2020届二轮复习专题三阅读理解第六讲4大文体突破课件

2020届二轮复习专题三阅读理解第六讲4大文体突破课件

第六讲　 4 大文体突破 一、应用文 英语应用文属于实用型文体，如书信、通知、日记、广告等。应用文阅读要注意文中具体细节的把握与理解，弄清作者所传达的实际信息及表达的具体内容。阅读时采取略读与精读相结合的方法，力求快速精确地查出试题所设置的关键内容。 [ 典例 1 ] 　 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ ，阅读 A) My Favourite Books Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series ( 系列 ) of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads. Matilda Roald Dahl I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl’s writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds.Matilda’s battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny and frightening, but they’re also aspirational. After Dark Haruki Murakami It’s about two sisters—Eri, a model who either won’t or can’t stop sleeping, and Mari, a young student.In trying to connect to her sister, Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse “night people” who are hiding secrets. Gone Girl Gillian Flynn There was a bit of me that didn’t want to love this when everyone else on the planet did, but the horror story is brilliant.There’s tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust.It’s a real whodunit and the frustration when you realise what’s going on is horribly enjoyable. The Stand Stephen King This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around.After a serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world’s population ， a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left.Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever. 【语篇解读】 　 主题：人与社会 ( 文学 ) ；话题：推荐好书。本文是一篇应用文。著名作家 Jo Usmar 向读者介绍了几本她最喜欢的书。 21.Who does “I” refer to in the text? A.Stephen King. B.Gillian Flynn. C.Jo Usmar. D.Roald Dahl. 答案 　 C 　 [ 细节理解题。根据第一段的最后一句 “ Here she picks her top reads. ” 可知， Jo Usmar 在下文要为读者推荐几本她最喜欢的书，这说明下文中的 “ I ” 指的就是 Jo Usmar 。 ] 22.Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri? A. Cosmopolitan . B. Matilda . C. After Dark . D. The Stand . 答案 　 C 　 [ 细节理解题。根据 After Dark 部分中的 “ It ’ s about two sisters—Eri...Mari... ” 可知， After Dark 讲述了 Mari 和 Eri 的故事。 ] 23.What kind of book is Gone Girl? A.A folk tale. B.A biography. C.A love story. D.A horror story. 答案 　 D 　 [ 细节理解题。根据 Gone Girl 部分中的 “ ...the horror story is brilliant. ” 可知， Gone Girl 这本书属于恐怖故事。 ] 解题技巧 1. 先读大标题、小标题、黑体字、图片等显眼文字； 2. 第一段及最后一段，了解大意； 3. 读题，然后在原文中查找所需要的信息。 ( 查 ) 相关信息要细读。 4. 寻读与细读相结合。 二、记叙文 记叙文是以叙述描写为主要方式，以记人叙事为主要内容的一种文体。其主要特点为通过生动的事例来反映生活和作者的思想感情。记叙文的表达方式常常结合了说明、议论、描写、抒情，生动形象地讲述发生在过去、现在和未来的事情。常见的记叙文有小说、戏剧、传记、新闻报道和日记等。但无论哪种记叙文，都囊括了事件的时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过和结果。记叙的手法分顺叙和倒叙两种。 记叙文中常见的线索有：事件的发展线索；人物的情感发展过程；作者思想感情的变化过程以及时间、空间的变化。 [ 典例 2 ] 　 (2019· 浙江卷，阅读 A) Zachariah Fike has an unusual hobby.He finds old military ( 军队的 ) medals for sale in antique stores and on the Internet.But unlike most collectors, Zac tracks down the medals’ rightful owners ， and returns them. His effort to reunite families with lost medals began with a Christmas gift from his mother, a Purple Heart with the name Corrado A.G.Piccoli, found in an antique shop.Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Heart—he earned one himself in a war as a soldier.So when his mother gave him the medal, he knew right away what he had to do. Through the Internet, Zac tracked down Corrado’s sister Adeline Rockko.But when he finally reached her, the woman flooded him with questions ： “ Who are you? What antique shop ？ ” However ， when she hung up ， she regretted the way she had handled the call.So she called Zac back and apologized.Soon she drove to meet Zac in Watertown ， N.Y. “ At that point, I knew she meant business ， ” Zac says.“To drive eight hours to come to see me.” The Piccolis grew up the children of Italian immigrants in Watertown.Corrado, a translator for the Army during WW Ⅱ ， was killed in action in Europe. Before hearing from Zac, Adeline hadn’t realized the medal was missing.Like many military medals, the one Zac’s mother had found was a family treasure. “ This medal was very precious to my parents.Only on special occasions ( 场合 ) would they take it out and let us hold it in our hands ， ” Adeline says. As a child, Adeline couldn’t understand why the medal was so significant. “ But as I grew older ， ” Adeline says ， “and missed my brother more and more, I realized that was the only thing we had left.” Corrado Piccoli’s Purple Heart medal now hangs at the Italian American Civic Association in Watertown. Zac recently returned another lost medal to a family in Alabama.Since he first reunited Corrado’s medal, Zac says his record is now 5 for 5. 【语篇解读】　 主题：人与自我 ( 做人与做事 ) ；话题：为勋章找主人。本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了 Zac 的一个不同寻常的业余爱好：当在古董店或者网上找到旧的军队勋章时，他会设法找到其合法的主人并且归还。 21.Where did Zac get a Purple Heart medal for himself? A.In the army. B.In an antique shop. C.From his mother. D.From Adeline Rockko. 答案 　 A 　 [ 细节理解题。根据第二段中的 “ ...he earned one himself in a war as a soldier. ” 可知， Zac 是在部队服役的时候获得了一枚紫心勋章，故 A 项正确。 ] 22.What did Zac realize when Adeline drove to meet him? A.She was very impolite. B.She was serious about the medal. C.She suspected his honesty. D.She came from a wealthy family. 答案 　 B 　 [ 推理判断题。根据第三段中的 “‘ At that point...come to see me. ’” 可知， Zac 意识到 Adeline 对这枚勋章是十分在意的，要不然她也不会打电话道歉，更不会驱车 8 小时来见自己，故 B 项正确。 mean business ( 非正式 ) 当真，认真。 ] 23.What made Adeline treasure the Purple Heart? A.Her parents’ advice. B.Her knowledge of antiques. C.Her childhood dream. D.Her memory of her brother. 答案 　 D 　 [ 细节理解题。根据第六段中的 “‘ But as I grew older...we had left. ’” 可知， Adeline 珍视那枚勋章是因为那是他们留下的唯一东西，承载着姐姐对弟弟的思念，故 D 项正确。 ] 解题技巧 1. 理清人物关系； 2. 时空变化； 3. 主要情节 ( 事件发生的内容 ) ； 4. 感悟主题 ( 告诉什么道理及情感 ) 。 三、说明文 说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体。题材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各个领域。如：介绍科学领域的最新成果、机器的制造过程、产品工艺流程或使用说明、工程项目的规划、社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物、生物的生存状况、自然或社会现象产生的原因和解决办法、人文地理知识等。说明文的说明顺序一般包括：时间顺序 ( 如事物的发展变化 ) 、空间顺序 ( 如建筑结构 ) 、逻辑顺序 ( 如因果、现象与本质 ) 。其结构特点是： (1) 总体叙述＋细节或过程说明＋概括评述； (2) 现象或变化＋细节或原因阐述＋引发的后果和相关启示。 [ 典例 3 ] 　 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ ，阅读 C) As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric ( 生物测量 )technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces.At present, these technologies are still expensive, though. Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device ( 装置 ) that gets around this problem ： a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence ( 节奏 ) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension ， whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right. It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with.Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently. In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard.Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates.The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts.The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. 【语篇解读】　 主题：人与社会 ( 科学与技术 ) ；话题：智能键盘。本文是一篇科研报道。来自佐治亚理工学院的研究人员发明了一种智能键盘，可以通过分析用户的打字模式来判断该用户是不是安全访客。 28.Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard? A.To reduce pressure on keys. B.To improve accuracy in typing. C.To replace the password system. D.To cut the cost of e-space protection. 答案 　 D 　 [ 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句 “ Researchers from Georgia Tech...a smart keyboard. ” 以及第一段最后一句 “ At present ， these technologies are still expensive ， though. ” 可推知，研究者研发这种智能键盘是为了降低网络安全保护技术的成本。 ] 29.What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible? A.Computers are much easier to operate. B.Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast. C.Typing patterns vary from person to person. D.Data security measures are guaranteed. 答案 　 C 　 [ 推理判断题。根据第二段中的 “ These patterns are unique to each person.Thus ， the keyboard can determine people ’ s identities... ” 可知，正是因为每个人的打字模式不同，这种智能键盘就可以通过分析用户的打字力度及节奏等来判断该用户是不是安全访客，故 C 项符合题意。 ] 30.What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard? A.It’ll be environment-friendly. B.It’ll reach consumers soon. C.It’ll be made of plastics. D.It’ll help speed up typing. 答案 　 B 　 [ 细节理解题。根据最后一段的最后一句 “ The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. ” 可知，该团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场，故选 B 项。 ] 31.Where is this text most likely from? A.A diary. B.A guidebook. C.A novel. D.A magazine. 答案 　 D 　 [ 文章出处题。根据本文的话题 “ 智能键盘 ” 以及第二段中的 “ Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device... ” ，尤其是其中的关键词 researchers ， low-cost device 等来推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道，最有可能出现在杂志上。 ] 解题技巧 1. 第一段要细读；中心大意常常出现在第一段； 2. 理清事物不同概念 ( 名称 ) 及对比关系； 3. 明确说明对象、说明过程及不同人的看法。 四、议论文 英语议论文通常为三段式，即 “ 论点、论据、结论 ” 三部分组成。首先借助某一现象引出论点，然后通过一定论据从各个层面上加以推理论证，最后得出结论。议论文主要考查学生对论点及论据的把握。因此，遇到议论文时，应采取抓主题句的方法来把握文章主旨，弄清作者的观点。一般来说，作者的论点通常在文章首段被引出，接着是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证，最后为结论。还应注意的是：在对论点论证的过程中，每一段的首句都是该段的主题句。把握全文论点、弄清论证各段的主题句、理解文章层次、找出中心论点的位置是理解议论文的关键。 就议论文而言，其论证的常见结构方式有： 1. 总分式 总 —— 分；分 —— 总；总 —— 分 —— 总； 2. 并列式 几个论据之间属于平行关系； 3. 递进式 几个论据之间属于递进关系； 4. 对照式 把两种事物加以对比，以彰显其中一种。 [ 典例 4 ] 　 (2019· 扬州中学高三质检 ) Everyone looks forward to progress ， whether in one’s personal life or in the general society.Progress indicates a person’s ability to change the way he is living at the moment.Progress must lead to a better life and a better way of doing things.All these ， however ， remain true only in so far as people want to accept technology and move forward by finding new and more efficient ways of doing things. However ， at the back of the minds of many people ， especially those who miss the“good old days” ， efficiency __ comes __ with __ a __ price .When communication becomes more efficient ， people are able to contact one another no matter where they are and at whatever time they wish to.The click of a button allows people miles apart to talk or see each other without even leaving their homes.With the communication gadgets ， such as mobile phones and iPads ， people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally.A personal visit carries with it the additional feature of having to be in the person’s presence for as long as the visit lasts.We cannot unnecessarily excuse our-selves or turn the other person off. With efficiency also comes mass production.Such is the nature of factories and the success of industrialization today.Factories have improved efficiency.Unskillful tasks are left to machines and products are better made and produced with greater accuracy than any human hand could ever have done.However ， with the improvements in efficiency also comes the loss of the personal touch when making these products.For example ， many handicrafts( 手工艺品 ) are now produced in a factory.Although this means that supply is better able to increase demand ， now that the supply is quick and efficient ， the demand might fall because mass production lowers the quality of the handicraft and it is difficult to find unique designs on each item. Nevertheless ， we must not commit the mistake of analyzing progress only from one point of view.In fact ， progress has allowed tradition to keep up.It is only with progress and the invention of new technology that many old products can be brought back to their old state.New technology is required for old products to stay old. It is people’s attitude towards progress that causes the type of influence that technology has on society.Technology is flexible.There is no fixed way of making use of it.Everything depends on people’s attitude.The worst effects of progress will fall on those who are unable to rethink their attitudes and views of society.When we accept progress and adapt it to suit our needs ， a new “past” is created. 【语篇解读】　 这是一篇议论文。众所周知，发展可以为人类和社会带来各种便利，但新技术的使用对社会产生何种影响取决于人们的态度。因为发展的同时，会付出一定的代价。如，大批量生产使手工产品质量的降低，产品个性的缺失，产品人文性的丧失等。作者呼吁先进性与传统性要协调发展。 1.According to Paragraph 1, progress can benefit people when they are willing to ________. A.live a better life B.look for better methods C.accept technology and advance steadily D.change ways of living 答案　 C 　 [ 细节理解题。答案定位在第一段 All these, however...ways of doing things. 可知，文章第一段告诉我们当人们愿意接受技术并稳步前进时，进步就会使人们受益，故选 C 。 ] 2.The underlined word “gadgets” is closest in meaning to ________. A.tools B.messages C.barriers D.skills 答案　 A 　 [ 词义猜测题。画线词所在句子的意思是，有了通讯工具，比如手机， iPads 等，人们就不会经常登门拜访，根据所画线部分词举的例子，我们可以猜出是指手机等通讯工具，故选 A 。 ] 3.The author explains “efficiency comes with a price” by ________. A.describing a process B.making classification C.following time order D.using examples 答案　 D 　 [ 推理判断题。该段首句提出，怀旧的人们认为：高效率带来的发展是有代价的。接着作者以人们手机、平板电脑等的使用为例加以说明。由此得知，作者通过举例法来解释 “ 高效是有代价的 ” ，故选 D 。 ] 4.Compared with home-made handicrafts, machine made products ________. A.lack great accuracy B.lack the personal touch C.are of high value D.are quite welcome 答案　 B 　 [ 细节理解题。答案定位在第三段 “ However, with the improvements in efficiency also comes the loss of the personal touch when making these products. ” 可知，第三段告诉我们高效率带来产品的大批量的生产。但比起手工制作， 因没有个性造成与人类联系的缺失，故选 B 。 ] 5.What can be concluded from the last paragraph? A.Progress can suit the needs of daily life. B.People review the past with great regret. C.People’s attitude decides the use of technology. D.Technology should be introduced in a fixed way. 答案　 C 　 [ 细节理解题。根据最后一段尤其是第一句可知，人类对科技进步的态度决定了科技对社会影响的种类。一切取决于人类的态度。当我们接受进步并使之为我们所用时，新的 “ 过去 ” 就会诞生。故选 C 。 ] 解题技巧 1. 第一段常就某一现象引入话题；提出论点； 2. 找主题句 ( 每段首句及末句 ) ；总 —— 分 —— 总结构； 3. 人物观点， 关注原文中出现的形容词等修饰词； 4. 作者持有的观点。