2020届二轮专题辅导与测试：专题1阅读理解第一部分专题一课件

2020届二轮专题辅导与测试：专题1阅读理解第一部分专题一课件

第一部分 高考专题突破 专题一　阅读理解 A (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ · 阅读理解 B) For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue ， N.Y. ， today is speech day ， and right now it ’ s Chris Palaez ’ s turn.The 8 year old is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes ， he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking. 感悟高考 But he ’ s nervous. “ I’m here to tell you today why you should...should... ” Chris trips on the “ ld ， ” a pronunciation difficulty for many non native English speakers.His teacher ， Thomas Whaley ， is next to him ， whispering support. “ ...Vote for...me... ” Except for some stumbles ， Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion ， Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. A son of immigrants ， Chris started learning English a little over three years ago.Whaley recalls( 回想起 ) how at the beginning of the year ， when called upon to read ， Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom. Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience.What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. “ It takes a lot for any student ， ” Whaley explains ， “ especially for a student who is learning English as their new language ， to feel confident enough to say ， ‘ I don ’ t know ， but I want to know. ’” Whaley got the idea of this second grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast( 夸耀 ) about themselves. “ Boasting about yourself ， and your best qualities ， ” Whaley says ，“ is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident. ” 1 ． What made Chris nervous? A ． Telling a story. 　　 B ． Making a speech. C ． Taking a test. D ． Answering a question. 2 ． What does the underlined word “stumbles” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A ． Improper pauses. B ． Bad manners. C ． Spelling mistakes. D ． Silly jokes. 3 ． We can infer that the purpose of Whaley ’ s project is to ______. A ． help students see their own strengths B ． assess students ’ public speaking skills C ． prepare students for their future jobs D ． inspire students ’ love for politics 4 ． Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher? A ． Humorous. B ． Ambitious. C ． Caring. D ． Demanding. [ 语篇解读 ] 　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了小学教师 Whaley 通过组织学生演讲来帮助学生增强自信的教学实践。 1 ． B 　 细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词 nervous 可定位到第二段第一句 ， 然后应到前文中找使他紧张的因素。根据第一段中的 “ ...today is speech day ， and right now it ’ s Chris Palaez ’ s turn. ” 和 “ ...he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking. ” 可知 ， 今天是演讲日 ， 现在轮到了 Chris ， 虽然他看起来像那种喜欢在公共场合讲话的孩子 ， 但是他很紧张。由此可知 ， 演讲使 Chris 紧张。 2 ． A 　 词义猜测题。根据第二段中的 “ you should...should... ” 以及 “ ...Vote for...me... ” 这样的语句特点可知 ， Chris 的演讲不流畅 ， 也就是说有不适当的停顿。这是他表现不好的地方 ， 与画线词后的句意 “ 他完成得非常好 ” 构成转折关系 ，与短语 except for 的语意相呼应。注意：高考阅读中的熟词生义现象非常关键 ， 例如 ， 如果能够注意到第二段第三句中的 trips 一词在此语境中的特殊意义 ( 意为 “ 绊倒 ” ) 则有助于快速解答此题。 3 ． A 　 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的 “ Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast( 夸耀 ) about themselves. ” 可知 ， Whaley 创办这个项目的目的不仅仅是让学生学会阅读和在公共场合演讲 ， 他还希望学生学会自夸。 A 项意为 “ 帮助学生看到自己的长处 ” ， 与原文意思相符。 4 ． C 　 推理判断题。文章介绍了 Whaley 老师通过创办 “ 总统竞选项目 ” ， 组织学生演讲来帮助学生增强自信。根据第二段中的 “ His teacher ， Thomas Whaley ， is next to him ， whispering support. ” 和 “ ...Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. ” 等细节也可看出 Whaley 老师是一个关心学生的老师。 B (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ · 阅读理解 D) During the rosy years of elementary school( 小学 ) ， I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes ， which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens ， and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes ， breaking rules and playing jokes on others ， among whom I soon found myself. Popularity is a well explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein ， a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories ： the likable and the status seekers.The likables’ playswellwithothers qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships ， jump start interpersonal skills and ， when tapped early ， are employed ever after in life and work.Then there ’ s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence ： status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed ， Dr.Prinstein ’ s studies show unpleasant consequences.Those who were highest in status in high school ， as well as those least liked in elementary school ， are “ most likely to engage( 从事 ) in dangerous and risky behavior. ” In one study ， Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents ， scoring the least liked ， the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys( 调查研究 ) ． “ We found that the least wellliked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment ， high status has just the opposite effect on us. ” Dr.Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing ， kindness ， openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others. In analyzing his and other research ， Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion ： Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes ， but it is also responsible for those outcomes ， too. “ Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage ， ” he said. 5 ． What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school? A ． Unkind. B ． Lonely. C ． Generous. D ． Cool. 6 ． What is the second paragraph mainly about? A ． The classification of the popular. B ． The characteristics of adolescents. C ． The importance of interpersonal skills. D ． The causes of dishonorable behavior. 7 ． What did Dr.Prinstein ’ s study find about the most liked kids? A ． They appeared to be aggressive. B ． They tended to be more adaptable. C ． They enjoyed the highest status. D ． They performed well academically. 8 ． What is the best title for the text? A ． Be Nice － You Won’t Finish Last B ． The Higher the Status ， the Better C ． Be the Best － You Can Make It D ． More Self Control ， Less Aggressiveness [ 语篇解读 ] 　本文是一篇议论文。文章从社会心理学视角讨论青少年小学与中学阶段的成长经历 ， 论述了个体受欢迎程度这一青少年心理健康话题。 该语篇视角独特 ，积极倡导和谐的人际关系和人文情怀。 5 ． C 　 推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词 early years of elementary school 可定位到第一段第一句 “ During the rosy years of elementary school ， I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes... ” ， 根据句意和 sharing 一词可推知 ， 作者上小学的时候是一个慷慨大方的人 ， 故选 C 项。注意不要受本段后几句话尤其是最后一句话的影响而错选 A 项 ， 因为那是作者青少年时期的情况。 6 ． A 　 段落大意题。根据第二段内容以及第二句的句式特点 ( 句中有冒号 ) ， 可暂时断定第二句是本段的主旨句。而第三句和第四句分别用 The likables ’ ． .. 和 Then there ’ s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence... 引出后文内容 ， 恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时我们发现本段第二句中的关键词 sort...into...( 把 …… 分成 …… ) 与 A 项中的 classification 相呼应 ， 所以 A 项可以概括本段大意。 7 ． B 　 推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句中的 “ It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment ” 可知 ， Dr.Prinstein 的研究发现 ， 最讨人喜欢的孩子往往适应性强。 B 项中的 adaptable 与第四段中的 adjustment 相呼应。 8 ． A 　 标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了研究者发现讨人喜欢与积极的人生结果有关 ， 因此 A 项作为标题最合适。注意 A 项中的 be nice 与 likability ， popularity ， kindness 等词相呼应。 Be NiceYou Won ’ t Finish Last 从意义上类似于汉语的 “ 与人为善 ， 于己为善 ” 。这里的 finish 本义是 “ 获得 ( 名次 ) ；排名 ” 。 考情感悟 [ 考题分布 ] 文体 · 题型 年份 卷别 文体 题型 记叙文 议论文 应用文 说明文 细节理 解题 推理判断题 主旨大意题 词义猜 测题 2019 全国卷 Ⅰ 1 0 1 2 8 5 1 1 全国卷 Ⅱ 1 0 1 2 8 4 2 1 全国卷 Ⅲ 0 1 1 2 6 7 1 1 2018 全国卷 Ⅰ 0 0 1 3 7 5 2 1 全国卷 Ⅱ 0 1 1 2 9 3 2 1 全国卷 Ⅲ 0 1 2 1 9 3 2 1 2017 全国卷 Ⅰ 2 0 1 1 7 6 1 1 全国卷 Ⅱ 1 0 1 2 5 6 2 2 全国卷 Ⅲ 1 0 1 2 6 6 2 1 [ 命题分析 ] 高考英语阅读理解题所选材料体裁多样、语言地道、内容丰富、贴近生活、有很强的时代气息。阅读理解文章具有英语语言独有的文化特征，试题信息量大，对考生阅读速度和快速处理信息的能力要求更高。阅读理解的体裁以说明文、记叙文、应用文为主，议论文偶有考查，题型设置以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题相对简单，而其他三种题型相对较难，且在题型设置上，推理判断题的难度会适当加大。 题型一　细节理解题 [ 细节理解题的设问方式 ] ____________ 1 ．特殊疑问句形式。以 when ， where ， what ， which ， who ， how much/many 等疑问词引出的问题。 2 ．判断是非形式。含有 TRUE/FALSE ， NOT true 或 EXCEPT 等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如 not ， never 等。 3 ．以 “ According to...” 开头的提问形式。 4 ．填空形式。如 The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ______ ． 题型解读 [ 细节理解题的选项特征 ] ____________ 正确选项特征 干扰选项特征 1. 同义替换：对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。 2. 语言简化：把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化。 3. 正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。 1. 扩缩范围：与文章细节部分吻合，部分相悖。 2. 无中生有：明显与文章内容不符或没有提及。 3. 偷梁换柱：符合常识，但不是文章内容。 4. 张冠李戴：是文章细节，但不符合题干要求或不是要点。 5. 正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。 [ 细节理解题的解题技法 ] ____________ 技法一 定位比对判细节 【 典例示范 】 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ · 阅读理解 B) For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue, N ． Y., today is speech day, and right now it ’ s Chris Palaez ’ s turn. The 8 year old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking. But he ’ s nervous. “ I ’ m here to tell you today why you should...should... ” Chris trips on the “ ld ， ” a pronunciation difficulty for many non native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “ ...Vote for...me...” Except for some stumbles, _Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. 24 ． What made Chris nervous? A ． Telling a story. 　　 B ． Making a speech. C ． Taking a test. D ． Answering a question. 【 解析 】 　细节理解题。根据题干中的 Chris 可以回原文找到 Chris 都是在哪里出现的 ， 然后根据题干中的 nervous 找到第二段的第一句。很明显 ， “ But he ’ s nervous. ” 中的 “ he ” 就是指代的前文中的 Chris 。综合理解 “ today is speech day, and right now it ’ s Chris Palaez ’ s turn ” 和 “ But he ’ s nervous. ” 两句可得出答案。 【 答案 】 　 B ► 技法归纳 广告、演出信息、航班时间表等应用文的阅读 ， 不必阅读全文 ， 宜采用 “ 题干定位 ” 法。先看题目 ， 从题干中提取关键信息 ， 采用速读技巧快速定位 ， 仔细比对选项与文中细节 ， 确定答案。 技法二　同义互释定选项 【 典例示范 】 (2018· 全国卷 Ⅰ · 阅读理解 A) Washington, D ． C.Bicycle Tours Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D ． C. Duration: 3 hours This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D ． C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability — and the cherry blossoms — disappear! 21 ． Which tour do you need to book in advance? A ． Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D ． C. B ． Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour. C ． Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D ． C. D ． Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour. 【 解析 】 　由 “ Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear ！ ” 可知 ， 选择第一条旅行路线需要提前预订 ， 此题考查 reserve 与 book in advance 同义词互释。 【 答案 】 　 A ► 技法归纳 细节理解题答案选项的表述通常不是用文章的原话 ， 而是使用与文中词语同义或近义的词语来表达。此类题目相对较难 ， 是容易失分的题型。需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换 ， 将确定的文章信息进行加工处理 ， 然后进行进一步的辨别。 技法三　整合推算得答案 【 典例示范 】 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ · 阅读理解 A) Stewardship Youth Ranger Program You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer. Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year. 22 ． What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program? A ． 15 ～ 18. B ． 15 ～ 24. C ． 15 ～ 29. D ． 16 ～ 17. 【 解析 】 　数字细节理解题。根据文中 “ Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year. ” 可知答案。此题计算不难 ， 但考生忽略的是年龄的范围 ， 没注意到 “ but not turning 18 before December 31 this year ” 的范围限定。 【 答案 】 　 D ► 技法归纳 从文章中找到包含所需信息的段落 ， 迅速确定关键词 ， 然后重点理解。对于离散的细节理解或数字运算题 ， 需要先找到与之相关的事实或数据 ， 然后进行分析整合。 技法四　去伪存真辨是非 【 典例示范 】 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ · 阅读理解 C) In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “ touch ” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. 30 ． What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard? A ． It ’ ll be environmentfriendly. B ． It ’ ll reach consumers soon. C ． It ’ ll be made of plastics. D ． It ’ ll help speed up typing. 【 解析 】 　事实细节题。根据最后一句 “ the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. ” 可知 ， 实现智能键盘商业化很容易 ， 并且其造价并不昂贵 ， 因此研发团队希望在不久的将来能将其投放市场。 【 答案 】 　 B ► 技法归纳 解答此类细节理解题 ， 首先根据题干中的关键信息和四个选项的内容速览文章 ， 查找与之相关的原文信息句 ， 然后一一对比 ， 找出完全与文章内容相符的选项 ，并最终确定答案。 Festival of Light, Longleat Safari Park, Wiltshire Longleat is celebrating its 50th anniversary this year. Giant lanterns take the shapes of some of the park ’ s animals, and there are also lots of characters in Beatrix Potter’s books, such as Peter Rabbit, Jemima PuddleDuck, Squirrel Nutkin, to mark the 150th anniversary of the author ’ s birth. There is also a 20 metre high birthday cake. · ￡ 27.85 ， adult/ ￡ 20.65, child/under threes, free. · 15 Dec. to 2 Jan. Festival of Light, Enchanted Park, Gateshead Enchanted Park is an interactive walk through Saltwell Park, just south of the town centre, along a trail( 小径 ) of light with performances and sculptures. The story being told is a Midwinter Night’s Tale, inspired by the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare ’ s death. Visitors can join stories and songs with Santa, and attend decorating workshops. · ￡ 8, adult/ ￡ 2, child/under fours, free. · 11 － 27 Dec. Christmas Glow, RHS Garden Wisley, Surrey The garden is glowing with giant lighted flowers. Some of the trees are brilliant, too. The glasshouse is decorated like a gingerbread house, and displays( 陈列 ) seasonal plants. There are lanterns around the lake. The cafe serves hot chocolate and apple juice. · ￡ 9.90, adult/ ￡ 3.60, child. · 20 Dec. to 2 Jan. Christmas at Kew Gardens, London Kew is a special place to visit at any time of the day or year, but the festive light show gives it a magical twist, as the mile long trail through the garden is decorated with 60, 000 lights. Some of the garden ’ s oldest and tallest trees are also beautifully lit along the way. · ￡ 16, adult/ ￡ 10, child/ ￡ 48, family/under fours, free. · 24 Dec. to 2 Jan. [ 语篇解读 ] 　本文介绍了英国四个公园各自的特色。 1 ． What can people do in Enchanted Park? A ． Visit Shakespeare ’ s house. B ． Listen to a wonderful tale. C ． Enjoy hot chocolate and apple juice. D ． Play the part of Santa. 解析 　细节理解题。根据 “ Festival of Light, Enchanted Park, Gateshead ” 部分中的 “ The story being told is a Midwinter Night ’ s Tale ” 可知 ， 人们在 “ Enchanted Park ” 可以听故事。故选 B 项。 答案 　 B 2 ． Which place will attract children who are fond of fictional animal characters? A ． Longleat Safari Park. B ． Enchanted Park. C ． RHS Garden Wisley. D ． Kew Gardens. 解析 　细节理解题。 根据 “ Festival of Light ， Longleat Safari Park ， Wiltshire ” 部分中的 “ Giant lanterns take the shapes of some of the park ’ s animals ， and there are also lots of characters in Beatrix Potter ’ s books, such as Peter Rabbit ” 可知 ， 在 Longleat Safari Park 中 ， 巨型灯笼以一些动物的形状呈现 ， 并且也有许多 Beatrix Potter 书中的动物角色 ， 这样会吸引喜欢虚构的动物角色的孩子。故选 A 项。 答案 　 A 3 ． How much is the admission to Kew Gardens for Mr.Green and his 3yearold kid? A ．￡ 10. B ．￡ 16. C ．￡ 26. D ．￡ 48. 解析 　细节理解题。根据 “ Christmas at Kew Gardens ， London ” 中的 “ ￡ 16 ， adult/ ￡ 10, child/ ￡ 48 ， family/under fours ， free. ” 可知 ， 成年人要 16 英镑 ， 4 岁以下的孩子免费 ， 故选 B 项。 答案 　 B (2019· 南昌一模 ) Traditionally, robots have been hard, made of metal and other rigid material: But a team of scientists at Harvard University in the US has managed to build an entirely soft robot － one that draws inspiration from an octopus( 章鱼 ) ． Described in science journal Nature, the “ Octobot ” could pave the way for more effective autonomous robots that could be used in search, rescue and exploration. “ The Octobot is a minimal system which may serve as a foundation for a new generation of completely soft, autonomous robots ， ” the study ’ s authors wrote. Robots built for precise, repetitive movements in a controlled environment don ’ t do so well on rough terrain ( 地形 ) or in unpredictable conditions. And they aren’t especially safe around humans, because they ’ re made out of hard and heavy parts that could be potentially dangerous to their users. So researchers have been working on building soft robots for decades. They ’ ve taken inspiration from nature, looking to animals from jellyfish to cockroaches, which are often made up of more flexible matter. But creating a completely soft robot remains a challenge. Even if engineers build a silicone( 硅酮 ) body, it ’ s still a grand challenge to construct flexible versions of essential parts, such as a source of power. “ Although soft robotics is still in its early stage, it holds great promise for several applications, such as search and rescue operations and exploration ， ” Barbara Mazzolai and Virgilio Mattoli of the Italian Institute of Technology’s Center for MicroBio Robotics, wrote in a comment. “ Soft robots might also open up new approaches to improving wellness and the quality of life. ” [ 语篇解读 ] 　本文是一篇科普说明文。美国哈佛大学的科学家受到章鱼的启发 ， 制造了软体机器人；这种机器人可以用于搜救、探险等行业 ，比常规机器人更安全；虽然对软体机器人的开发和研究尚处在早期阶段，但是未来这种机器人将更有助于改善人体的健康状况、提高生活水平。 4 ． What ’ s the special feature of “ Octobot ”？ A ． It ’ s soft. 　　　　　 B ． It’s made of metal. C ． It ’ s very small. D ． It looks like an octopus. 解析 　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句中的 “ The Octobot is a minimal system which may serve as a foundation for a new generation of completely soft, autonomous robots ” 可知 ， “ Octobot ” 是一种可以用作软体机器人基础部件的微型系统。据此可知 ， “ Octobot ” 的特点是柔软 ， 故 A 项正确。 答案 　 A 5 ． What ’ s the disadvantage of traditional robots? A ． They ’ re hard to control. B ． They ’ re too heavy to move. C ． They can ’ t predict conditions. D ． They can ’ t behave well all the time. 解析 　推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知 ， 传统机器人无法在崎岖的地形上很好地运行 ， 此外 ， 由于沉重的金属部件 ， 传统机器人可能会对人体产生伤害。据此可知 ，传统机器人并非总能很好地运行，故 D 项正确。 答案 　 D 6 ． One of the biggest challenges is to build Octobot ’ s______. A ． silicone body 　　　　　　 B ． complex components C ． precise movements D ． flexible power source 解析 　细节理解题。根据第五段中的第二句 “ Even if engineers build a silicone( 硅酮 )body, it ’ s still a grand challenge to construct flexible versions of essential parts, such as a source of power. ” 可知 ， 即使工程师利用硅酮制造出了软体机器人的身体 ， 但是制作柔韧性强的关键部件仍然面临巨大的挑战 ， 比如动力来源。据此可知 ， 制造软体机器人最大的挑战之一是柔韧性强的动力来源 ，故 D 项正确。 答案 　 D 7 ． What ’ s the possible application of “ Octobot ”？ A ． Medical research. B ． Life rescue. C ． Machine operation. D ． House cleaning. 解析 　细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句中的 “ Although soft robotics is still in its early stage, it holds great promise for several applications, such as search and rescue operations and exploration ” 可知 ， 尽管对软体机器人的开发和研究还处于早期阶段 ， 但它适用于诸如搜索救援和探索等任务 ， 故 B 项正确。 答案 　 B 题型二　推理判断题 [ 推理判断题的设问方式 ] ____________ 1 ． 细节推理判断题 细节推理判断题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： · It can be inferred from the text that ______ ． · It can be concluded from the passage that ______ ． · The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ______. 2 ． 观点、态度推理判断题 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： · The attitude of the author towards somebody/something is ______ ． · The author ’ s attitude towards...can be best described as ______ ． · The tone of this passage is best described as ______ ． 3 ． 写作意图推理判断题 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： · The main purpose of this text is ______ ． · What ’ s the author ’ s purpose in writing this article? · It can be concluded that the passage is mainly written for ______ ． · The author writes this passage to ______ ． · The author in this passage intends to ______ ． 4 ． 文章出处推理判断题 该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现： · This passage most likely comes from ______ ． · In which part of a newspaper can you most probably read the text? · Where does the text most probably come from? · From which is the text probably taken? [ 推理判断题的选项特征 ] ____________ 正确选项特征 干扰选项特征 1. 不是文中直接或明确说明的内容，是间接表达出来的，除符合文章主旨外，还符合逻辑，让考生有推敲的余地。 2. 正确选项大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。 1. 夸大事实：对于原文中的细节或诊断的某方面进行了夸大处理。 2. 无中生有：捏造原文并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推理。 3. 掺入常识：考生已有的常识是正确的，但不是基于文章。 4. 推理过度：引申过度，使结论过于绝对化。 5. 以细节代替推断：只是原文简单的复述，而非推断出来的结论。 [ 推理判断题的解题技法 ] ____________ 技法一　 逻辑关联得结论 【 典例示范 】 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ · 阅读理解 B) “ You can use me as a last resort( 选择 ), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it. ” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids’ lacrosse ( 长曲棍球 ) club. 24 ． What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1? A ． She knows little about the club. B ． She isn ’ t good at sports. C ． She just doesn ’ t want to volunteer. D ． She ’ s unable to meet her schedule. 【 解析 】 　推理判断题。根据文中的 “ You can use me as a last resort( 选择 ), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it. ” 可知 ， 这位家长说如果其他人都不愿意做志愿者的工作 ， 她会做这份工作 ， 作者可以把她当作最后的备选。合理把握其内在关系 ， 理解其真正的含义 ， 我们可以知道其言外之意就是 “ 她不愿意做志愿者的工作 ” 。 【 答案 】 　 C ► 技法归纳 1 ． 抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息 ， 即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断 ， 利用逆向思维或正面推理。 2 ． 整合全文 ( 段 ) 信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文 ( 段 ) 意思的基础上 ， 整合与题目相关的有用信息 ， 综合起来去推理判断 ， 确定最佳结论。 3 ． 以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据 ， 不能凭空想象 ， 这样才能做出合理的推断。 技法二　忠于措辞定态度 【 典例示范 】 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ · 阅读理解 B) For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue, N ． Y., today is speech day, and right now it ’ s Chris Palaez ’ s turn. The 8 year old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking. But he ’ s nervous. “ I ’ m here to tell you today why you should...should... ” Chris trips on the “ ld ， ” a pronunciation difficulty for many non native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “ ...Vote for...me... ” Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. A son of immigrants, Chris started learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls ( 回想起 ) how at the beginning of the year, when called upon to read, Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom. Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. “ It takes a lot for any student ， ” Whaley explains, “ especially for a student who is learning English as their new language, to feel confident enough to say, ‘ I don ’ t know, but I want to know. ’” Whaley got the idea of this second grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast ( 夸耀 ) about themselves. “ Boasting about yourself, and your best qualities ， ” Whaley says, “ is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident. ” 27 ． Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher? A ． Humorous. 　　　　　　 B ． Ambitious. C ． Caring. D ． Demanding. 【 解析 】 　推理判断题。本文主要介绍了 Canaan Elementary 二年级老师 Thomas Whaley 发起一项总统竞选演讲活动 ，帮助孩子们建立自信，看到自己的优点，由此可推知 Whaley 老师是一个很有爱心、关心学生的老师。 【 答案 】 　 C ► 技法归纳 1 ． 注意作者或文中人物的措辞：文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。 (1) 正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思 ， 切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。 (2) 留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。 ( 3) 结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。 2 ． 牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语： (1) 表示支持或肯定： positive 积极乐观的； supportive 支持的； optimistic 乐观的； humorous 幽默的； enthusiastic 热情的； pleasant 愉快的。 (2) 表示中立： indifferent 不感兴趣的 ， 漠不关心的； uninterested 不感兴趣的； objective 客观的； neutral 中立的； not mentioned 未提及的。 (3) 表示反对或否定： disgusted 憎恶的 ， 厌恶的； critical 批评的； negative 否定的 ， 消极的； suspicious/skeptical 怀疑的； disappointed 失望的； disapproving 不赞成的。 技法三　文体特点看意图 【 典例示范 】 (2018· 浙江卷 6 月 ·A 片段 ) How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60 ， 000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a halfdozen of them. It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it ’ s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible － and important for our own culture － to understand how he made himself a lasting one. 23 ． What is the author ’ s purpose in writing the text? A ． To remember a great writer. B ． To introduce an English novel. C ． To encourage studies on culture. D ． To promote values of the Victorian age. 【 解析 】 　由题干中的关键信息 “ the author ’ s purpose in writing the text ” 定位到原文信息句 ， 并标出关键句。从句子 “ No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible － and important for our own culture － to understand how he made himself a lasting one. ” 可推知 ， 作者写作本文主要是为了纪念狄更斯 200 周年诞辰。 【 答案 】 　 A ► 技法归纳 常见文体的写作特点 1 ． 记叙文：一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性的语言 ， 且往往有一定的哲理性 ，所有的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开。 2 ． 广告类应用文：文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍 ， 使用具有明显支持倾向的语言。 3 ． 说明文：写作目的有赖于对文章主旨的把握 ， 阅读时需要找准主题句。 4 ． 议论文：提出论点 —— 进行论证 —— 得出结论 ， 作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。 技法四　写作思路辨结构 【 典例示范 】 ( 2016· 四川卷 ·D 片段 ) A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off － if it is milked from a cow at night. Researchers have discovered that “ night milk ” contains more melatonin( 褪黑激素 ), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety. The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night. ... Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax. 35 ． How does the author support the theme of the text? A ． By giving examples. B ． By stating arguments. C ． By explaining statistical data. D ． By providing research results. 【 解析 】 　 “ support the theme of the text ” 是题干中的关键信息 ， 由文中的关键句 “ But now a study has found it really does help people nod off...Researchers have discovered that ‘ night milk ’ contains more melatonin... The study... involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night. ” 和 “ Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content... ” 归纳概括得出答案。 【 答案 】 　 D ► 技法归纳 1 ． 了解文章通常的写作方法：按事件发展的顺序；按时间的先后顺序；按地点或空间的变换；按内容的总分关系；按人物的活动内容。 2 ． 准确把握写作思路：在理解全文的基础上对所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论证观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推理、分析、判断、总结时 ， 准确把握作者的写作思路尤为重要。 技法五　语言特色推出处 【 典例示范 】 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅲ · 阅读理解 D) Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers. A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0 － 25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined － or added － the symbols to get the reward. Here ’ s how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers － 17 in this example. After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination. 35 ． In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A ． Entertainment. B ． Health. C ． Education. D ． Science. 【 解析 】 　推理判断题。本文主要介绍了科学家们对恒河猴进行的有关数字计算的科学实验 ， 从内容和语言特色可以确定应出现在报纸的科学专栏中。 【 答案 】 　 D ► 技法归纳 1 ． 具备一定常识 考生本身要具备一定的常识 ， 把文章的内容与自己所具备的常识结合起来做出正确的判断。 2 ． 了解语言特色 要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等文章的语言特色 ， 特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解 ， 根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座 ， 快速选出最佳答案。 (2019· 山东高三下学期高考预测 ) Next month, I ’ m traveling to a remote area of Central Africa and my aim is to know enough Lingala － one of the local languages － to have a conversation. I wasn’t sure how I was going to manage this － until I discovered a way to learn all the vocabulary I’m going to need. Thanks to Memrise, the app ( 应用程序 ) I’m using. It feels just like a game. “ People often stop learning things because they feel they ’ re not making progress or because it all feels like too much hard work ， ” says Ed Cooke, one of the people who created Memrise. “ We ’ re trying to create a form of learning experience that is fun and is something you’d want to do instead of watching TV. ” Memrise gives you a few new words to learn and these are “ seeds ” which you plant in your “ greenhouse ” . When you practice the words, you “ water your plants”. When the app believes that you have really remembered a word, it moves the word to your “ garden ” . And if you forget to log on ( 登录 ), the app sends you emails that remind you to “ water _ your _ plants ” ． The app uses two principles about learning. The first is that people remember things better when they link them to a picture in their mind. Memrise translates words into your own language, but it also encourages you to use ： “ means” ． For example ， I remembered motele ， the Lingala word for “ engine” ， using a mem.I created － I imagined an old engine in a motel( 汽车旅馆 ) room. The second principle is that we need to stop after studying words and then repeat them again later, leaving time between study sessions. Memrise helps you with this, because it ’ s the kind of app you only use for five or ten minutes a day. I ’ ve learnt hundreds of Lingala words with Memrise. I know this won ’ t make me a fluent speaker, but I hope I ’ ll be able to do more than just smile when I meet people in Congo. Now, I need to go and water my vocabulary! [ 语篇解读 ] 　本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了自己学习外语的一个好帮手 ——Memrise ， 它是一款手机应用软件 ， 旨在帮助使用者记单词 ， 其寓教于乐的学习方式很受作者的喜爱。 1 ． What does Ed Cooke make an effort to do with Memrise? A ． Create memorable experiences. B ． Make progress with hard work. C ． Master languages through games. D ． Combine study with entertainment. 解析 　细节理解题。题干中的关键信息是 Ed Cooke ， 由此可定位到文章的第二段。根据该段中的 “ Ed Cooke, one of the people who created Memrise. ‘ We ’ re trying to create a form of learning experience that is fun and is something you ’ d want to do instead of watching TV. ’” 可知 ， Ed Cooke 创造 Memrise 的初衷就是使学习外语单词不再枯燥乏味 ， 他们尝试用寓教于乐的方式让使用者更好地学习单词。 答案 　 D 2 ． What do the underlined words “ water your plants ” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A ． Learning new words. B ． Being a Memrise user. C ． Logging on to the app. D ． Taking care of your garden. 解析 　 推理判断题。由于题干中的 water your plants 在文中出现过两次 ， 所以要想知道其真正含义应该仔细阅读原文中第一次出现这些词语的地方 ，即第三段中的 “ Memrise gives you a few new words to learn and these are ‘ seeds ’ which you plant in your ‘ greenhouse ’ ． When you practice the words ， you ‘ water your plants ’．” 可知 ， Memrise 会给你一些 “ 种子 ” ( 单词 ) 让你学习 ， 当你练习这些单词的时候 ， 你就是在给你的 “ 花园 ” 里的 “ 植物 ” ( 单词 ) “ 浇水 ” ， 所以这里 “ 浇灌植物 ” 指的是 “ 学习新单词 ” 。 答案 　 A 3 ． How does Memrise work? A ． By linking different mems together. B ． By putting knowledge into practice. C ． By offering human translation services. D ． By applying an associative memory approach. 解析 　推理判断题。题干问的是 Memrise 的运行模式 ， 因此可定位到第四段中的 “ The app uses two principles about learning. ” 根据该段中的 “ The first is that people remember things better when they link them to a picture in their mind. ” 及作者举的例子可知 ， 该软件通过联想记忆的方法帮助使用者记单词。 答案 　 D 4 ． What is the author ’ s attitude towards Memrise? A ． Positive. B ． Doubtful. C ． Uncaring. D ． Disapproving. 解析 　观点态度题。该题问的是作者的态度 ， 因此应该从文章中寻找作者使用该软件后的心得、体会。从第一段中的 “ Thanks to Memrise ， the app( 应用程序 )I ’ m using.It feels just like a game. ” 及最后一段中的 “ I ’ ve learnt hundreds of Lingala words with Memrise. ” 可知 ， 作者通过 Memrise 学会了很多单词 ， 而且学习的过程也充满乐趣 ， 所以他对该软件的态度是认可的。 答案 　 A (2019· 广西崇左模拟 ) I love the iPhone.I still remember the excitement I felt peeling back the protective plastic from my shiny new iPhone X. What a gorgeous piece of technology ！ That feeling didn’t last. I could point out a list of complaints, like how Face ID is inconsistent, the bright metal casing is scratch prone( 易擦伤的 ), and the price tag is astronomical. But there ’ s really one shortcoming that matters to me. Though the phone is only a bit bigger than the iPhone 6, iPhone 7, and iPhone 8, the bigger screen dramatically changes how you interact with the device. The new gestures required by the notch at the top of the phone mean there ’ s no way to look at my notifications( 通知 ) or access the control center with only one hand. It considerably limits the usability of the phone when I’m on the go or when I have only one hand free. The top two rows of apps on the home screen are basically inaccessible without a sliding move, and it makes me paranoid( 患妄想狂的 ) if I’m going to drop the $1 ， 000 device. The fear of dropping the phone comes from the $549 bill spent on repairing the cracked glass on its back. I hate the idea of risking that just trying to see my notifications. With my previous iPhone, the iPhone 6, I could use my pinky( 小手指 ) as a kind of shelf for the phone to sit on as I tapped away, texting, checking email, or changing songs on Spotify. The iPhone X ’ s size doesn ’ t let that happen. I envied my friend when she showed me her new iPhone 8. At first, I thought it was just an adjustment period. I experienced something similar with my previous phone. Like the iPhone X ’ s new shape, the iPhone 6 represented a dramatic departure in form from previous iPhones. When I upgraded to the iPhone 6 from my iPhone 4S, I had similar doubts about one handed use. I ended up falling in love with the phone. That same thing did not happen with the iPhone X after a month into using it.Determined! [ 语篇解读 ] 　本文是一篇记叙文 ， 讲述了作者买了一部新的 iPhone X 之后发现这部手机的诸多缺点。 5 ． According to the writer, what is exactly wrong with the iPhone X? A ． Its price is too high. B ． Its screen is a bit too big. C ． Its Face ID is inconsistent. D ． Its metal frame is easy to be scratched. 解析 　细节理解题。根据文章第二段的第二句 “ But there ’ s really one shortcoming that matters to me. ” 和第三段的描述可知 ， 在作者看来 ， 屏幕太大、难以操作是真正的不足之处 ， 故选 B 项。 答案 　 B 6 ． How do you think the writer will look at the notifications for safe? A ． Use the pinky as a shelf. B ． Use the iPhone X with a sliding move. C ． Use the iPhone X with both hands. D ． Use the iPhone X with only one hand free. 解析 　细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的 “ The new gestures required by the notch at the top of the phone mean there ’ s no way to look at my notifications( 通知 )or access the control center with only one hand. It considerably limits the usability of the phone when I ’ m on the go or when I have only one hand free. ” 可知 ， 作者查看通知时应是用两只手使用 iPhone X 手机 ， 故选 C 项。 答案 　 C 7 ． How much has the writer spent on the iPhone X? A ． $451. B ． $549. C ． $1 ， 000. D ． $1 ， 549. 解析 　推理判断题。上文讲了 iPhone X 手机诸多的缺点 ， 特别是使用不方便 ， 第三段提到 “ and it makes me paranoid( 患妄想狂的 )if I ’ m going to drop the $1 ， 000 device...the $549 bill spent on repairing the cracked glass on its back ” 可知 ， iPhone X 手机价格为 1 000 美元 ， 而作者因为修它已花费了 549 美元 ， 所以作者在这部手机上共花费了 1 549 美元 ， 故选 D 项。 答案 　 D 8 ． What do you think the writer will do according to the passage? A ． Downgrade the iPhone X. B ． Change the using habits. C ． Stop using the iPhone. D ． Go on with the adjustment period. 解析 　推理判断题。根据第四段中的 “ When I upgraded to the iPhone 6 from my iPhone 4S ， I had similar doubts about one handed use.I ended up falling in love with the phone.That same thing did not happen with the iPhone X after a month into using it.Determined. ” 并结合全文讲述 iPhone X 的诸多缺点可以推知 ， 作者以前从 iPhone 4S 升级成 iPhone 6 时 ， 一开始也有类似的疑惑 ， 但最后适应了；而这一次用了一个月也没有适应 ，所以作者要降级 iPhone X 手机 ， downgrade 和 upgrade 是一对反义词 ， 故选 A 项。 答案 　 A 题型三　主旨大意题 [ 主旨大意题的设问方式 ] ____________ 1 ． 标题归纳题 · The best title of the passage is ______ ． · Which of the following is the best title of the passage? · What would be the best title for the passage? · The most appropriate title of the passage is ______ ． 2 ． 文章大意题 · What ’ s the main idea/point of the passage? · The passage is mainly about ______ ． · What is the text mainly about? · The general/main idea of the passage is about ______ ． 3 ． 段落大意题 · What does the author tell us in Paragraph...? ·The main idea of the second paragraph probably is ______ ． · The first paragraph is mainly about ______ ． · Which of the following can best summarize Para.1? [ 主旨大意题的选项特征 ] ____________ 正确选项特征 干扰选项特征 1. 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段的中心思想。 2. 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。 3. 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。 1. 以偏概全：答案只阐述了局部信息或主旨的一部分。 2. 主题过大：归纳概括过于宽泛，超出了文章要讨论的范围。 3. 断章取义：以次要的事实、细节替代全文的主要观点。 4. 无中生有：与文章内容毫不相干或与文章内容相悖。 [ 主旨大意题的解题技法 ] ____________ 类型一　 文章大意题 【 典例示范 】 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ · 阅读理解 C) Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself ， quietly reading her e book as she waits for her salad.What is she reading ？ None of your business ！ Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time.And like more Americans ， she ’ s not alone. A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America.More than half (53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent)have lunch by themselves.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore ， 74 percent ， according to statistics from the report. “ I prefer to go out and be out.Alone ， but together ， you know ？ ” Bechtel said ， looking up from her book.Bechtel ， who works in downtown West Palm Beach ， has lunch with coworkers sometimes ， but like many of us ， too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized. “ Today ， I just wanted some time to myself ， ” she said. Just two seats over ， Andrew Mazoleny ， a local videographer ， is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the bar keeper with whom he ’ s on a first name basis if he wants to have a little interaction( 交流 ) ． “ I reflect on how my day’s gone and think about the rest of the week ， ” he said. “ It ’ s a chance for self reflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan. ” That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one ， but those days are over.Now ， we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “ It doesn ’ t feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology ， ” said Laurie Demeritt ， whose company provided the statistics for the report. 31 ． What is the text mainly about? A ． The trend of having meals alone. B ． The importance of self reflection. C ． The stress from working overtime. D ． The advantage of wireless technology. 【 解析 】 　主旨大意题。根据第一、三、四段的例子 ， 第二段的数据以及最后一段中的主题句 “ That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. ” 再次提及的 eat alone 可知 ， 本文主要说了独自用餐已经逐渐成为一种趋势 ， 故答案为 A 。 【 答案 】 　 A ► 技法归纳 快速阅读文首、文尾 ， 或每段的首句和尾句等 ， 可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门： 1 ． 段落中出现表示转折的词语 ( 如 however, but, in fact, actually 等 ) 时 ， 该句很可能是主题句。 2 ． 首段出现疑问句时 ， 对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 3 ． 作者有意识地重复的观点 ， 通常是主旨；反复出现的词语 ，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 4 ． 表示总结或结论的句子常包含 therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion 等词。 类型二　 段落大意题 【 典例示范 】 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ · 阅读理解 D) Popularity is a wellexplored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein ， a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories ： the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ playswellwithothers qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships ， jump start interpersonal skills and ， when tapped early ， are employed ever after in life and work.Then there ’ s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence ： status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. 33 ． What is the second paragraph mainly about? A ． The classification of the popular. B ． The characteristics of adolescents. C ． The importance of interpersonal skills. D ． The causes of dishonorable behavior. 【 解析 】 　段落大意题。根据第二段内容以及第二句的句式特点 ( 句中有冒号 ) ， 可暂时断定第二句是本段的主旨句。而第三句和第四句分别用 The likables ’ ． .. 和 Then there ’ s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence... 引出后文内容 ， 恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时我们发现本段第二句中的关键词 sort...into...( 把 …… 分成 …… ) 与 A 项中的 classification 相呼应 ， 所以 A 项可以概括本段大意。 【 答案 】 　 A ► 技法归纳 方法 1 ：概括段落大意 要准确概括某段的大意 ，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。如该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；如 果按分总分的顺序组织 ，则主题句就在这段话的中间；如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。 方法 2 ：揣摩段落大意 有时 ， 作者可能不直接写出主题句 ， 而是通过各种方法暗示给读者 ， 这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力 ， 揣摩段落大意。 类型三　 标题归纳题 【 典例示范 】 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ · 阅读理解 D) Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms( 微生物 ) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York. HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon ’ s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they ’ re close to a solution( 解决方案 ). “ We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers ， ” says Florence Gold, a project manager. “ There are no tests ， ” Gordon says. “ There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than ‘ Are you working towards your goal ？ ’ Basically, it ’ s ‘ I ’ ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA. ’ Engineers come and really do an in person review, and...it ’ s not a very nice thing at times. It ’ s a hard business review of your product. ” Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact( 影响 ) on college admissions and practical life skills. “ These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach. ” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space. 35 ． What is the best title for the text? A ． NASA ： The Home of Astronauts B ． Space ： The Final Homework Frontier C ． Nature ： An Outdoor Classroom D ． HUNCH ： A College Admission Reform 【 解析 】 　标题归纳题。 文章以国际空间站里的微生物很难清除开头 ， 引出宇航员们解决此问题的途径 —— 借助美国国家航空航天局的 HUNCH 高中班 ， 此计划的目的是把航天技术与学校教育结合起来。本篇文章的主线是学生们通过 homework( 制作供美国国家航空航天局使用的产品 ) 去探索无疆的太空 ， 因此 “ 太空：最后的功课疆域 ” 最适合做文章的标题。 【 答案 】 　 B ► 技法归纳 1 ． 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上 ， 揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨； 2 ． 反面否定法：撇开原文 ， 拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的 “ 文章 ” 将是什么内容 ， 然后和原文章对照 ， 一一排除不符选项； 3 ． 研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。 (2019· 石家庄一模 ) Many years ago, when we first went to Canada, we were driving through Montana with our two children. We thought we would find a motel( 汽车旅馆 ) on the way and had not made a booking. As it was getting late, we started looking for a motel, only to find that all were booked, which worried me sick. Finally, around 9 p ． m., we stopped at a gas station to fill up the gas tank. My husband asked for a phone book and told the woman at the counter that we were trying to find a motel. He tried for 15 minutes. When he was unsuccessful, the woman, Linda, said she and her family lived nearby and would be happy if we spent the night at her home. My husband was stunned by her offer. She called her son to direct us, since she had to hold the fort at the gas station till midnight. When we reached her home, her husband greeted us. He took out two sleeping bags for the children. He invited us to have coffee and chat while we waited for his wife. When she came back, we asked if we could slip away in the morning so as not to disturb them. They said we were now guests and we would have to have breakfast with them. We woke up to a table set for breakfast. They made a mountain of pancakes and bacon. We ate breakfast, and when we were leaving, my husband asked if he could offer some payment. They insisted we were their guests. We left moved by their spirit of hospitality( 好客 ). We were amazed that they would take in a family of total strangers from a different country. We kept in touch for many years. Over the years, we ’ ve lost touch with them, but have never forgotten their kindness. [ 语篇解读 ] 　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者一家在去加拿大时得到陌生人帮助的经过。 1 ． What made the author upset at first? A ． They got lost in Canada. B ． They ran out of gas. C ． They had nowhere to stay. D ． They were late for dinner. 解析 　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句 “ As it was getting late, we started looking for a motel, only to find that all were booked, which worried me sick. ” 可知 ， 由于天色渐晚 ， 作者他们开始找汽车旅馆 ， 却发现所有的旅馆都被预订了。据此可知 ，让作者感到担心的是他们没有地方可以住宿，故 C 项正确。 答案 　 C 2 ． What does the underlined word “ stunned ” in Paragraph 3 mean? A ． Troubled. 　　　　　　　 B ． Surprised. C ． Disappointed. D ． Confused. 解析 　词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句和第三段第二句 “ She called her son to direct us, since she had to hold the fort at the gas station till midnight. ” 可知 ， Linda 要为作者一家人提供住宿 ， 她让她的儿子来给作者他们领路 ， 因为她要值班到午夜。结合最后一段中的 “ We were amazed...strangers from a different country. ” 可知 ， 作者他们对 Linda 为陌生人提供帮助的行为感到惊讶。故画线词表示 “ 惊讶的 ” ， 故 B 项正确。 答案 　 B 3 ． What did the author ’ s family do the next morning? A ． They slipped away. B ． They paid for their breakfast. C ． They met some strangers. D ． They had a big breakfast. 解析 　细节理解题。根据第五段内容可知 ， 第二天一早 ， Linda 一家就准备好了丰盛的早餐 ， 作者一家和 Linda 一家共享了早餐 ， 故 D 项正确。 答案 　 D 4 ． What is the best title for the text? A ． Unexpected Hospitality B ． A Kind Woman C ． Be Kind to Strangers D ． Looking for a Motel 解析 　标题归纳题。通读全文可知 ， 本文是一篇记叙文 ， 主要讲述了作者一家在去加拿大时得到加油站工作人员 Linda 和其家人帮助的经过。作者一家因为没有预订旅馆 ， 晚上无法住宿 ， Linda 得知情况后邀请作者一家到她家住宿 ， 并热情招待了素不相识的作者一家。据此可知 A 项 ( 意想不到的热情款待 ) 最适合做文章的标题。 答案 　 A (2019· 辽宁五校联考 ) A study has shown that nearly 90 percent of traffic accidents are caused by human errors.So our aim is a fully autonomous car that gets rid of the cause of most accidents ： the driver.Researcher Hodgson points out, “ For safety, the faster you can remove humans, the better, even if there are unfortunately a few accidents from new causes.It ’ s a question of balancing the number injured or killed by autonomous vehicles with the people whose lives are potentially saved. ” It ’ s an idea that Elon Musk, CEO of electric car company Tesla Motors, has long believed.His company is determined to be the first to deliver a fully autonomous vehicle to consumers.Last year, Musk announced that Tesla ’ s 2017 goal was “ to do an example drive of full autonomy all the way from LA to New York...and have the car park itself” ． However, even Tesla admits that there are problems to overcome － the software needs further validation and the appropriate regulatory approval needs to be in place.Indeed, recent crashes of Tesla vehicles and Google cars confirm that the software isn ’ t ready yet. The U ． K. government appears committed to encouraging the development of autonomous vehicles.It ’ s supporting four city trials, publishing the Modern Transport Bill to reduce red tape around their introduction and adapting the legal system to take into account problems such as insurance liability when a human isn’t in control of a vehicle. The insurance industry is similarly eager to help increase autonomy in cars.As the Association of British Insurers(ABI) points out, “ More than 90 percent of road accidents are caused by human errors. ” This costs motor insurers a shocking ￡ 20 m per day in claims. [ 语篇解读 ] 　本文介绍了一种无人驾驶汽车。由于交通事故主要是由驾驶员的失误引发的 ， 这种无人驾驶汽车在某种程度上可以解决交通事故问题。这种想法虽然还需进一步完善 ， 但已经得到了英国政府及保险公司的支持。 5 ． What difficulty does the company Tesla Motors have? A ． New inventions may cause more injuries and deaths. B ． The company lacks confidence to make new creations. C ． The software should be made officially acceptable. D ． The traffic regulation has proved unreasonable. 解析 　细节理解题。题干中的关键词是 difficulty, 据此定位到第三段的第一句 “ However, even Tesla admits that there are problems to overcome － the software needs further validation and the appropriate regulatory approval needs to be in place. ” 由此可知 ， 特斯拉公司还需要解决的问题是相关软件需要进一步的验证以及监管机构的批准。 答案 　 C 6 ． What is the U ． K. government ’ s attitude to autonomous cars? A ． Ambiguous. B ． Positive. C ． Cautious. D ． Disapproving. 解析 　推理判断题。题干中的关键词是 the U ． K. government, 据此定位到第四段第一句 “ The U ． K. government appears committed to encouraging the development of autonomous vehicles. 即英国政府似乎是在鼓励无人驾驶汽车的研发。 ” 由此可知 ， 英国政府的态度是支持的 ， 所以答案是 B 。 答案 　 B 7 ． What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A ． Insurance companies would like to support autonomous cars. B ． Human mistakes may be the key cause of traffic accidents. C ． Traffic accidents cost insurance companies quite a lot. D ． Motorists are surprised to hear about autonomous cars. 解析 　段落大意题。段落主题通常会出现在段首 ， 由最后一段的首句 “ The insurance industry is similarly eager to help increase autonomy in cars. ” 可知 ， 保险公司同样渴望去帮助提高汽车的自动性能。 答案 　 A 8 ． What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A ． To show his deep love for autonomous cars. B ． To introduce a new development in technology. C ． To amuse readers with funny examples. D ． To provide a persuasive argument against autonomy. 解析 　写作意图题。本文重点介绍了一项新技术 —— 研发无人驾驶汽车 ， 并介绍了尚待解决的相关问题 ， 以及英国政府、 保险公司对此项新技术的态度。 答案 　 B 题型四　词义猜测题 [ 词义猜测题的设问方式 ] ____________ 1 ． 词意类： ① The underlined word/phrase... probably means/can be replaced by ______ ． ② Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word/phrase...? 2 ． 指代类： ① What does the underlined word “this/that/it/they...” refer to? ② The underlined word “this/that/it/they...” refers to ______. 3 ． 句意类： ① The underlined sentence in the... paragraph probably means ______ ． ② What can we infer from the underlined sentence in Paragraph...? [ 词义猜测题的选项特征 ] ____________ 正确选项特征 干扰选项特征 1. 含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。 1. 与所考词汇形似。 2. 上下文逻辑通顺。 2. 如果考的是熟词，含有常规词义的往往是错误选项。 3. 与原句意思最接近。 3. 句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般是错误选项。 [ 词义猜测题的解题技法 ] ____________ 技法一　语境分析猜词义 【 典例示范 1】 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ · 阅读理解 B) “ You can use me as a last resort ( 选择 ), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it. ” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids’ lacrosse ( 长曲棍球 ) club. I guess that there ’ s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug _ at _ the _ heartstrings . I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on...At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “ Alright. Yes, I ’ ll do it. ” 25 ． What does the underlined phrase “ tug at the heartstrings ” in Paragraph 2 mean? A ． Encourage teamwork. 　　 B ． Appeal to feelings. C ． Promote good deeds. D ． Provide advice. 【 解析 】 　词义猜测题。 heartstrings 是由 heart ＋ strings 组成 ， 可知此短语与心情有关。由上文可知 ， 作者猜测这位家长对于参与一项不熟悉的运动可能有一些顾虑 ， 作者需要说服她。由 “ I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren ’ t even on. ” 可知 ， 作者提到了一位有四个孩子的单亲家长负责该活动；一位爸爸即便自己孩子没有加入球队 ， 也给该球队执教。由此可猜测出作者是想从感情上打动这位家长。 【 答案 】 　 B 【 典例示范 2】 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅲ · 阅读理解 B) “ China is impossible to overlook ，” says Hill. “ Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement. ” Of course, not only are today ’ s top Western designers being influenced by China — some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese. “ Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking _ on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs — and beating them hands down in design and sales ， ” adds Hill. 26 ． What do the underlined words “ taking on ” in Paragraph 4 mean? A ． learning from B ． looking down on C ． working with D ． competing against 【 解析 】 　词义猜测题。根据文中最后一句． ..beating them hands down in design and sales 是对前面的解释说明 ， Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu 这些人在设计和销售方面毫不费劲地打败了传统时尚大牌。故选 D 项。 【 答案 】 　 D 【 典例示范 3】 (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ · 阅读理解 B) But he’s nervous. “ I’m here to tell you today why you should...should... ” Chris trips on the “ ld ， ” a pronunciation difficulty for many non native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “ ...Vote for...me... ” Except for some stumbles, _Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. 25 ． What does the underlined word “ stumbles” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A ． Improper pauses. B ． Bad manners. C ． Spelling mistakes. D ． Silly jokes. 【 解析 】 　词义猜测题。 根据本段 “ to tell you today why you should...should...Chris trips on the... ” 可知 Chris 因为紧张 ， 演讲时说话有点磕巴 ， 故此处 stumbles 指不恰当的停顿。 【 答案 】 　 A ► 技法归纳 猜测词义五法 1 ． 同义或定义解释法。上下文中以某种方式对其进行解释 ，如利用 or, that is (to say), in other words, namely 等词语进行解释 ， 或利用破折号、同位语 ( 从句 ) 、定语从句等进行解释。 2 ． 因果推断法。对生词词义的猜测需要结合上下文的因果关系进行。 3 ． 前后对比法。上下文中往往对生词提供一定的对比背景 ， 并且通常以反义或对照的方式出现 ， 以此可推测生词意思。 4 ． 语境理解法。生词词义的推测大多根据语境进行 ， 做题时要根据上下文语境信息进行分析、推理 ，从而猜测出生词的意义。 5 ． 基本构词法。根据前缀、后缀、合成及词性转换猜测词义。 技法二　就近原则判指代 【 典例示范 】 (2017· 全国卷 Ⅰ · 阅读理解 C) Despite the celebrations, though, in the U ． S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. It ’ s Jason Moran ’ s job to help change that ． As the Kennedy Center ’ s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. 29 ． What does the underlined word “ that ” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A ． Jazz becoming more accessible. B ． The production of jazz growing faster. C ． Jazz being less popular with the young. D ． The jazz audience becoming larger. 【 解析 】 　词义猜测题。画线句子的意思为： Jason Moran 的工作就是要帮助改变这一现象。可知 ， that 指代上段内容。上段是说 ， 尽管美国举行了庆祝活动 ， 但爵士乐的听众不断减少 ， 年龄也越来越大 ， 而这种音乐也未能与年轻一代产生共鸣。故选 C 项。 【 答案 】 　 C ► 技法归纳 代词指代判断三法 此类题目要求考生根据语境判断代词 (this, that, it, they, them, one, which 等 ) 或助动词 (do, does, did 等 ) 究竟指代什么。具体方法： 1 ． 返回原文 ， 找出指代词 (it, they, them, this...) 。 2 ． 向上 ( 有时向下 ) 搜索 ， 找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子 ( 就近原则 ) 。 3 ． 将找到的词、词组或句子代入替换该指代词 ， 看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺 ， 并最终确定最佳答案。 技法三　意义吻合定句意 【 典例示范 】 (2017· 浙江卷 · 阅读理解 A) Benjamin West ， the father of American painting ， showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age.But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one.In those days ， a brush was made from camel ’ s hair.There were no camels nearby.Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead.He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush. The brush did not last long.Soon Benjamin needed more fur.Before long ， the cat began to look ragged ( 蓬乱 ) ． His father said that the cat must be sick.Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing. The _ cat ’ s _ lot _ was _ about _ to _ improve. That year ， one of Benjamin ’ s cousins ， Mr.Pennington ， came to visit.He was impressed with Benjamin ’ s drawings.When he went home ， he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes.He also sent six engravings ( 版画 )by an artist.These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen. 22 ． What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 suggest? A ． The cat would be closely watched. B ． The cat would get some medical care. C ． Benjamin would leave his home shortly. D ． Benjamin would have real brushes soon. 【 解析 】 　句意猜测题。画线句的字面意思为猫的命运将会得到改善。由上文可知 ，本杰明在没有专业画笔之前是用猫的毛制作画笔的。下文提到本杰明的堂兄给他送来了专业的颜料和画笔。由此可推知，画线句隐含的意思是：本杰明将得到真正的画笔。分析各选项意思为： A 项 ， 猫会被密切关注。 B 项 ， 猫会得到一些药物治疗。 C 项 ， 本杰明将很快离开家。 D 项 ， 本杰明将很快得到真正的画笔。由第一步可知 ， 正确答案为 D 。 【 答案 】 　 D ► 技法归纳 句意猜测两注意 句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章 ，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。 1 ． 返回原文 ， 找到该句 ， 对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析。对于需要推理的句意理解 ， 首先要理解句子前后的语境 ， 其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断 ， 最后再归纳总结。 2 ． 一般来说 ， 正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同 ， 只是用其他的英语词汇和句式来表达相同的意思。 (2019· 第三次全国大联考 ) Ask any American what he/she is doing on Sunday ， February 7 and the answer is likely to be either hosting or attending a Super Bowl Party.Played for the title of the National Football League Champion ， Super Bowl is the most watched annual television program in the United States. That ’ s because Super Bowl which is celebrating its Golden Anniversary this year ， is more than just a 60 minute football game － it is a welldesigned production that features halftime performances ， fireworks shows and television ads that people discuss for days. But most important of all ， it is the day to set aside all diets and enjoy foods one would normally avoid or at least not consume at the same time.It should ， therefore ， come as no surprise that Super Bowl Sunday is one of the biggest food consumption days in the US － second only to Thanksgiving. The noshing will start early in the day ， long before matches begin and continue long after the 2016 NFL Champions have retired to celebrate. As a result ， it is estimated that on Sunday ， the nation will consume 1.2 million pounds of potato chips ， 8.2 million pounds of tortilla chips ， 3.8 million pounds of popcorn and 3 million pounds of nuts. When the real hunger pains start to hit ， they will seek out comfort foods.Not surprisingly ， pizza tops the list.Chicken wings are also very popular.It is estimated that almost 1.3 billion wings will be consumed on Super Bowl Sunday.Other favorites include bacon ， hot dogs and burgers. But the food consumption is not without consequences.Data released indicates that antacid( 解酸药 )sales increase by 20% on the Monday following the big game.Additionally ， over seven million Americans call in sick.It is no wonder that fans have been urging the government to declare Super Bowl Monday a holiday. [ 语篇解读 ] 　一年一度的美国超级橄榄球杯大赛不仅是全美收视率最高的电视节目 ， 而且超级碗星期天也是美国单日食品消费量最高的节日之一 ， 食品消费量仅次于感恩节。 1 ． Why does Super Bowl become the most popular television program? A ． It is the longest football game. B ． It is hosted by famous film stars. C ． It contains the most wonderful ads. D ． It involves various performances. 解析 　细节理解题。由第二段中的 “ it is a welldesigned production that features halftime performances ， fireworks shows and television ads that people discuss for days ” 可知选 D 。 答案 　 D 2 ． Which can replace the underlined word “ noshing ” in Paragraph 4? A ． Playing. B ． Eating. C ． Competing. D ． Resting. 解析 　词义猜测题。前后段均介绍在超级橄榄球杯大赛期间食品的消费情况 ， 由此判断选 B 。 答案 　 B 3 ． Which comfort food is consumed the most? A ． Hot dogs. B ． Pizza. C ． Nuts. D ． Chicken wings. 解析 　细节理解题。根据第六段前两句 “ When the real hunger pains start to hit ， they will seek out comfort foods.Not surprisingly ， pizza tops the list. ” 可知选 B 。 答案 　 B 4 ． What bad result might Super Bowl Sunday lead to? A ． Lots of food is wasted. B ． Public disorder is caused. C ． Some people have an upset stomach. D ． Many people lose their work. 解析 　推理判断题。根据末段中 “ Data released indicates that antacid( 解酸药 )sales increase by 20% on the Monday following the big game.Additionally ， over seven million Americans call in sick. ” 可知人们会因为毫无顾忌地大吃大喝而生病。故选 C 。 答案 　 C (2019· 长沙名校第二阶段测评 ) With stress levels reaching new highs, it ’ s important for business owners to take steps to control and reduce their stress. It ’ s good for owners and for their business. Small and mediumsized business(SMB) owners are some of the most stressed out workers in the U ． S. Not only do they feel the pressure of sustaining( 维持 ) and growing their business, SMB owners also face the greatest business challenges from expanding sales channels to increasing tax complexities. Stress of employers and employees can cost your company 50 percent more in health insurance costs. Additionally, the serious health problems associated with stress could have a lasting, bad influence on your business. Finally, suffering high levels of stress means you aren’t taking the time to think creatively about how to grow or adapt your business to shifts in consumer habits or the competitive landscape( 局面 ) ． When you take steps to decrease stress, your productivity increases and your business takes off. International studies have found that increased stress causes reduced productivity, while decreased stress lead to increased productivity. Reduced stress has great effects — energetic and active individuals positively affect the productivity of those around them . This is especially important to business owners who are the leaders of their company and staff. In addition to decreasing stress, a quick thinking session can immediately improve your decision — making and creative thinking. Large companies, including AOL and McKinsey & Company, have experienced increased sales performance as a result of thinking sessions introduced into the workday. [ 语篇解读 ] 　本文是一篇议论文。文章分析了压力对现今美国中小型企业主的影响 ， 并提出了减小压力的办法以及因此带来的好处。 5 ． Why are SMB owners suffering great pressure? A ． Because they need to expand their business abroad. B ． Because they can ’ t afford the increasing tax. C ． Because they don ’ t take steps to control stress. D ． Because they can hardly bring in more profits. 解析 　推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句 “ Not only do they feel...from expanding sales channels to increasing tax complexities. ” 可知 ， 中小型企业主不但有维持并扩大企业的压力 ， 同时也面临扩展销售渠道和不断增加的税收难题的挑战。概括来说 ， 他们在增加企业利润上有压力 ， D 项与此信息匹配。 答案 　 D 6 ． What is the consequence of high levels of stress? A ． Increasing unemployment. B ． Unawareness of a healthy body. C ． Decrease in the levels of productivity. D ． Alarming rate of death. 解析 　细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句中的 “ International studies have found that increased stress causes reduced productivity ” 可知答案。 答案 　 C 7 ． What does the underlined word “ them ” refer to? A ． Energetic and active individuals. B ． Leaders and staff. C ． Decreased stress levels. D ． Business owners. 解析 　代词指代题。画线词所在句表示 “ 压力减少有重要影响 —— 精力充沛且积极主动的人能积极地影响他们周围的人的生产效率 ” ，故 them 指的是 energetic and active individuals 。 答案 　 A