2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(二十五)说明文之事物类——抓说明对象，根据事物特点巧解题

2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(二十五)说明文之事物类——抓说明对象，根据事物特点巧解题

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(二十五) 说明文之事物类——抓说明对象，根据事物特点巧解题 事物类说明文一般在首段给出说明对象，然后从几个方面对事物进行客观说明。因此，该类文章的行文结构一般较为简单，阅读时不要拘泥于细枝末节，浏览完全文后，带着题干中的关键词，再次跳读原文查找答案出处，认真比对，从而得出正确答案。‎ ‎[抓事物特点]‎ ‎[高考典例]　2018•天津卷•C篇 ‎[读文解题技法]‎ 点明 说明 对象 特点1‎ 特点2‎ 关键词 特点3‎ 特点4‎ ‎[1]There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there.‎ Food production ‎[2]With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “recreate forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same，” freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3Dprinted, rather than farm to table.‎ Sustainability (可持续性)‎ ‎[3]The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae (藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients (烹饪原料).3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock “food” that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.‎ Nutrition ‎[4]Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s ‎ ‎1.读首段抓说明对象 本文在首段首句介绍了3D打印技术的新领域——打印食物。‎ ‎2.览标题，看行文结构 本文从Food production, Sustainability, Nutrition, Challenges 四个方面介绍了3D打印食物的优缺点。‎ ‎3.标题眼，找特点，比对定答案 标出题干中的关键词，再次跳读原文，查找事物特点，认真比对，得出答案。‎ bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.”‎ Challenges ‎[5]Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste (糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite timeconsuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and highend restaurants.‎ ‎[由题眼找特点，比对定答案]‎ ‎46．What benefit does 3D printing bring to ？‎ A．It helps cooks to create new dishes.‎ B．It saves time and effort in cooking.‎ C．It improves the cooking conditions.‎ D．It contributes to restaurant decorations.‎ ‎47．What can we learn about 3D food printing from ？‎ A．It solves food shortages easily.‎ B．It quickens the transportation of food.‎ C．It needs no space for the storage of food.‎ D．It uses renewable materials as sources of food.‎ ‎48．According to ， 3Dprinted food________.‎ A．is more available to consumers B．can meet individual nutritional needs C．is more tasty than food in supermarkets D．can keep all the nutrition in raw materials ‎[答案]　46.B　47.D　48.B ‎46．根据题干中的关键词语food production可定位到“特点1”，认真比对，可得出答案。‎ ‎47．第三段的标题(特点2)“可持续性”暗含了3D打印机的材料应是可再生的，再据关键词“renewables”便可确定答案。‎ ‎48．根据第四段中的“特点3”可推知答案。‎ ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A ‎(2019•惠州市高三第一次调研考试)Travel can be fun, but when you have to move with a disability, getting from point A to point B can become frustrating.Airlines know this and do their part to make air travel as comfortable as they can for every passenger.‎ Here are some tips and information on what major airlines do for travelers who need extra support when flying.‎ United When flying with United, call the airline’s disability desk (18002282744) 48 hours in advance of travel if you’ll be traveling with an assistive device so they can ensure your device can be used in flight. Any special needs you have should be mentioned when you make your reservation so the airline staff can do their best to help you. This includes the need for assistance in getting to your gate, boarding, getting to your seat, deplaning or connecting.‎ Delta Depending on the type and age of the aircraft, accessible features of Delta’s aircraft include movable armrests of seats, wheelchair space, onboard wheelchairs and，on larger airplanes, wheelchairaccessible washrooms. Depending on the aircraft, they also provide seats with a movable aisle armrest for passengers needing to transfer from a boarding wheelchair to their own seat more easily.‎ US Airways When traveling with US Airways, if you have a mobility disability and need special seating, call 8004284322 at least 24 hours before your scheduled departure to ensure your needs are met. Besides seats with movable armrests, the airline also provides seats with more legroom for passengers with an immobilized leg.The airline can also provide an onboard wheelchair but let them know 48 hours in advance if you need one.‎ Southwest If you’re flying with Southwest and you need a wheelchair at the airport, or need other special assistance, it’s best to inform the airline in advance, or as soon as you arrive at the airport so your requests can be fulfilled as quickly as possible. On each aircraft, a small wheelchair that can fit down the aircraft aisle is available at every gate and can be used if you need help for getting into your seat.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了几家给行动不便的旅客提供额外服务的航空公司。‎ ‎1．Who is this passage intended for?‎ A．Those who has a disability.‎ B．Travelers who have difficulty in moving.‎ C．Travelers who become sick on the plane.‎ D．Travelers who are poor in health.‎ 解析：选B　写作意图题。通读全文并根据文中多次出现的关键词“wheelchair”“assistance”等可知，这篇文章介绍的是几家给行动不便的旅客提供额外服务的航空公司，因此它的目标读者是行动不便的旅客。故选B项。‎ ‎2．Which airline could be the best choice for someone with a leg that can’t bend?‎ A．United.　　　　　　　 　B．Delta.‎ C．US Airways. D．Southwest.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据US Airways部分中的“Besides seats with movable armrests, the airline also provides seats with more legroom for passengers with an immobilized leg.”可知，US Airways有加大空间的座位提供给腿动不了的旅客，与题干中的“with a leg that can’t bend”相吻合，而其他航空公司的服务内容里没有提到这一条。故选C项。‎ ‎3．You are most likely to find this passage ________.‎ A．on the Internet B．at the airport C．on the plane D．in the newspaper 解析：选A　文章出处题。通读全文并结合常识可推断，文章信息是乘客在决定买哪家航空公司的机票前会阅读的材料，不可能到了飞机场或在飞机上阅读，故排除B、C两项；且此类信息需要长期登出，报纸也不适合，故排除D项；因此选择A项。‎ B ‎(2019•石家庄模拟考试)You don’t have to be a fan of math to get excited about Pi (“π”) Day.While the event may start with some calculations, it is more than likely to conclude with a slice or two of delicious pie.The holiday is held every March 14, because “π” is widely recognized as 3.14.‎ The tradition of honoring “π” began at San Francisco’s Exploratorium museum.On March 14, 1988, physicist Larry Shaw convinced his colleagues to mark the day by marching around one of the museum’s circular spaces and consuming fruit pies.The celebration was made official in 2009 when the U．S.House of Representatives set aside March 14 as Pi Day.‎ Today, Pi Day is observed in many creative ways.‎ Students at the California Institute of Technology in Los Angeles host a pieeating event, which begins at 1：59 a．m.and features 26 pies, each of five different flavors.Though that might seem random, the date (3.14), time (159), number of pies (26), and number of varieties (5) recreate the first nine digits of “π”： 3.14159265!‎ Students applying for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge eagerly wait for the day every year to find out if they have been accepted.However, instead of sending out the offers at 3：14 p．m., the institution waits till 6：28 p．m.6.28 is referred to as “tau”， which is “π” multiplied by 2.The number is believed to be much more reliable than “π” by some experts and even has its own celebration on June 28.Since 2017, MIT has also used Pi Day as a fundraiser to support its students, departments and programs.‎ This day is also Albert Einstein’s birthday, so the town of Princeton, New Jersey, where Einstein lived until his death in 1955, celebrates the occasion with multiday festivities that end on March 14.Visitors can participate in concerts, shows, as well as pieeating, pirecitation, and Einsteinlookalike contests.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了圆周率日的起源、发展和各地的庆贺活动。‎ ‎4．Where was Pi Day originally celebrated?‎ A．In San Francisco. B．In Los Angeles.‎ C．In Cambridge. D．In Princeton.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“The tradition of honoring ’π’ began at San Francisco’s Exploratorium museum.”可知，该传统开始于美国旧金山探索馆，故A项正确。‎ ‎5．When was Pi Day made an official holiday?‎ A．In 1955. B．In 1988.‎ C．In 2009. D．In 2017.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“The celebration was made official in 2009 when the U．S.House of Representatives set aside March 14 as Pi Day.”可知，2009年，美国众议院正式将3月14日定为圆周率日，故C项正确。‎ ‎6．What does MIT do on Pi Day according to the passage?‎ A．Inform applicants of application results.‎ B．Conduct a calculating test.‎ C．Organize a march around the campus.‎ D．Make desserts of different flavors.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第五段第一句可知，每一年申请麻省理工学院(MIT)的学生们急切地等待着这一天，想要知道他们是否被录取。据此可知，麻省理工学院在这一天告知申请者申请结果，故A项正确。‎ ‎7．What’s the author’s purpose in writing the text?‎ A．To advise.‎ B．To make an introduction.‎ C．To argue.‎ D．To give an explanation.‎ 解析：选B　写作意图题。通读全文可知，本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了圆周率日的起源、发展和各地的庆贺活动。故B项正确。‎ C Annette Larkins is an incredible woman who looks like a healthy 40yearold, although she just turned 70. She follows a special raw diet and only drinks rainwater.‎ She looks so young that people mistake her for the daughter, when she’s out with her husband of 54 years, but I suppose he isn’t complaining.‎ Mrs. Larkins says the secret to her beauty lies in her special diet, consisting of organic vegetables, fruits, seeds and nuts grown in her own garden; she calls it the “fountain of youth”．The woman doesn’t touch anything that has been cooked.‎ And another strange thing she does is to collect rainwater, to keep her garden blossoming, but also to drink. But the resident of MiamiDade County, Florida, didn’t always have such a healthy lifestyle. In fact, she consumed meat regularly，as her husband used to own a meat factory way back in the 1960s. It was then that she decided to change her eating habits forever. And what a great decision that was. I mean, just look at her!‎ When she started off, Mrs. Larkins was just looking for a few health benefits and never anticipated that she would look like a 40yearold at the age of 70. Over the 27 years, Mrs.Larkins has been eating raw food, and she has written two booklets called Journey to Health and also produced a DVD containing all her healthy secrets.‎ Her husband, Mr. Larkins, wishes he had followed her example, because now he looks much, much older and also suffers from diabetes (糖尿病) and high blood pressure. He takes prescription medicine every day, but Annette doesn’t even take an aspirin.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎8．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to？A.The organic food. B．Her beauty.‎ C．Specially cooked food. D．Her raw diet.‎ 解析：选D　代词指代题。根据第一段中的“She follows a special raw diet”及画线词所在句子的前半部分“Mrs. Larkins says the secret to her beauty lies in her special diet, consisting of organic vegetables, fruits, seeds and nuts grown in her own garden”可知，it是指上文提到的那种生吃食物的饮食，故选D项。‎ ‎9．What kind of person does the author think Mrs. Larkins is?‎ A．Strongwilled. B．Honest.‎ C．Modest. D．Openminded.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第四段的倒数第三句“It was then that she decided to change her eating habits forever.”及倒数第二段第二句中的“Over the 27 years, Mrs.Larkins has been ‎ eating raw food”可知，Mrs. Larkins是一位意志坚定的人，故选A项。‎ ‎10．What did the woman do with her healthy secrets?‎ A．She sold them to the local people.‎ B．She abandoned them at the age of 70.‎ C．She publicized them in various ways.‎ D．She improved them with her husband’s help.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句中的“she has written two booklets called Journey to Health and also produced a DVD containing all her healthy secrets”可知，Mrs. Larkins利用各种方式推广她的健康秘诀，故选C项。‎ ‎11．What is the author’s attitude towards Mrs. Larkins’s lifestyle?‎ A．Disapproving. B．Supportive.‎ C．Sympathetic. D．Skeptical.‎ 解析：选B　观点态度题。根据第四段最后两句“And what a great decision that was. I mean, just look at her！”及最后一段对Larkins夫妇的情况的描述可知，作者对她的这种生活方式是支持的，故选B项。‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 ‎(2019•湖南长郡中学检测)We eat in our cars, at our desks, on the go, and in front of the TV. We eat takeout, packaged and prepared meals. Why? Because it fits our notenoughtimeintheday lifestyles. __1__Well, I’m certainly not the first one to think it or say it, but we all need to slow down.‎ Consumer trends around the globe show that over the past three decades people are purchasing more prepared foods at groceries and eating out more than ever before. It’s predicted that we’ll spend more at restaurants in the coming years.__2__ However, we’re getting less healthy.‎ While debates can be seen in different media over the food industry’s contribution to our growing waistlines and our health problems, the bottom line is this：__3__We can choose to eat a fastfood lunch on the go. We can throw a frozen meal in the microwave and call it dinner. We can eat without thinking, in front of the tube, at our computers, and while driving a car.‎ ‎__4__ Studies have shown meaningful links between family meals and kids’ mental and physical wellbeing. Eating sensibly doesn’t take much time or money, but it does require you to make a conscious decision to do so. Wrapped up in endless work, appointments and social activities, we often fail to enjoy a relaxing meal with our families.‎ While it can be a challenge to always put healthy eating first, just do your best. Remember that the food you eat has a more significant effect on your health, weight and wellbeing than almost any other activities you do.__5__ Every meal made at home — even just once or twice a week — is a step closer to a healthier body and a slower eating style.‎ A. Lunch is the biggest calorie intake when it comes to eating out.‎ B．Treat it with the importance that it deserves, but start small.‎ C．Our food matches our lives.‎ D．Purchase food locally and skip as many packaged items as you can.‎ E．What we eat, where we eat and how we eat are all under our control.‎ F．We’re consuming an increasing number of calories.‎ G．We can devote an hour of the day to enjoying a meal with our families.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。因为生活节奏加快，许多人习惯于外出吃饭。事实上，外出吃饭对我们的健康不利，为此作者呼吁人们，重视饮食习惯，多在家与家人一起吃饭。‎ ‎1．选C　根据空前内容可知，随着人们生活节奏的加快，人们的饮食习惯也发生了改变。所以，C项“我们的食物与我们的生活(方式)相匹配”符合语境。‎ ‎2．选F　根据空前的“It’s predicted that we’ll spend more at restaurants in the coming years.”可知，人们越来越多地在外面吃饭，摄入越来越多的卡路里，然而，人们在变得越来越不健康。故F项符合语境。‎ ‎3．选E　根据空后内容可知，吃什么、在哪里吃以及怎样吃都由我们自己掌控。故E项符合语境。‎ ‎4．选G　根据空后的“Studies have shown meaningful links between family meals and kids’ mental and physical wellbeing.”可知，与家人一块吃饭有很大的好处。所以，G项符合语境。‎ ‎5．选B　根据最后一段内容可知，饮食对人们的健康很重要。作者建议人们尽量在家吃饭。又结合空后内容可知，把健康饮食放在第一位可从小事做起。故B项符合语境。‎