2020届人教版高考英语大一轮复习专用讲义：专题三形容词与副词

2020届人教版高考英语大一轮复习专用讲义：专题三形容词与副词

专题三形容词与副词 形容词和副词的原级 ‎1．用法 ‎(1)表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as＋形容词/副词的原级＋as” “as＋形容词＋a(n)＋单数名词＋as”“as＋many/much＋复数名词/不可数名词＋as”的结构；‎ Henry is a worker as good as Peter (is)．＝Henry is as good a worker as Peter (is)．‎ 亨利和彼得一样都是好工人。‎ It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.‎ 人们普遍认为，教学是一门科学，同时也是一门艺术。‎ ‎(2)表示双方不相等时，用“not so/as＋形容词/副词的原级＋as”的结构；‎ Henry does not have so/as many books as I have.‎ 亨利的书不如我的多。‎ ‎[名师指津]　as＋形容词＋as＋数量词＝数量词＋形容词 The building is as tall as 100 meters.＝The building is 100 meters tall.‎ 这幢楼有100米高。‎ ‎2．as ...as结构前可用almost, exactly, half, just, nearly, quite等修饰，表示程度。‎ Let's walk. It's just as quick as taking the bus.‎ 咱们走路去吧，这和坐公共汽车去一样快。‎ 形容词和副词的比较级与最高级 ‎1．比较级与最高级的构成 ‎(1)规则变化：‎ 词形分类及变化构成 原级 比较级 最高级 单音节词和少数双音节词 一般加er或est tall strong taller stronger tallest strongest 以不发音的e结尾的，只加r或st nice late nicer later nicest latest 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母再加er或est big hot thin fat bigger hotter thinner fatter biggest hottest thinnest fattest 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，先变y为i再加er或est happy easy early happier easier earlier happiest easiest earliest 其他双音节词和多音节词 在前面加more或most difficult beautiful more difficult，more beautiful most difficult，most beautiful ‎[名师指津]　有些形容词和副词没有程度可分或形容词和副词本身就是某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。如right, wrong, excellent, extreme, perfect, possible, empty, greatly, very等。‎ ‎(2)不规则变化：‎ 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best bad (badly)/ill worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest old older/elder oldest/eldest ‎[名师指津]　①farther和farthest分别指时间或空间上“较远”“最远”。②elder不能与than连用，只能用作定语修饰名词，且仅用于同辈之间的排行。elder sister姐姐；elder brother哥哥。‎ ‎2．比较级的用法 ‎(1)比较级的常见结构 ‎①表示一方不及另一方时，用“less＋原级＋than”结构。‎ This computer is less expensive than mine.‎ 这部电脑没有我的贵。‎ ‎②表示一方程度随另一方程度平行变化时，用“the＋比较级．.., the＋比较级．..”，意为“越……就越……”。‎ The busier he is, the happier he feels.‎ 他越忙就越感到高兴。‎ ‎③不与其他事物相比较，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级＋and＋比较级”结构，意为“越来越……”。‎ Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.‎ 我们学校变得越来越漂亮了。‎ ‎④表示“和……一样不……”时，用“no＋比较级＋than”结构。‎ You are no taller than I．你和我一样矮。‎ ‎⑤“the＋比较级＋of the two＋名词”表示“两个中较……的那个”。‎ The taller of the two boys is my brother.‎ 那两个男孩中较高的那个是我的哥哥。‎ ‎(2)比较级形式表示最高级意义的表达方式 I have never spent a more worrying day.‎ 这是我度过的最令人焦虑的一天。‎ I can't agree more.我完全同意。‎ He is better at English than anything else.‎ 他最擅长英语。‎ Every morning he arrives earlier than any other student in the class.‎ ‎＝Every morning he arrives earlier than all the other students in the class.‎ ‎＝Every morning he arrives earlier than anyone else in the class.‎ ‎＝Every morning he arrives earlier than any of the other students in the class.‎ ‎＝Every morning he arrives earlier than the rest of students in the class.‎ 每天早上他都是班里来得最早的。‎ ‎(3)修饰比较级的常用词和短语有rather, much, still, even, far, a lot, a little, a great deal, (by) far, a bit等。‎ The students study even harder than before.‎ 学生们比以前学习更努力了。‎ ‎3．最高级的用法 ‎(1)形容词最高级(＋名词)＋表示范围的状语 She is the most active student in our class.‎ 她是我们班最活跃的学生。‎ ‎(2)one of＋形容词最高级＋名词复数 Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.‎ ‎＝Shanghai is among the biggest cities in our country.‎ 上海是我国最大的城市之一。‎ ‎(3)序数词＋形容词最高级＋名词 Africa is the second largest continent in the world.‎ 非洲是世界上第二大洲。‎ ‎(4)常用的最高级的修饰语有by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not really以及序数词等。‎ I'd like to buy the second most expensive camera.‎ 我想买便宜一点的照相机。‎ ‎[名师指津]　by far通常用来修饰最高级，但也可修饰比较级，修饰比较级时，一般放在比较级后面，若在前面，应在两者之间加the。‎ The book is better by far than that one.‎ 这本书要比那本书好得多。‎ He is by far the taller of the two brothers.‎ 他是两兄弟中较高的那一个。‎ ‎[命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎① (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years ________ (long) than nonrunners.‎ 解析：longer　根据空后的than和语境可知，此处应该使用副词比较级形式，故填longer。‎ ‎②(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)He screams the ________ (loud) of all.‎ 解析：loudest　根据空前的the以及空后的of all可知此处应用最高级。‎ ‎③(2018·浙江6月高考)There could be an even ________ (high) cost on your health.‎ 解析：higher　此处表示这么做可能还会让你付出更高的健康代价。根据even可判断，此处要用形容词的比较级。‎ ‎④(2017·浙江11月高考)One of the ________ (effect) ways to build vocabulary is to read good books.‎ 解析：effective/most effective　空格处作ways的定语故用形容词形式，effective意为“有效的”。此处也可用最高级，表示“最有效的方式之一”。‎ ‎⑤(2017·浙江6月高考)Sixteen years __________(early), Pahlsson had removed the ‎ diamond ring to cook a meal.‎ 解析：earlier　固定表达sixteen years earlier表示“早在16年前”。此时的earlier相当于before，一般直接跟在时间名词的后面。‎ ‎⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even_______ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.‎ 解析：worse　根据语境可知，此处表示程度的加深，所以用比较级形式，even worse表示“更糟糕的是”。‎ ‎⑦(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify (识别) those of ________(great) and less importance.‎ 解析：greater　根据后面的“and less”可知，此处也要用比较级形式。‎ ‎⑧(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)They were also the best and ________ (bad) years in my life.‎ 解析：worst　由并列连词and前面的“the best”可知，此处应用形容词的最高级形式。‎ 倍数表达法 常用的倍数表达法：‎ Our classroom is three times as large as theirs.‎ ‎＝Our classroom is three times larger than theirs.‎ ‎＝Our classroom is three times the size of theirs.‎ 我们的教室是他们教室的三倍大。‎ The length of road is four times what it was three years ago.‎ 这条路的长度是三年前的四倍。‎ 常见的易混词 beside在旁边(或附近)‎ besides 此外，而且 late迟的，晚的 later后来，以后 latest 最近的，最新的 ago以前(以现在为起点)‎ before以前(以过去为起点)‎ somewhere某处 everywhere到处 high 在高处；高 highly 高度地；很；非常 wide广阔地；充分地 widely广泛地；普遍地 deep深深地 deeply深刻地；深沉地 free免费地 freely自由地；畅通地 close接近；紧挨着 closely仔细地；紧密地 ‎ hard努力地 hardly几乎不 near在附近 nearly几乎，差不多 ‎[命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)A few minutes ________ (late), the instructor asked me to stop the car.‎ 解析：later　“一段时间＋late”表示“迟到多长时间”；“一段时间＋later”表示“多长时间之后”。此处表示“几分钟后，教练让我把车停下来”，故填later。‎ ‎②(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)________ (beside), they often get some useful information from the Internet.‎ 解析：Besides　句意：此外，他们还经常从网上获取一些有用的信息。besides“此外”，是副词。‎ ‎③(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I enjoyed studying different kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the ________ (late) music albums.‎ 解析：latest　根据语境可知，“the latest music albums”表示“最新的音乐专辑”，故应用latest。‎ ‎④(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Nearly five years ________， and with the help of our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes (圣女果) in our back garden.‎ 解析：ago　此处表示在说话时之前，故应填ago。‎ ‎[专题过关训练] ‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．Indeed, travelling around this country will truly (true) give you an amazing experience because of its interesting things offered to all types of tourists.‎ ‎2．Films, books, magazines, etc. give us daily (day) amusement.‎ ‎3．In some_crowded (crowd) cities, the car has polluted the air so badly that people get sick just from breathing it.‎ ‎4．For example, it is thought that many physical problems and other conditions are made worse (bad) by an increased level of stress.‎ ‎5．Most computer applications are in English, so you will understand them better (good)．‎ ‎6．The better we get into good eating habits, the_happier (happy) our life will become.‎ ‎7．How much more_beautiful (beautiful) she looked without her glasses!‎ ‎8．Dr.Barone was my doctor when I was a kid, and even though I was probably just another patient to her, to me she was more (much) than just my doctor.‎ ‎9．However, just several days later (late), I began to feel tired and couldn't concentrate in class.‎ ‎10．The more I learn English, the easier (easy) it becomes.‎ ‎11．Since his family was richer (rich) than mine, he had more toys than I did.‎ ‎12．I am awfully tired (tire), but I know I'll never fall asleep.‎ ‎13．Ehongbao is actually (actual) a kind of lucky money from and to relatives and friends during festivals or on special occasions.‎ ‎14．It is important to have a clearly (clear) defined set of roles and responsibilities for each member.‎ Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句 ‎1．终于，我们到家了，又累又饿。(arrive, tired)‎ At_last,_we_arrived_home,_tired_and_hungry.‎ ‎2．我听说你上周病了。你现在好一点了吗？(ill, better)‎ I_hear_that_you_were_ill_last_week._Are_you_any_better_now?‎ ‎3．我认为英语要比数学容易得多、有趣得多。(使用much修饰比较级)‎ I_think_English_is_much_easier_and_much_more_interesting_than_math.‎ ‎4．说着容易做着难。(carry out)‎ It's_easier_said_than_carried_out._‎ ‎5．现在，学好英语是你最重要的事情。(moment, by far)‎ At_the_moment,_learning_English_well_is_by_far_the_most_important_thing_for_you._‎ ‎6．因特网在人们日常生活中起着重要作用。(play)‎ The Internet is playing an important part in people's daily life.‎ Ⅲ.语法填空 ‎(2019·烟台模拟)High in thick bamboo forests in the misty, __1__ (rain) mountains of southwestern China __2__ (live) one of the world's rarest mammals: the giant panda, also called the panda. Only about 1,000 of these blackandwhite __3__ (relative) of bears survive in the wild.‎ Pandas eat almost nothing __4__ bamboo shoots and leaves. __5__ (occasion) they eat other plants, fish, or small animals, but bamboo accounts __6__ 99 percent of their diets. Pandas eat fast; they eat a lot, and they spend about 12 hours a day __7__ (do) it. The reason is that they digest only about a __8__ (five) of what they eat. Overall, bamboo is not very nutritious. To stay healthy, they have to eat a lot — up to 15 percent of their body weight in 12 hours — so they eat fast.‎ Pandas' molars (臼齿) are very broad and flat. The shape of these teeth helps the animals crush the bamboo shoots, leaves, and stems they eat. __9__ (get) the bamboo to their mouths, they hold the stems with their front claws, which have enlarged wrist bones that act as thumbs for grasping things. A panda should have at least two bamboo species where it ‎ lives, or it will starve. Pandas are shy; they never leave areas __10__ they live. This restricts pandas to very limited areas.‎ ‎1．rainy　此处与misty并列修饰名词mountains，故应用形容词形式。‎ ‎2．lives　句子的主语为“one of the world's rarest mammals”，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。‎ ‎3．relatives　relative为可数名词，且此处被these修饰，因此用复数形式。‎ ‎4．but　nothing but意为“除了……外什么也不”。‎ ‎5．Occasionally　此处作状语应用副词形式。‎ ‎6．for　account for为固定搭配，意为“占(比例)”。‎ ‎7．doing　spend time (in) doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“花费时间做某事”。‎ ‎8．fifth　此处指五分之一，分母用序数词表示。‎ ‎9．To get　作目的状语应用动词不定式。‎ ‎10．where　先行词为areas，定语从句中关系词作地点状语，故用关系副词where。‎