have no car of their own. 他们自己没有汽车。‎ I have views of my own on the question. 在这个问题上我自己的看法。‎ That house of his own is not far from ours. 他自己的那所房子离我们不远。‎ ②名词前有a, any, some, no, that等词修饰时，用“… of one’s own”.‎ ‎　They made their own clothes. 他们自己做衣服穿。‎ ‎ She ‘s an old friend of yours. 他是你的一个老朋友。‎ ‎4. 练习 ‎1.He bought a blouse ____ A. his      B. of his own   C. him   D. own ‎ ‎2. Our cat has its own corner = a corner _______________________in this room.（用of one’s own 来替换）‎ 我们的小猫在这个房间里有它自己的一角。‎ ‎3.I’d love to have my own room = a room _________________________. 我喜欢有一个自己的房间 ‎ 4. Another student struck me on a leg accidentally, they made one of my legs broken.(改错)‎ 三.反身代词 ‎1. 基本用法 ①反身带代词的形式 ‎ 人称 数 ‎ 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 myself yourself Himself, herself,‎ ‎ itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves ②反身代词在句中可作动词宾语、介词宾语和表语。‎ The girl always buys herself a present for her birthday.‎ 这个女孩在生日的时候总会为自己买一份礼物。（作动词宾语）‎ He thinks more of others than of himself.‎ 他关心别人甚于关心自己。（作介词宾语）‎ That poor boy was myself.‎ 那个可怜的孩子就是我本人。（作表语）‎ ③反身代词作主语或宾语的同位语，起加强语气的作用，表示“亲自，本身，本人”‎ You’ d better ask your mother herself.‎ 你最好问你妈妈本人。（作同位语）‎ ‎2.考点 ‎(1)反身代词常在 enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce(介绍)等动词后和by, for, to, in, of等介词后作宾语；主语与宾语是同一个人时，用反身代词。‎ ‎ I taught myself English at the age of ten.我十岁时就自学英语了。‎ ‎ He is teaching himself English.他在自学英语。‎ She was talking to herself.她在自言自语。‎ ‎(2)在系动词be, feel, look, seem等后作表语，表示身体或精神状态。‎ ‎ I’m not myself today after so many drinks! Let’s talk tomorrow. ‎ 我今天喝多了不在状态，明天谈吧。‎ I’m not myself today.今天我感觉不舒服。‎ I am feeling myself again.我觉得健康如昔。‎ ‎(3)用在交际英语中 Help yourself! 随便吃!(宴请礼仪)自己拿吧!‎ Make yourself at home! 别拘束!‎ ‎(4)含有反身代词的短语 ‎ ‎①介词+反身代词 by oneself 单独,独自 for oneself 亲自,为自己 in oneself本身,本来 to oneself独自拥有的,独享的 ‎②动词+反身代词 devote oneself to致力于　　 　 dress oneself自己穿衣 enjoy oneself过得快活 feel oneself觉得身体好 help oneself to随便吃,随便用 hide oneself把自己藏起来 lose oneself迷路 make yourself at home不拘束 amuse oneself 自娱 seat oneself坐下 boast oneself自夸 teach oneself自学 express oneself表达自己的思想 behave oneself表现得体,有礼貌 feel oneself觉得正常 in oneself本身 ‎3.练习 ‎1. 改错Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity, others were nervous and anxious. I had done myself homework but I was shy. ‎ ‎2. 填空题 ‎（1）Three days have passed, but he has not ____________________________yet. ‎ 三天过去了，他还没有苏醒过来。‎ ‎(2) She gladly gave up her part-time job to__________________________ her art. ‎ 她欣然辞去了兼职工作，投入到她的艺术中去。‎ ‎(3) My mum would like me to go home early, but I am staying here a ‎ bit longer to__________________________. 我妈妈想让我早点回家，但我想(在这儿)多玩一会儿。‎ ‎(4) Please __________________________ by the window, on the honored seat. 请靠窗坐上宾座位。‎ ‎(5) Hiking __________________________ an be fun and good for health. It may also be good for character training. 单独远足是有趣的事而且对健康有益，也对性格训练有好处。‎ ‎(6) Seeing a thing__________________________ is better than hearing about it” means that secondhand experience is less reliable than first hand experience, which is perfectly true.‎ 谚语“眼见为实，耳听为虚”的意思是间接经验没有直接经验更可信，这是非常正确的。‎ ‎(7) The fire went out__________________________. 火自己熄灭了。‎ ‎(8) Tom thought __________________________ that he could win.‎ 汤姆暗自想/心想他能获胜。‎ ‎(9) You should __________________________ in public.‎ 你应该在公众场合规范自己的举止。‎ ‎(10) My sister is too young to __________________________. ‎ 我的妹妹太小了不会自己穿衣服。‎ 四．相互代词 相互代词表示一个动作在所涉及的各个对象之间时相互存在的，主要有each other和 one ‎ another,意为“相互，互相”。相互代词在句中只能作宾语和定语。‎ ‎1．形式 相互代词 所有格 区别 each other each other’s 表示两者之间的关系 One other One another’s 表示三者或三者以上之间的关系 ‎2.句法功能 ‎(1) 作宾语 Town twinning agreements encourage people from the two towns to visit each other.‎ 姐妹城市协议鼓励两个城市的人互相参观访问。‎ They do this by sending messages to one another.‎ 他们通过相互发送信息来这样做。‎ ‎（2）所有格形式作定语 They have great concern for each other’s work.‎ 他们非常关心彼此的工作。‎ The boys used one another’s books.‎ 孩子们交换使用彼此的书。‎ 相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other’s，one another’s，作定语。一般来说，each other指两者之间，one another指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。‎ 五．指示代词 ‎ 指示代词时用来标记人或事物的代词，有this, that, these, those, such和the same 等。指示代词可以在句中作 主语、宾语、表语和定语等。‎ 1. This, that, those, these的意义。‎ 单词 复数形式 含义 this these 指在时间或空间上离说话人较近的人或物 that those 指在时间上或空间上离说话人较远的人或物 This was one of the most important archaeological discoveries of the 20th century. 这是20世纪最重大的考古发现之一。‎ ‎ He said, “that’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.”‎ 他说；“对一个人来说，那是一小步，对人类来说，却是一个巨大的飞跃。”‎ ‎2. 指示代词的基本用法 ‎（1）That 指刚刚提到过的事情或已经完成的事情；this 指即将发生或将要提到的事情。‎ He was ill. That’s why he didn’t go to work.‎ 他生病了。那就是他没去上班的原因。‎ I want to tell you this: no pains, no gains.‎ 我想告诉你们的是:“不劳无获”。‎ ‎（2）打电话时常用this介绍自己是谁，用that 询问对方是谁。‎ This is Lucy. who is that speaking? 我是露西。你是哪位？‎ ‎（3）当同时提到两个事物时，可以用that指前者，this指后者。‎ Work and play are both necessary to health; this gives us rest, and that gives us energy.‎ 工作和消遣都是对健康有必要的。消遣让人得到休息，而工作让人充满活力。‎ ‎（4）That ,those 用作替代词。‎ That, those 常用来替代已提到过的名词，以避免重复。That指代不可数名词或特指的单数可数名词，those 指代特指的复数可数名词。‎ The cost of renting house in central Xi’an is higher than that in any other area of the city. 在西安市中心租房的费用比在这个城市的其他任何地区都要高。‎ Studying Wendy’s menu, I found that many of the items are similar to those of McDonald’s. 研究了一下温迪的菜单，我发现其中的很多都和麦当劳的类似。‎ ‎（5）This，that 有时用作状语，表示程度，相当于so.‎ She was that tired that she had to go upstairs and rest.‎ 他疲倦极了，只好上楼去休息。‎ Don’t work this hard. 不用干的这么卖力。‎ ‎（6）Such 往往指刚刚提到的同一个人或同样的事物，在句中作主语，表语，宾语和定语。‎ Children should go to bed by eight o’clock. Such is my father’s opinion.‎ 孩子们8 点之前就应该上床睡觉，这是我父亲的观点。‎ There is no such thing as a free lunch. 世界上没有免费的午餐。‎ ‎（7）The same 往往指刚刚提到的同一个人或同样的人或事物，在句中作主语，表语，宾和定语等。‎ Whatever I do, Ellen tries to do the same.‎ 不管我做什么，爱伦总是跟着做。‎ In my mind my hometown remains the same after all these years.‎ 时隔多年，故乡在我心目中依然如故。‎ I want the same tennis racket as hers.‎ 我想要和她的一样的网球拍。‎ ‎（8）So 用作指示代词，在句子中常作宾语。‎ It is likely to snow .好像下雪了。‎ I believe so. 我想是的。‎ so常用在动词think，believe， expect, suppose, guess 等后面代替上文提到过的事情。即可用于肯定句又可用于否定句。‎ Is she coming to the party? 她会来参加聚会吗?‎ I hope so. 我希望如此。‎ 用在I hope, I’m afraid 后，代替上文提出的观点，只用于肯定句中；表示否定时用“I hope not”，或“I’m afraid not.”‎ 1. 考点 ‎（1）this/that作副词用 代词this和that也可用作副词，相当于so，修饰形容词或副词，作程度状语，表示“这么”、“那么”、“这样”、“那样”的意思。‎ I don’t think the matter shouldn’t be this simple. I am afraid that there is something behind it.‎ 我认为事情不该这么简单，我怕这里面还有啥名堂。‎ I’m sorry, I hadn’t expected the situation would become that bad.‎ 对不起，我没有料到情况会变得那么糟糕。‎ ‎(2)same指同样的、同一个人或事物 ‎ ‎①same必须与定冠词the连用,在句子中可作主语、表语和宾语。‎ I’ll do the same. 我将做同样的事情。‎ The same happened once. 同样的事情曾经发生过。‎ ‎②the same后跟as用以引出所谈及的范围,as后可以是名词、代词,也可以是句子。‎ I’d like one the same as yours.我要一个和你的一样的。‎ 2. 练习 ‎1. —Would you say something more about it? ‎ ‎—I’m afraid I can’t. I only know _______ much. ‎ A. such B. too C. very D. that ‎2. We can hardly believe that she can speak English _______ fluently ‎ within such a short period of time.‎ A. such B. much C. this D. hardly ‎ 3. Meanwhile, survey also finds that Brighton residents have the best levels of cholesterol (胆固醇) and blood pressure in Britain. ‎ ‎ 4. In addition, it is always wise to compare your results with 　　　of other group members. ‎ 六．不定代词 不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语，宾语，表语和定语。常用的不定代词有one, some, any, all, none, both, either, neither, each, every, other, much, many, few, little等。‎ 1. One ‎（1）基本用法 ①One即可指人又可指物，泛指同类中的任何一个。复数形式为ones, 反身代词是oneself，物主代词是one’s I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have one.‎ 我希望有足够多的玻璃杯，使每位客人可以有一个。‎ One should not live for oneself alone.‎ 一个人不应只是为自己活着。‎ ②one 在较正式的英语中，意为“任何人”“一个人”，指说话者或听话者，或泛指包括说话者在内的人们。‎ One should keep one’s word. 一个人应当信守诺言。‎ One should do what he must, even if he doesn’t want to.‎ 一个人即使不愿意，也应该做他该做的一切。‎ ③one可以和 the, this, that, these, those, 等词连用，表示特指的某些人或某些事物，也可以用形容词来修饰。‎ I don’t like the cellphone, the one you just show me.‎ ‎ 我不喜欢那部手机，就是你刚才给我看的那部。‎ ④one 可以指代不特定的人，表示“人，一个人，人们”。‎ One should do his best at all times.‎ 一个人无论何时都应尽最大的努力。‎ One should take good care of himself.‎ 一个人应当照顾好自己。‎ ‎（2）考点 It , one, the one, ones, that与 those 的区别：‎ ① it 通常用来指代上文提到过的那个事物，表示特指概念，即指代同一物。‎ I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don’t have enough money to buy it.‎ 我喜欢前面有花园的房子，但是我没有足够的钱来买它。‎ ② one, the one, ones, the ones, that和those 替代上文提到的名词时，不表示同一个，而是同一类。具体区别见下表：‎ 代词 替代 泛指/特指 one a/an+可数名词单数 泛指 ones 零冠词+复数名词 泛指 the one the+可数名词单数 特指 the ones the+复数名词 特指 that the+可数名词单数/不可数名词 特指 those the+复数名词 特指 There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow it?‎ 图书馆还有一本这样的书你去把它借来好吗？‎ No. I ‘d rather buy one in the bookstore.‎ 不，我宁愿到书店里买一本。‎ He gave me a valuable present, one that I had never seen.‎ 他给了我一个礼物，一个我从来没见过的礼物 Mr. Zhang gave me many valuable presents, ones that I had never seen.‎ 张先生给了我很多礼物，这些礼物是我从来没见过的。‎ Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except the ones who had already had them.‎ 张先生把课本发给所有学生，那些已有课本的学生除外。‎ Few pleasures can equal that of a cool drink on a hot day.‎ ‎ 没有什么快乐能比得上炎热天气里一份冷饮带来的快乐。‎ ③‎ 指代特指的可数名词单数和复数名词，并且有后置定语修饰时，即相当于“the + 可数名词单数” 和 “the+ 复数名词”，则the one 可以与that互换，the ones可以与 those 互换。‎ The book on the desk is better than the one /that under the desk.‎ 桌上的那本书比桌下的那本书要好。‎ The books on the desk are better than those/ the ones under the desk.‎ 桌子上那些书比桌子底下那些书好 ④ 替代不可数名词时只用that.‎ The cost of renting a house in Beijing is higher than that in any other city.‎ 在北京租房的比在其他任何城市都贵。‎ ⑤ one, the one, ones, the ones, 可以有形容词前置修饰语，也可以有后置修饰语，而 that 和 those 不能有前置修饰语，其修饰语只能后置。‎ The white horse is stronger than the black one.‎ 这匹白马比那批黑马壮。‎ This machine is better than that/ the one we bought last year.‎ 这台机器比我们去年买的那台好。‎ ‎（3）习题 ‎1.My seat is next to _______ of the famous writer so I could ask for some advice from him about writing. ‎ A. that B. this C. it D. one ‎2.The story conveys a strong message, _______ that will hopefully ‎ touch all who read it. ‎ A. it B. that C. those D. one ‎3.At our factory there are a few machines similar to _______ described in this magazine. ‎ A. them B. these C. those D. ones ‎4. Air quality today is much worse than ____________ in the 1980s because of too much air pollution.‎ A. That B. those C. one D. what ‎5.Studying Wendy’s menu, I found that many of the items are similar to _______ of McDonald’s . ‎ A. those B. ones C. any D. all ‎ ‎2.some，any ‎(1)基本用法 不定代词some和 any都是表示不定数量的代词，两个词都是一些的意思，都具有名词和形容词的性质，在句中做主语，宾语和定语。作定语是修饰的是可数名词复数形式和不可数名词。Some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句，否定句和条件状语从句。‎ ①做主语 Some of us are going by bike.‎ 我们中有些人骑车去。‎ Is there any left?‎ 还有没有剩下的？‎ ②作宾语 If you have no paper, I’ll give you some.‎ 如果你没纸，我给你一些。‎ If you have any, give us some.‎ 如果你有就给我们一些。‎ ③作定语 He asked me some questions. 他问了我几个问题.‎ There is some milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有些牛奶.‎ Are there any students in the classroom? 教室里有学生吗？‎ Do you have any homework to do? 你有作业要做吗？‎ If you have any news, tell me at once please. 如果你有什么消息，请立即告诉我。‎ ④Some用于疑问句，表示请求，建议或反问 Would you like some drinks?‎ 你要饮料吗？‎ Would you give me some water?‎ 给我些水行吗？‎ Don’t he give you some advice?‎ 他没给你写建议吗？‎ ⑤Some可以用以修饰可数名词的单数，表示“某一个”。‎ You’ll realize the importance of it some day.‎ 总有一天你会意识到它的重要性。‎ I remember having met him in some place.‎ 我记得在某个地方见过他。‎ ⑥Any也可以用于肯定句中，表示“任何一个”的意思，修饰可数名词单数形式或不可数名词。‎ Any of them will do. 任何一个都行。‎ You can get it at any shop. 你可以在任何一个商店买它。‎ ‎(2)考点 ①some 和 any 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于它们所指代的名词的单复数形式。‎ You needn’t buy ink. There is some left in the bottle.‎ 你不用买墨水，瓶子里还剩一些。‎ He put a lot of apples in the box, but some have gone bad.‎ 他放了很多苹果在箱子里，但有一些已经坏了。‎ ‎②“some /any of +名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词的单复数需要根据of后面的名词的单复数而定。‎ Some of the food has gone sour. 有些食物馊了。‎ Some of the teachers agree to go there by bus. 有些老师同意乘公交车去那儿。‎ ‎(3) 练习 ‎1. Any of your time ________ to be made full use of.‎ 应充分利用你的任何时间。‎ ‎2.There must be some/any job I could do.‎ 一定会有我能做的某种工作。‎ ‎3.Some /any person parked his car here,‎ 有人把车停在了这里。‎ ‎4.Jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didn’t answer __________ of them.‎ ‎5.Have you met Mr. Smith recently?‎ ‎---sorry! I haven’t, but I hear he is working at _______ company.‎ A some B any C each D every ‎3. All, both ‎(1)基本用法 All 的意思是“全部的，所有的”，它具有名词和形容词的性质，指两个以上的人或物或不可数的东西。Both 意思是“两个都”， 他们都可以在句中作主语，宾语和定语。‎ ①作主语 All of us are here. 我们都在这儿。 指人， 谓语用复数 All of the books are very interesting. 这些书都很有趣。 ‎ 指可数名词表示的物，谓语用复数。‎ All of the money has been spent.‎ 钱都花完了。 （指不可数名词表示的物，谓语用单数）‎ All is going well. 一切顺利。 （指情况，不可数，谓语用复数）‎ ‎＊all 作主语时，谓语如果是否定形式，则通常表示部分否定。‎ All is not gold that glitters. 发光的并不都是金子。‎ Both are right. 两个都对。‎ Both of them should make concessions. 他们双方都应做出让步。‎ ②作宾语 He gave his all to his country. (指物)他把一切都献给了他的祖国。 ‎ It’s hard to please all. (指人) ‎ 众口难调。‎ You can take both of them. (指物)‎ 你把两个都拿去吧。‎ ③作定语 Workers of all countries, unite!‎ 全世界无产者，联合起来！‎ All roads lead to Rome.‎ 条条大路通罗马。‎ Both the books are interesting.‎ 两本书都很有趣。‎ ④作同位语 We are all for you. 我们都支持你。‎ She knows them all. 她认识他们所有人。‎ They can both swim. 他们俩都会游泳。‎ I know them both. 我认识他俩。‎ ‎(2)考点 ①all 指事物的整体或抽象概念时当做单数，指人时当做复数。‎ Both 做主语时谓语动词用复数。‎ All are present and all goes well.‎ 翻译：_______________________________________________.‎ Both _______ (look) equally good to me.‎ ②all, both 做主语的同位语应位于实义动词之前，系动词，助动词和情态动词之后。‎ We all were/ were all attracted by the natural beauty of Guilin.‎ We all should/ should all bear in mind that God only saves those who save themselves.‎ My parents suggest both/ both suggest me studying in Peking Uiversity.‎ They have both/both have been living in Hainan for scores of years.‎ ③All, both 与not 连用表示部分否定，意为“并非全部/两者都……”‎ All birds cannot fly.= Not all birds can fly.‎ 不是所有鸟都会飞 You cannot keep both the gifts to yourself; one of them is your brother.‎ 你不能把两个礼物都留给自己，其中一个是你弟弟的 ④有关all, both 的习语 All at ease all in all All at once=suddenly =all of a sudden all (the) day (long)‎ All right all by oneself All the same all alone All together above all After all at all In all=altogether first of all For good and all go all out Make both ends meet that’s not all ⑶ 习题 1. My close friends, after they heard about my experiences in South American,_______ said it was totally out of their imagination.‎ A. Which B. them C. all D. who 1. It’s an either-or situation----- we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday, but we can’t do _____________.‎ 4. Every, each 1. every基本用法 ①代词every 的意思是“每一个”，“一切”，它只具有形容词的性质，只能作定语。它用于修饰可数名词单数形式，所描述的对象是两个以上。‎ Every classroom is bright. 每个教室都很明亮。‎ He always helps us in every way. 他总是用一切办法帮助我们。‎ ②Every 表“每，每隔”‎ Every+基数词+名词复数 ‎ Every three days 每三天，每隔两天 Every+序数词+名词单数 Every third day 每三天，每隔两天 Every fourth week 每四周，每隔三周 Every other+ 单数名词，表示“每隔……‎ Every other day 每隔一天 Every other week 每隔一周 Every few +复数名词，表示“每隔几……‎ Every few maters 每隔几米 every few month 每隔几个月 2. each的基本用法 代词each的意思是“每一个”，具有名词和形容词的性质，在句中可做主语，宾语，定于和同位语。可以指人也可以指物，描述对象为两个或两个以上。作定语时修饰可数名词单数形式，与every 相比，each强调个别性，every着重整体性。‎ ①作主语 Each of you can try twice.‎ 你们每个人可试两次 Each went his way. ‎ 各走各的路。‎ ②作宾语 The teacher gave one book to each of students.‎ 老师给了每个学生一本书。‎ From each according to his ability, to each according to his work.‎ 各尽所能，按劳分配 ③作定语 Each child received a present.‎ 每隔孩子都收到了一份礼物 Each morning they eat the same breakfast,‎ 每天早上他们都吃同样的早餐 ‎ ④作同位语 We each put forward a proposal.‎ 我们每个人都提了一条建议 He gave us two apples each. ‎ 他给我们每人两个苹果。‎ ‎（2）考点 ‎ Each 和every的区别：‎ ‎ Each 每个（强调个体）作主语，宾语，定语，同位语，两者或两者以上，可与of搭配；‎ ‎ Every 每个（整体描述）只能作定语，三者或三者以上，不可与of 搭配 ‎（3）习题 ‎ 1. 翻译句子 ‎ Each child was given a nice gift.‎ ‎ _____________都得到了精美的礼物 ‎ Every child was given a nice gift.‎ ‎ _______________都得到了精美的礼物 ‎ 2. Two students came to see me yesterday, I gave a book to ______________‎ A. every one B. every one of them C. every D. each ‎6. either 和neither 的用法 ‎ （1）基本用法 ‎ ① Either 表示两者中的任何一个，在句中可作主语，宾语和定语 ‎ Either of books is interesting .‎ ‎ 两本书都有趣 ‎ You can take either of them.‎ ‎ 这两个你拿哪个都行 ‎ Either book is interesting.‎ ‎ 两本书都有趣 ‎ ② Neither 表示“两者都不”，在句中可作主语，宾语和定语 ‎ Neither is correct.‎ ‎ 两个都不对 ‎ Neither of his friends has come yet.‎ ‎ 这两个你哪个都不能拿 ‎ Neither book is interesting.‎ ‎ 两本书都没意思 ‎ （2）考点 ① Either 和neither的区别：‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 区别 代词 意义 作用 用法 与of搭配 either 两者中的任何一个都 主语，宾语，定语 可指人或物，修饰单数可数名词 Of 后面跟特指的复数名词或them, us, you ‎ neither 主语，宾语，定语 两者中任何一个都不 ‎ ② Either/neither +谓语动词用作主语时，谓语通常用单数形式。‎ ‎ ③ Either /neither +单数可数名词，名词之前不加冠词，物主代词，指示代词或名词所有格 ④ Either /neither of +复数人称代词，of 不能省去 ‎（3）习题 ‎ ‎1.she’d lived in London and Manchester, but she liked ________ and moved to Cambridge.‎ A. both B. Neither C. None D. either ‎2.—when shall I call, in the morning or afternoon.‎ ‎----________. I’II be in all day.‎ ‎3.---which of two computers games did you prefer?‎ ‎ --- Actually I didn’t like ________________.‎ A. Both of them B. either of them C. None of them D. either of them 4. it was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which ______ of the parents spoke the language.‎ A. None B. Neither C. Both D. Each ‎7. None, no one ‎1. 基本用法 ‎(1) None 表示“三者或者三者以上都不”‎ ‎，指人或物，即可指可数名词又可指不可数名词，可与of 连用。None 常用来回答由how many/ how much 引导的特殊疑问句。‎ Peter tried on three jackets, but none of them fitted him.‎ 彼得试了3件夹克衫，但都不合身。‎ How many eggs are there in the fridge ?‎ 冰箱里有多少鸡蛋？‎ ‎----none 一个也没有 (1) no one 表示“没有一个人”，仅用于指代单数可数名词，no one 常用来回答who引导的特殊疑问句。‎ Who went to the museum ? 谁去了博物馆？‎ No one.‎ 2．考点 1. none, no one/ nobody, nothing 的区别 ‎ ‎ ‎ 指代 特指/泛指 ‎ 用来回答 None ‎ 人或物 特指 How many/ much No body No one ‎ 人 泛指 who Nothing ‎ ‎ 物 ‎ 泛指 what 2. none 后面可跟of 短语，而nothing 和 no one /no body 却不能。‎ As we were asleep, none of us heard the sound.‎ 由于我们在睡觉，因此没听到那个声音。‎ 1. 习题 1. My brother would like to buy a good watch but _______ was available from that shop.‎ A. Nothing B. None C. No one D. neither 2. ‎ Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years, she lost ____ none ‎ Of her enthusiasm for life.‎ A. Some B. neither C. None D. Fall 3. ‎ _______/___________ can be good at something for 40 years if he doesn’t love it.‎ 4. This project requires close teamwork, ______________ will be achieved unless we work well together.‎ ‎7. other, the other, others, the others, another ‎ (1) other 意为“另外的”，只能作定语，（表范指，不单独使用），常与复数可数名词或不可数名词连用。‎ ‎ But other students have started gossiping.‎ ‎ 但是其他的学生开始在背后议论起来 ‎ I have had some of it and I‘II have other juice tomorrow.‎ ‎ 我已经喝了一些果汁了，另一些明天喝 ‎ （2）the other 意为“两者中的另一个”，常与one 连用，构成one……the other 结构。‎ ‎ This seat is taken, the other is free.‎ ‎ 这个位子有人，另一个空着 ‎ One is popcorn; the corner is cigarettes.‎ ‎ 一件是爆米花，另一件是香烟 ‎ （3）other 泛指“别的人或物”，相当于“other+复数可数名词”, 常构成some……，others……结构 ‎ Some of the questions are hard; others are easy.‎ ‎ 一些问题很难，另一些问题很容易 ‎ We have plenty of beautiful lilacs. Some are red, others purple, and still others white.‎ ‎ 我们有许多漂亮的丁香花，有些是红色的，有些是紫色的，有些是白色的。‎ ‎ （4）the others 特指“其余所有的人或物”，相当于“the other +复数可数名词”‎ ‎ Three of us remain here and all the others go shopping.‎ ‎ 我们中的3人留在这里，其余的都去购物了 ‎ Dave and Jack are already here. The others are coming soon.‎ ‎ 戴夫和杰克已经到了，其他人很快就要到了。‎ ‎ （5）another 意思是“另一个，再一个”，表示“三者或三者以上中的任何一个”，即没有整体范围的“‎ 另外的，一般修饰或代替单数可数名词。常用于”another+数词+复数可数名词“结构，相当于”数词+more/ other+复数可数名词“，表示在原有的基础上需要更多数量的东西。‎ ‎ To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered another.‎ ‎ 为了不让自己睡着，他喝完一杯咖啡后又要了一杯 ‎ We‘ll have to wait another three weeks (=three other weeks= three more weeks ) for the result.‎ ‎ 我们还得在等3周从才能知道结果 习题 1. To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing on bare foot.‎ A. Another B. the other C. Other D.Either 2. Neither side is prepared to talk to ___________ unless we can smooth things ever between them.‎ A. other B. the other C. another D. one other ‎ 3. In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in ________, knives and forks.‎ A. another B. others C. both D. all 4. Recycling is one way to protect the environment , rescuing is ________.‎ A. Another B. the other C. one another D. one 5. In the distance of xi sha wasters, 74 fisherman were missing and one ‎ ______________.‎ A. Other B. another C. Others D. The other ‎8. many 和much 的用法 ‎ ‎（1）many 和much 是表示数量的不定代词，在句中即可充当名词，也可充当限定词，可做主语，宾语，表语，意思是“ 许多，大量。” Many 修饰或替代可数名词， 而much 修饰或替代不可数名词 ‎ Many have been asked, but few are able to answer.‎ ‎ 问了很多人，但很少有人能够回答 ‎ Much remains to be done.‎ ‎ 还有很多工作要做 ‎（2）many 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，much 作主语时，谓语动词用单数。名词前若有the /my/your/our/their/this/that/it/these/what/those 等，此时不能直接用much/many, 需用 many of/much of ‎ Much of what you talked about is available.‎ ‎ 你所谈论的大部分内容使人难以置信 ‎ We should speed up the work, for much of it hasn’t been finished .‎ ‎ 我们必须加快工作速度，因为大部分工作还没做完 ‎ Many of our staff are actually part-time workers.‎ ‎ 我们的许多职员实际上都是兼职人员。‎ ‎ Many of the visitors to our city are from the Far East.‎ ‎ 来我们城市的很多游客来自远东 ‎（3）many 和much 的比较级是 more, 意为“较多的，更多的”； 最高级是most.‎ ‎ More people greet that the water supply plant should raise the running water charge.‎ ‎ 更多的人同意自来水公司应该提高自来水收费价格 ‎ Most of the town is damaged during the earthquake.‎ ‎ 地震中城镇的大部分未受损 ‎ 习题 1. Almost 90% of the most popular vedio games contain violence, and ________ of it is extremely violent.‎ A. nothing B. much C. none D. many 2. you have a lot of free time, I don’t have __________.‎ A. Much B. Many C. Few D. litter ‎9. litter, a litter, few, a few ‎ 这四个词都具有形容词和名词的性质，在句中可做主语，宾语和定语等。Little 和few 表示否定意义，little的意思是“没有多少”，修饰不可数名词，few 的意思是“没有几个”修饰可数名词复数。A littler 和 a few 是表示数量的固定词组，表示肯定的意义，a litter 修饰不可数名词，意思是“少量”，a few 修饰可数名词，意思是“少数”“几个”‎ 基本用法 ①作主语 plate 他们中有几个人想去 Few of them want to go.‎ 他们中几乎没人想去 There’s little to be done about it.‎ 对于这件事没什么可做的 ②作宾 They have few left.‎ 他们没剩几个 Put a little on each plate.‎ 每个盘子上放一点 ③作表语 The milk is little. 牛奶几乎没了 ④作定语 There is little water in the bottle.‎ 瓶子里几乎没水了 I need only a little money.‎ 我只需一点点钱 Only a few people can solve this problem.‎ 只有几个人能解这个难题 The problem is so difficult that few people can solve it.‎ 这个题太难了，几乎没有人能做出来 2．考点 ‎1.little, a little, few, a few 的区别 ‎ 区别 代词 意义 作用 用法 与not 连用 与 quite 连用 与only 连用 与 of 搭配 little ‎ 几乎没有 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 修饰不可数名词 Of 后为特指的不可数名词 或it a little ‎ 有一点 not a little 很多 quite a little 许多 Only / just a little 很少 few ‎ 几乎没有 主语 宾语 表语 定语 ‎ ‎ 修饰可数名词 Of 后为特指的复数名词或you, us,‎ them A few 有几个 Not a few 相当多 quite a few 许多 Only/ just a few 仅仅少数 ‎ ‎ If you have some extra copies of this book, please send me a few.‎ 如果这种书你还有多余的，请寄给我几本 Many know him but few like to make friends with him.‎ 很多人认识他，但很少有人愿意跟他交朋友 I have little interest in mathematics while my sister has much. 我对数学几乎不感兴趣。‎ 2. Litter 的比较级和最高级分别为less, least; few 的比较级和最高级分别为fewer, fewest.‎ I was given less juice and fewer biscuits that she had.‎ 我得到的果汁和饼干比她少 He was the one who did the least of the work and got the most of the money.‎ 他就是那个干活最少，而拿钱最多的人 ‎ Who made the fewest mistakes?‎ ‎3.习题 ‎ 1.He has made a lot of films, but______ good ones.‎ ‎ A. Any B. some C. few D. many ‎ ‎ 2.There’s __________ cook oil left in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ___________?‎ ‎ A. little；some B. little; any C. a little; some D. a, little, any ‎ 3. August is the best time of the year to visit Beijing, because there is only ___________ a few rain ‎10. 复合不定代词 ‎ 1.由some, any, every, no与-one,-body,-thing 构成的复合不定代词。这些词在句中的作用相当于名词，可作主语，宾语，表语等。‎ 人 人 物 ‎-one ‎-body ‎ ‎-thing 某 some someone Somebody something 任何 any anyone anybody anything 每个，所有 every everyone everybody everything 没有 no No one nobody nothing ‎(1)由-one和-nobody构成的不定代词可以相互互换，只是前者较为文雅，后者常用于口语中。‎ Anybody / anyone can do the work well.‎ 任何一个人都能做好这个项目 He said he knew nothing about that.‎ 他说他对那事一无所知 That’s nothing. ‎ 没什么 ‎（2）带有some的复合不定代词一般用于肯定句，带有any 的复合不定代词一般用于否定句，疑问句和条件状语从句。‎ Someone suggests putting off the meeting.‎ 有人建议推迟会议。‎ Is there anybody at home?‎ 家里有人吗？‎ If you want anything, call him.‎ If anybody calls, tell him I’m out , but take his name and phone number.‎ 如果有人来电话，告诉他我出去了，但要留下他的姓名和电话号码 ‎2.考点 ‎1.Everybody, everyone, everything 的肯定与否定；‎ ‎1）这三个词常用于肯定句；2)用于否定句时常表示部分否定；3)完全否定用nobody, no one, none, nothing Not everything that you possess is the best.‎ 并不是你所拥有的一切都是最好的。‎ You shouldn’t trust everybody.‎ 不是所有人你都应该相信 Not everybody obeys the law.‎ 不是所有人都遵守法律 Nothing in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to Palace Museum.‎ 我的一生中，印象最深的就是第一次去参观故宫 ‎2．复合不定代词的定语（介词短语，形容词短语，定语从句）常置于不定代词的后面 。‎ We’re trying to do everything possible to help you.‎ 我们正尽一切可能帮助你 If you want to get something successful, you should work twice as ‎ hard.‎ 如果你想获得某些成功，你就应该加倍努力 3. 习题 ‎ 1.Make sure you’ve got the passports and tickets and ________ before you leave .‎ ‎ A.Somethig B.Anything C.eveything D. nothing ‎ 2. Jim sold most of his things, he has hardly ________ left in the house.‎ ‎ A.nothing B.everthig C. nothing D.something ‎3. You can ask anyone for help__________ here is willing to lead you a hand.‎ ‎4. My parents have done a lot for me, and I think it is high time that I did anything special to express my thanks.(改错)‎ ‎11. 疑问代词 用来表达疑问或构成疑问的代词叫做疑问代词。常用的疑问代词由who, whom, whose, which, what等。疑问代词一般放在句首来构成特殊疑问句，可用作主语，宾语，表语和定语。‎ ‎1.基本用法 ‎ 语法功能 形式 主语 宾语 表语 定语 指 人 主格 who 宾格 whom 所有格 whose 指 物 主格 which 宾格 ‎ what ‎2．Who的意思时“谁”，是主格，通常作主语 Who is that woman?‎ 那个女的是谁？‎ Who are those people?‎ 那些人是谁？‎ 3．whom 的意思是“谁”，是宾格，在剧句中作宾语。‎ Whom do you want to see？你想见谁？‎ Whom do you talk about ? 你们在谈论谁？‎ 4．whose 的用法 作主语 Whose is better? 谁的更好 ？‎ 作表语 Whose are these pencils? 这些铅笔是谁的？‎ 作宾语 ‎ Whose are you going to borrow? 你打算借谁的？‎ ‎ 作定语 ‎ Whose umbrella is this? 这是谁的伞？‎ ‎ 5． What的意思是“什么”，具有名词和形容词的性质 ‎ 作主语 ‎ What’s happening? 发生了什么事 ‎ 作表语 ‎ What is your mother?‎ ‎ 你母亲是干什么工作的?‎ ‎ 作宾语 ‎ What do you mean ？你是什么意思？‎ ‎ What did you talk to him about? 你和她说了什么？‎ ‎ 作定语 ‎ What color do you like? 你喜欢什么颜色？‎ 6. which 的意思是“哪个”，which在句中可作主语，表语，宾语和定语等成分 作主语 This is my bag. Which is your?‎ 这是我的书包，那个是你的？‎ 作表语 Which is your favorite subject?‎ 你最喜欢哪个科目？‎ 作定语 Which glasses do you want ？‎ 你想要哪些杯子？‎ Whatever, whichever, whoever 等词的用法 Whatever, whichever, whoever 分别为what, which, who的强调形式，相当于what/which/ who on earth, 意为“到底/究竟什么/哪一个/谁”‎ Whatever do you want ?‎ 你到底想要什么？‎ Whoever gave you the book?‎ 究竟是谁给你的书的？‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎