2012届高考英语语法精品学案:专题三 代词

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2012届高考英语语法精品学案:专题三 代词

‎ ‎ 代词可以使语句简洁、干脆利落,因此也是高考的一个重要考点。代词多出现在单项填空和阅读理解中。从近几年的高考题来看,代词的考点主要集中在不定代词以及it的用法上。命题点:(1)不同代词的语义功能和语法功能;(2)不同代词之间的意义区别。 ‎ 一、代词的基本用法 ‎ 类别 ‎ 词义 ‎ 例句 ‎ 备注 ‎ 人称 代词 ‎ 主格:I/we/you/he /she/it/they 宾格:me/us/you /him/her it/them ‎ ‎①—Who is there? ‎ ‎—It's me.‎ ‎ ②—Does any of you know where Tom lives?‎ ‎—Me. ‎ ‎①作表语习惯用宾格,在电话用语中常用宾格。②当人称代词孤立地用于不带谓语的句子时,一般使用宾格。 ‎ 类别 ‎ 词义 ‎ 例句 ‎ 备注 ‎ 物主 代词 ‎ 形容词性物主代词:my/our/her/his /their 名词性物主代词:mine/ours/yours/his/hers/theirs ‎ This book is hers(=her book). a friend of mine ‎ 形容词性物主代词作定语;名词性物主代词作主语、宾语、表语 ‎ 类别 ‎ 词义 ‎ 例句 ‎ 备注 ‎ 反身 ‎ 代词 ‎ 一般用来作主语和宾语的同位语,表示强调;也可用作动词或介词的宾语;有时也可作表语。 ‎ I'm not myself today.‎ help oneself (to sth.),enjoy oneself, make oneself understood, by oneself,for oneself ‎ ‎ ‎ 类别 ‎ 词义 ‎ 例句 ‎ 备注 ‎ 指示 ‎ 代词 ‎ ‎①this,these 是近指;that,those是远指 ‎ ‎②this可指代下文要讲的事;that 可指代上文提到过的事 ‎ ③this, that有时还可用作副词表示程度,相当于so ‎ ‎①He got up late. That's why he was late. ‎ ‎②I can't jump that high. ‎ ‎ ‎ 类别 ‎ 词义 ‎ 例句 ‎ 备注 ‎ 相互 ‎ 代词 ‎ each other用于两者或两者以上;one another 用于三者或三者以上 ‎ How are you getting on with each other? ‎ 在现代英语中它们可通用 ‎ 不定 代词 ‎ all/both;either/neither;none/no one;another/the other;some/any;one/someone;anybody;everything;nothing ‎ 二、代词辨析 ‎1.some与any ‎(1) some一般用于肯定句中,但在表示请求并希望对方能给予肯定回答时,可用于疑问句中;any一般用于否定、疑问句或条件句中,但当any强调“任何一……”时,用于肯定句中。something,somebody,someone的用法同some;anything,anybody,anyone的用法同any。如:‎ ‎—Would you like to give me some if you have any?‎ ‎—Yes, I'd love to. You can come and get them any day you like. ‎ ‎(2) some “某一”,修饰可数名词单数,暗含不知道,不便说明等。如:‎ ‎ There must be some job you can do. ‎ ‎2.none, nobody, no one与nothing ‎ none既可指人又可指物,表示特指概念,其后可跟of所引导的一个范围,常回答how many和how much引导的疑问句;no one和nobody只能指人,表示泛指概念,常回答who引导的疑问句,且不可与of短语搭配,nothing只能指物,表示泛指概念,常回答what引导的疑问句。如:‎ ‎— Who is in the reading room?— No one/ Nobody. ‎ ‎— How much petrol is left?— None. ‎ ‎— What's in your hand?— Nothing. ‎ ‎3. another与other ‎ another指三者或三者以上当中的另一个;the other指两者当中的另一个,也可接名词复数,特指其他某些人或物;other意思是“其他的”,不能单独使用,后面必须接名词,表泛指;others可指其他的人或东西,相当于other+名词复数;the others特指其他某些人或物,相当于the other+名词复数。‎ ‎4.‎ 两者 ‎ 三者(或以上) ‎ 例句 ‎ both或 either ‎ all, any或every ‎ ‎①They were all very tired,but none of them would stop for a break. ‎ ‎②—Do you want tea or coffee? ‎ ‎—Either. I really don't mind. ‎ ‎③—When can I come for the book?‎ ‎—Any day you like next week. ‎ 两者 三者(或以上) ‎ 例句 部分 否定 Not both = Both … not ‎ Not all =All…not ‎ Not every=every…not ‎ ‎①“Everything is not right” doesn‘t equal “Nothing is right”.‎ ‎ ②Not all of them like English. Just some do. ‎ 全部 否定 Neither=not … either ‎ None= Not…any/a=no… ‎ ‎①—Which of the two films would you like to see? ‎ ‎—I'm interested in neither. ‎ ‎②Not one of them were hurt. =None of them were hurt. ‎ ‎5.one/that/those/it ‎ 代词 ‎ 功能 ‎ 例句 ‎ one one:单数,ones:复数,泛指前面提及的人或物。one之前有形容词修饰时可以与不定冠词、定冠词、基数词、物主代词或名词所有格连用。 ‎ ‎①A bridge built of stones is stronger than one built of wood. ‎ ‎②I don't like this green apple. Please give me a red one/the red one on the table. ‎ ‎③The girls in our class are more active than those in your class. ‎ ‎④The population of China is larger than that of America. ‎ ‎⑤Our rules are quite different from those of other organizations.‎ ‎ ⑥I left my pen on the desk. But now it is gone. ‎ That/those that、those+后置定语,特指替代同类中的人或物(that一般不指人)。‎ 不可数名词只能用that ‎ it 代替前文出现的同一事物,即指同类同物 ‎ 三、it的几大考点 ‎1. it 用作形式主语的用法 ‎ 当不定式、动名词、从句等用作主语时,为避免头重脚轻,通常在句首使用形式主语it,而把真正的主语放在句子末尾。it用作形式主语的三类特殊句式:‎ ‎(1) 用作动词look, seem, appear, happen, occur, follow等的主语(后接that从句或as if从句)。如:‎ ‎ It (so) happened that I had no money with me. ‎ ‎ 碰巧我没带钱。‎ ‎(2) 当系表结构后接有if 或when引导的状语从句时,通常在系表结构前使用形式主语表示说话人对某情况的看法。如:‎ ‎ It was a great surprise to me when he did a thing like that. 他那样做使我很吃惊。‎ ‎(3) 用于if it were not for…/ if it hadn't been for…(若不是因为)结构中。如:‎ ‎ If it hadn't been for the freezing wind they could have reached the injured man in time. 要不是有刺骨的寒风,他们就能及时赶到伤员身边了。‎ ‎2. it 用作形式宾语的用法 ‎ 当不定式、动名词、从句等用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时,常在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语,而将真正的宾语移至句末。 it用作形式宾语的两类特殊句式:‎ ‎(1) 动词+it+if / when从句。‎ ‎ 当enjoy, like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, appreciate等动词后需要接一个if或when引导的从句时,此时需要先在动词后接it作形式宾语。如:‎ ‎ I would appreciate it very much if you would help me with it. 如果你能帮助我做这事,我会十分感激。‎ ‎(2) 动词+介词+it+that从句。‎ ‎ 能用于此句型的主要动词短语有depend on, rely on, count on, answer for, see to等。如:‎ ‎ I'll see to it that all these letters will be sent to the post office before twelve. ‎ ‎ 我将注意让所有的信件在12点以前送到邮局。‎ ‎3. it 在强调句中的用法。如:‎ ‎ It was lack of money, not of efforts, that defeated their plan. 他们的计划受挫,原因是缺少钱而不是没有尽力。‎ ‎ Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982?‎ ‎ 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯? ‎ ‎4. it 在习语中的用法。‎ ‎ 包括it的习语很多,如:‎ ‎ make it 成功,到达 ‎ take it easy 别着急,放心好了 ‎ believe it or not信不信由你 ‎ forget it没关系;别在意;算了吧 ‎ That's it. (口语)完了;没有了(表示某个情况已经结束);做得对。‎ ‎ when it comes to sth.说到,涉及 ‎5. 与it 有关的几个时间状语从句。‎ ‎ It+is/has been+一段时间+since从句 ‎ It's ages since we last met.‎ ‎ 自从我们上次见面到现在有很多年了。‎ ‎ It+was/will be+一段时间+before从句(从句用一般过去时或一般现在时)‎ ‎ It was not long before he left Nanjing.‎ ‎ It+was+时间点+when从句(从句谓语用一般过去时)‎ ‎ It was eight o'clock when we arrived. ‎ ‎ 我们到达时是八点。 ‎ ‎1. The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than ________ in the newspaper. ‎ ‎ A.it B.those C.one D.that ‎ 【误】 只注意information是不可数名词而选择A;误把information看作是复数概念而选择B;把information理解为是单数可数名词而误选C。‎ ‎ 【正】 D 句意为:因特网信息比报纸信息传播更迅速。it指代前面提到的事物,代替可数名词单数;that代替“the + 可数名词单数或不可数名词”,表示特指;此处that等于“the + information”,特指报纸上的信息。‎ ‎2. To save class time, our teacher has _____ students do half of the exercise in class and complete the other half for our homework. ‎ ‎ A.us B.we C.our D.ours ‎ 【误】 认为students是名词,应该用形容词修饰,而误选C;对词性把握不够而误选B、D。‎ ‎ 【正】 A 根据our teacher可知说话人是学生,us与students是同位语。has是动词,后需要跟宾语,选A。‎ ‎3. The protection of our environment is not __________ to be left to the environment. Everyone should be concerned. ‎ ‎ A.nothing B.anything C.something D.everything ‎ 【误】 受not的影响,容易误选anything,但anything与not连用多用来表示没有东西,与所给语境不符。 ‎ ‎ 【正】 C something在此处表示“某事、某物”,即环境保护的事情不能留给环境本身。‎ ‎4. 【误】 I like if you help me do the work. ‎ ‎ 【正】 I like it if you help me do the work. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 like, hate, appreciate后加it才能跟从句。‎ ‎5. 你没有必要惊慌。‎ ‎ 【误】 It is no need for you to panic. ‎ ‎ 【正】 It is not necessary for you to panic. ‎ ‎ 【正】 There is no need for you to panic. ‎ ‎ 【解析】 要注意区分it作形式主语的句型和there be 引出的句型。it作形式主语时可以很容易地找到它所代替的真正的主语,而there be句型里是没有这个替代关系的。 ‎ ‎1. —Do you want milk or coffee? ‎ ‎ —_______. I really don't mind. ‎ ‎ A.None B.Neither C.Either D.All ‎ 【解析】 C 此题考查代词none, neither, either, all 的用法。根据问句知道是两者之间进行选择,而且从答句中后一句的“我真的不介意”可知第二个人的意思是“两者中任何一个都可以”,所以用either。‎ ‎2. [2009·陕西卷] Jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didn't answer ______ of them. ‎ ‎ A.other B.any C.none D.some ‎ 【解析】 B 考查代词辨析。所填词与not构成全部否定,四个选项中只有any与not构成not…any,等于none,表示全部否定,选B。‎ ‎3. Will you see to ________ that my birds are well looked after while I am away?‎ ‎ A.them B.yourself C.it D.me ‎ 【解析】 C 考查代词。所填词构成固定句型see to it that,意为“注意,务必,一定要做到”。选C。‎ ‎4. [2010·福建卷] When you introduce me to Mr. Johnson,could you please say __________ for me?‎ ‎ A.everything B.anything C.something D.nothing ‎ 【解析】‎ ‎ C 考查代词。句意为:当你把我介绍给约翰逊先生时,能为我说说话吗?something 用在问句中是表示建议或请求,期望得到肯定回答。‎ ‎5. [2010·重庆卷] He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found _______ of them again. ‎ ‎ A.neither B.either C.each D.all ‎ 【解析】 B 考查代词词义辨析。这里用never…either表示“两者都不”,相当于…and found neither of them again。 ‎ ‎6. —How do you find your new classmates?‎ ‎ —Most of them are kind, but __________ is so good to me as Bruce. ‎ ‎ A.none B.no one C.every one D.some one ‎ 【解析】 A 考查代词的用法。根据but一词确定应该从A、B中挑选。有一定范围的用none,相当于none of my new classmates。no one不必有这种范围。‎ ‎7. Make sure you've got the passports and tickets and __________ before you leave. ‎ ‎ A.something B.anything C.everything D.nothing ‎ 【解析】 C 考查不定代词的用法。理解句意是关键。句意为:在你们离开前,确保你们已有了护照、票等一切东西。everything所有,一切东西;something某种东西;anything任何东西;nothing没有什么。‎ ‎8. [2010·山东卷] Helping others is a habit, _____ you can learn even at an early age. ‎ ‎ A.it B.that C.what D.one ‎ 【解析】 D 句意为:帮助他人是一种习惯,一种你可以从小学习的习惯。one在此指a habit。‎ ‎9. Isn't it amazing how the human body heals _____ after an injury?‎ ‎ A.himself B.him C.itself D.it ‎ 【答案】 C ‎10.[2010·安徽卷] You are a team star!Working with _____  is really your cup of tea. ‎ ‎ A.both B.either C.others D.the other ‎ 【解析】 C 考查代词的用法。sb.'s cup of tea 合乎某人的口味,使某人感兴趣的东西。others表示泛指“其他人”。‎ ‎11.[2010·陕西卷] The cost of renting a house in central Xi'an is higher than _____ in any other area of the city. ‎ ‎ A.that B.this C.it D.one ‎ 【解析】 A 本题考查代词。that 被用来替代 the cost of renting a house。在英语中,that被用来替代同一类事物。‎ ‎12. [2010·四川卷] On my desk is a photo that my father took of _____ when I was a baby. ‎ ‎ A.him B.his C.me D.mine ‎ 【解析】 C 考查代词词义辨析。作介词宾语用人称代词的宾格。句意为:我的桌子上放着我小时候父亲给我拍的一张照片。‎ ‎13.—We should save some food for _______ who arrives late. ‎ ‎ —There's no need. __________ is here. ‎ ‎ A.anyone; Everyone B.everyone; Anyone ‎ C.anyone; Anyone D.everyone; Everyone ‎ 【解析】 A 考查代词辨析。句意为:“我们应该留着些吃的给来晚的人。”“没有必要。大家都到齐了。”第一个空anyone(任何人)是先行词,后面跟who引导的定语从句;第二个空的everyone指“大家;每个人”,选A。 ‎ ‎14.I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with _______________. ‎ ‎ A.everything B.anything C.nothing D.none ‎ 【解析】 A not…everything 部分否定,不是所有的都。‎ ‎15.How can I help _____ if people don't read the instructions?‎ ‎ A.that B.it C.what D.them ‎ 【解析】 B 考查代词。句意为:如果人们不看说明,我有什么办法呢?此处it用于谈论某种情况。‎ ‎1.(2011·吉林质量检测)There is________like the taste of a glass of cold milk —it has been described as the perfect food by westerners.‎ A.something B.anything C.nothing D.everything 解析: 本题考查代词。句意为:没有什么能比得上一杯凉牛奶的味道,牛奶被西方人称为完美食品。something 某事,某物;anything 任何东西,任何事物;nothing 没有什么;everything 每件事,所有事物。‎ 答案: C ‎2.(2011·海南五校联考)Nine thousand guests took part in the outdoor ceremony,________that impressed so many people at the White House.‎ A.that B.this C.it D.one 解析: 考查代词。one 指代前面提到的the outdoor ceremony,one 及其后的定语从句与前面的the outdoor ceremony是同位关系,其他代词没有这样的用法,故答案为D。‎ 答案: D ‎3.(2011·苏锡常镇四市教学调查)The man has made________a rule never to regret and never to complain.‎ A.it B.that C.himself D.this 解析: 考查代词的用法。it 是形式宾语,后面的不定式never to regret and never to complain作真正的宾语。‎ 答案: A ‎4.(2011·黑龙江检测)He paid 30% of the price for the house,and promised to pay________by the end of the month.‎ A.those B.the others C.the rest D.the other 解析: 考查指代。从语意“承诺剩下的在月底支付”可知,the rest 表示“剩下的”,常用来指代前面提到的名词,选C项。‎ 答案: C ‎5.(2011·湖南师大附中第三次月考)My uncle promised to buy a nice gift for my birthday,________beyond my imagination.‎ A.which B.that C.something D.the one 解析: something beyond my imagination一件我意想不到的东西,作a nice gift 的同位语。‎ 答案: C ‎6.(2011·山东青岛一模)Will you see to________that my birds are well looked after while I am away?‎ A.them B.yourself C.it D.one 解析: 句意为:在我离开期间你能不能负责照顾好我的鸟?it 是形式宾语,代替后面的that 从句,see to it that...可看作固定搭配。‎ 答案: C ‎7.(2011·陕西西安分科质检)—May I ask for leave tomorrow?‎ ‎—No,you can’t.________applying for the scholarship must be present.‎ A.Someone B.Anyone C.One D.No one 解析: anyone 表示“任何人”,即任何申请奖学金的人都必须到场。‎ 答案: B ‎8.(2011·江苏南京第一次调研)—Which of these two books will you take?‎ ‎—I’ll take ________,in case the journey is boring.‎ A.either B.both C.all D.neither 解析: 根据these two books 排除选项C;再根据in case the journey is boring 判断说话者要把两本书都带上。‎ 答案: B ‎9.(2011·陕西宝鸡质检)Because they hadn’t booked a room in advance,there were________left when they arrived at the hotel.‎ A.none B.no one C.nobody D.nothing 解析: 句意为:因为他们没有预订房间,所以当他们到达旅馆时,没有剩余的房间了。none 指代前边出现的名词时,相当于no加那个名词,此题中none 相当于no rooms。B项是单数,与谓语不一致。‎ 答案: A ‎10.(2011·陕西宝鸡质检)—What do you think of the cars on the exhibition?‎ ‎—Well,great.But I don’t think much of ________you’ve bought.‎ A.that B.which C.one D.the one 解析: 句意为:——你认为展览会上的那些车怎么样?——噢,很好。但我认为你买的那辆车不怎么样。受限制性定语从句you’ve bought 的影响,空中的代词相当于the 加可数名词car,所以要用表特指的the one。‎ 答案: D ‎11.(2011·安徽皖南八校)—How much salt did you put in the soup?‎ ‎—I’m sorry to say,________.I forgot.‎ A.none B.no one C.nothing D.no 解析: 根据问句可知回答的应是数量,所以用none,表示“一点也没有”;no one 只能指人,不能指物;nothing 用来回答what 提出的问句;no回答的是一般疑问句。‎ 答案: A ‎12.(2011·南通一模)—What kind of food do you prefer?‎ ‎—________but Japanese.‎ ‎—How about Korean,then?‎ A.Something B.Nothing C.Anything D.Everything 解析: 本题考查不定代词。句意为:除了不要日本的食物其他的任何食物都可以。anything but 表示:任何……除了。根据句意,应选C。‎ 答案: C ‎13.(2011·湖南十二校第二次联考)Mr Green asked me to borrow a book for him,________about how to be a good volunteer.‎ A.it B.one C.ones D.which 解析: 考查代词的用法。one 在此作同位语,代指a book,即一本有关怎样成为一名好的志愿者的书。其他几项不合题意——it 不能作同位语,ones 代指复数名词,which 引导定语从句,而这里不是定语从句。‎ 答案: B ‎14.(2010·西城5月抽样)Both of the sofas they ordered online arrived,but ________fit through the doorway.‎ A.none B.nor C.neither D.either 解析: 代词辨析。由both 可以看出范围为两个,所以应该排除A和B;由连词but 可知应该用neither。句意为:他们在网上订购的两个沙发到货了,但是没有一个能从门口进去的。‎ 答案: C ‎15.(2010·南京第三次模拟)I dislike________when I am left alone to start a conversation with a stranger.‎ A.that B.this C.it D.one 解析: 本题考查代词。it 在句中充当形式宾语,代替后面的内容。‎ 答案: C ‎ ‎
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