2020届二轮复习书面表达专题如何写作课件

2020届二轮复习书面表达专题如何写作课件

专题五　写作 总纲目录 考点一　应用文专项突破 考点二　读后续写专项突破 应试策略 考情分析 真题研析 亮点特训 考点三　概要写作专项突破   　　《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明(高考综合改革试验省份试用)》已经公布。作为试点省份,2020年开始的山东省新高考英语科目考试题型有重大变化,其中英语写作分为两部分:第一部分为应用文写作;第二部分为读后续写或概要写作。应用文写作与往年的写作相比变化较小,已为广大师生所熟悉,但是第二部分的读后续写或概要写作是一种新题型,山东考生比较陌生。     2019课标全国Ⅰ改编 写作体裁:应用文 主题语境:人与社会 词数:80左右　　　　    难度:★★★★ 语境内容:跨文化交际 真题研析 第一步　析原文   　　假定你是李华,暑期在伦敦学习,得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展览。请 写一封信申请做志愿者,内容包括: 1.写信目的; 2.个人优势; 3.能做的事情。 注意: 1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯; 3.结束语已为你写好。 Dear Sir,                         Looking forward to your early reply. Yours, Li Hua   ◆文体特征　本文要求写一封书信,申请当中国画展志愿者,属于应用文写作。 ◆素养解读　本文主题语境为人与社会,语境内容为跨文化交际,引导学生宣 传中国优秀传统文化,增强文化自信,提升跨文化交际能力。 ◆书信结构     ❶ 信头:发信人的地址和日期,常写在第一页右上角。 ❷ 信内地址:常在写信日期下一行左上角,私人信件常省略。 ❸ 称呼:称呼后英国人常用逗号,美国人常用冒号。 ❹ 正文:开头直接说明写信人身份及目的,然后写写信人的情况、想法或要求。 ❺ 结尾礼词:如Yours truly, Sincerely yours等。 ❻ 签名:常位于结尾礼词正下方第二行。 第二步　巧做题        第一步　审题 确定文章的体裁、主体时态、中心人称和写作要点。 本文要求写一封 　　　　     , 时态以 　　　　　     为主,人称以 　　    　　　     为主,要点为 　　　     , 　　　　     和 　　　　　     。 第二步　列纲 确定文章段落,列出写作中需要的词汇、短语和句型。 第一段:自我简介,表明写作目的。 1.美术馆 　　　　     　　　　　　2.志愿者 　　　　     　　   3.展览 　　　　     4.中国画 　　　　     　　　　 5.申请(做) …… 　　　　     第二段:写明个人优势和能做的事情。 6.胜任(做) …… 　　　　     　　7.优势 　　　　     　　8.擅长 　　     9.热情的 　　　　     　　10.使某人能做某事 　　　　     　　11.领某人参观 　　　　     第三段:表达期待。 12.感激 　　　　     　　13.考虑 　　　　     　　14.期待 　　　　     第三步　成文 (初稿) 借助恰当的过渡语连词成句,连句成段,连段成文。 Dear Sir, I am Li Hua. ① I am studying in London. ② I am writing to apply to be a volunteer for the Chinese painting exhibition to be held in your art gallery. I think I can do this job well ③ , because I have learned Chinese paintings since childhood. Equally important, I am fluent in both Chinese and English, so I am sure I can communicate with others easily ④ . If I am lucky enough to be chosen as a volunteer, I will not only show visitors around the gallery but also answer their questions about Chinese paintings ⑤ . Looking forward to your early reply. Yours, Li Hua 第四步　润色 (成稿) 根据自己的语言水平,对部分要点进行合理扩展,综合运用各种表达手段对初稿进行润色。 Dear Sir, 1. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　     (将①②句合并为含定语从句的复合句). I am writing to apply to be a volunteer for the Chinese painting exhibition to be held in your art gallery. 2. 　　　　　　　　　　     (词汇升级③), because I have learned Chinese paintings since childhood. Equally important, 3. 　　　　　　　    　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　         (用定语从句和高级句型升级④). If I am lucky enough to be chosen as a volunteer, 4. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　  　　　　　　　　　　　　     (用倒装句升级⑤). Looking forward to your early reply. Yours, Li Hua 第五步　誊写 整洁、规范、优美,提升第一印象,提高卷面得分。 第六步　检查 确保单词拼写、标点符号和字母大小写没有错误,减少无谓丢分。 ▶ 为了写出一篇高质量的作文,考生可按照审题、列纲、成文、润色、誊 写、检查六步写作法操作。本书只展示前四步,省略誊写和检查两个环节。 答案      第一步　书信;一般现在时;第一人称;写信目的;个人优势;能做的事情 第二步 1.art museum/gallery　2.volunteer　 3.display/exhibition　4.Chinese paintings 5.apply for/apply to do sth.　6.be up to doing/be suitable for/be qualified for 7.advantage　8.be good at/have a good command of 9.enthusiastic　 10.enable sb. to do sth.　11.show sb. around 12.appreciate　13.consider/take...into consideration/account　14. look forward to 第四步 1.I am Li Hua who is studying in London 2.I think I am qualified for the job 3.I have a good command of Chinese and English, for which I have no difficulty in communicating with others 4.not only will I show visitors around the gallery, but also answer their questions about the paintings 亮点特训 一、三大从句助力 (一)用定语从句把下列句子合并成复合句。 1.I am Li Jin. I am chairman of Chenguang Middle School.       答案 　I am Li Jin, who is chairman of Chenguang Middle School. 2.I'd like to invite you to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home next Sat- urday for the Double Ninth Festival. It is the day for the elderly in our culture.       答案　 I'd like to invite you to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home next Saturday for the Double Ninth Festival, which is the day for the elderly in our culture. 3.I would like to interview Zhang Haidi. Her experience has inspired me deeply.       答案　 I would like to interview Zhang Haidi whose experience has inspired me deeply. 4.Our friends lend us a helping hand when we need help. We all know it.       答案　 As we all know, our friends lend us a helping hand when we need help. 5.I hope you can help the students in our class to learn more about English and western culture and it can increase our understanding.       答案 　 I hope you can help the students in our class to learn more about English and western culture, which can increase our understanding. 6.I think you have reached a different stage and you have to work hard to achieve more success.       答案　 I think you have reached a different stage where you have to work hard to achieve more success. (二)用名词性从句合并下列句子。 1.Tom won first place in the speaking competition. I don't know it.       答案　 I don't know that Tom won first place in the speaking competition. 2.Why was Jim absent from class yesterday? Neither of us could tell.       答案　 Neither of us could tell why Jim was absent from class yesterday. 3.Nobody will attend the party to be held. It's certain.       答案 　It's certain that nobody will attend the party to be held. 4.When will he leave for Beijing? This is a problem.       答案 　When he will leave for Beijing is a problem. 5.Information has been put forward. More high-school students will be admitted into colleges.       答案　 Information has been put forward that more high-school students will be admitted into colleges. (三)用恰当的状语从句翻译下列句子。 1.直到空气被严重污染了,我们才意识到保护环境的重要性。       答案　 We didn't realize the importance of protecting the environment until the air was polluted seriously. 2.随着时间的推移,我对外国文化越来越感兴趣了。       答案　 As time went by, I became more and more interested in foreign culture. 3.每次他有麻烦的时候,他就会向我求助。       答案　 Every time he is in trouble, he will turn to me for help. 4.一听到这个好消息,我就禁不住笑起来。       答案　 I couldn't help laughing as soon as/the moment/the minute/the instant/ immediately/directly/instantly I heard the good news. 5.你最好带上一把雨伞以防天下雨。       答案　 You'd better take an umbrella in case it rains. 6.他非常善良,我们大家都喜欢和他交朋友。       答案　 He is so kind that we all like to make friends with him. 7.通常情况下,大部分中国人都会回家过年,无论他们工作多忙。       答案　 Usually, most Chinese people will come back home for the Spring Festi - val , no matter how/however busy they are. 二、非谓动词增光 (一)使用非谓语动词改写下列句子。 1.Be careful when you cross the street.       答案 　Be careful when crossing the street. 2.People usually shake hands when they are introduced to each other.       答案　 People usually shake hands when introduced to each other. 3.Because I was moved by the teacher's words, I did a lot of things to help his students.       答案　 Moved by the teacher's words, I did a lot of things to help his students. 4.Tom wrote a letter to his friend and expressed his thanks to him.       答案　 Tom wrote a letter to his friend, expressing his thanks to him. 5.Most of the artists who had been invited to the party came from America.       答案 　Most of the artists invited to the party came from America. 6.If we were given more time, we could do it better.       答案　 If given more time, we could do it better. 7.I worked hard so that I could be admitted into a key university.       答案 　I worked hard to/in order to/so as to be admitted into a key university. 8.I hurried to school and found it was Sunday.       答案　 I hurried to school only to find it was Sunday. (二)用with复合结构或独立主格转化下列句子。 1.Our school is surrounded by trees and it is very beautiful. → 　　　　　　　　     (with复合结构),it is very beautiful. → 　　　　　　　　     (独立主格), it is very beautiful. 答案　 With trees surrounding our school;Trees surrounding our school 2.The final exam is approaching, and we are all busy going over the lessons. → 　　　　　　　　     (with复合结构), we are all busy going over the lessons. → 　　　　　　　　     (独立主格), we are all busy going over the lessons. 答案 　With the final exam approaching;The final exam approaching 3.The dough figurine was finished, and I was extremely excited. → 　　　　　　　　     (with复合结构), I was extremely excited. → 　　　　　　　　     (独立主格), I was extremely excited. 答案　 With the dough figurine finished;The dough figurine finished 4.Because there was nothing to do, we set out to play computer games. → 　　　　　　　　     (with复合结构), we set out to play computer games. → 　　　　　　　　     (独立主格), we set out to play computer games. 答案　 With nothing to do;There being nothing to do 5.The beautiful moon is up in the sky and my family sit together eating moon- cakes. → 　　　　　　　　     (with复合结构), my family sit together eating moon- cakes. → 　　　　　　　　     (独立主格), my family sit together eating mooncakes. 答案　 With the beautiful moon up in the sky;The beautiful moon up in the sky 三、特殊句式添彩 　　根据括号中的要求进行句型转换。 1.Traveling cannot only relax us but also broaden our horizons. → 　　　　　　　　　　     (倒装) but also broaden our horizons. 答案　Not only can traveling relax us 2.I didn't go to bed until my father came back last night. → 　　　　　　　　　　     (倒装) last night did I go to bed. 答案　 Not until my father came back 3.When I left for America I realized how much my parents loved me. →Only when I left for America 　　　　　　　　　　     (倒装). 答案 　did I realize how much my parents loved me 4.The city is so fascinating that it attracts visitors from all over the country. → 　　　　　　　　　　     (倒装)that it attracts visitors from all over the country. 答案　 So fascinating is the city 5.Shooting, originally as a means of survival, didn't earn its status as a sport until at the end of the 19th century. → 　　　　　　　　　　     (强调句型) shooting, originally as a means of sur- vival, earned its status as a sport. 答案 　It was not until at the end of the 19th century that 6.I visited my good friend the other day. → 　　　　　　　　　　     .(强调谓语动词) 答案 　I did visit my good friend the other day 四、虚拟语气制胜 　　用虚拟语气完成下列句子。 1.如果不是我现在要准备考试的话,我就去听报告了。 If I 　　　　　     the exam now, I 　　　　　     the lecture. 答案　 didn't prepare for;would go to listen to 2.But for their help, I 　　　　　　　　     (不能和史密斯教授取得联系) Pro- fessor Smith last week. 答案 　couldn't have got in touch with 3.Actually, how wish I 　　　　　　　　     (能提出问题)often in class. 答案　 could raise questions 4.In order to settle the tough problem, I recommend that those caught doing such things 　　　　　　　　     (阅读一本鼓舞人心的书) every month and share them with all the other students. 答案　 (should) read an inspiring book 5.It's high time that we 　　　　　　　　　     (让公众意识到) the importance of saving energy. 答案 　made/should make the public realize 五、高级词汇夺目 　　用高级词汇完成下列句子。 1.很多因素导致了交通问题。 Quite a few factors 　　　　　　     the traffic problem. 答案 　give rise to/contribute to/result in 2.我真诚希望你能考虑我的建议。 I sincerely hope you will 　　　　　     my suggestions 　　　　　     . 答案　 take;into account/consideration 3.我们应该记住不劳无获。 We should 　　　　　　　     that no pain, no gain. 答案　 bear in mind 4.地处长江之畔,我们的家乡吸引了来自全国各地的游客。 　　　　　　　　     the bank of the Yangtze River, our hometown 　　　         visitors from all over the country. 答案 　Located/Situated on;appeals to 5.不同的人对食品安全的问题有着不同的看法。 　　　　　     have different opinions about food safety. 答案　 Different individuals 6.越来越多的人意识到了保护环境的重要性。 　　　　　　　　     have realized the importance of protecting the environment. 答案　 An increasing number of people 7.As a matter of fact, obeying the traffic rules is 　　　　　     (非常重要). 答案　 of vital importance/significance 8.尽管我们感到非常疲惫,我们都没有发牢骚。 Although we 　　　　　　　　　　　     , we didn't complain at all. 答案　 felt very exhausted/worn out 9.由于忙着做作业,我昨天晚上没有及时给你回信。 Because I 　　　　　　　　     my homework, I didn't reply to your letter last night in time. 答案　 was occupied with 10.向左拐,你会看到一个大花园,里面有各种各样的鲜花。 Turn left and you will see a big garden where there are 　　　　　　     . 答案　 a wide range of flowers 考点突破 考点一　应用文专项突破        　　1.写作要求 该题型要求考生根据所给情景,写一篇80词左右的短文。情景包括目的、对 象、时间、地点、内容等;提供情景的方式有提纲、图画、图表等。 2.考情分析 通过分析高考真题可得出以下规律; (1) 体裁以书信 ( 邮件 ) 类应用文为主 , 类型较为广泛 , 包括告知与咨询信、邀请 信和求职信等 ; (2)近几年考试中均没有给出范文的提示句,考查学生对不同类型应用文的开 头语、结束语及写作格式的掌握情况; (3)主题广泛,内容丰富,且都贴近高中生的实际生活,写作情境更加真实化,引 导学生观察生活、关注社会。体现时代性:符合中学生所熟知的一般处事活 动,如外教、外国笔友、留学、访客等,培养学生的国际视野;语言的工具性: 强调运用、重在交流,引导学生重视人与人之间的沟通,构建和谐的人际关 系 ; 优秀传统文化 : 培养考生的文化意识。增强文化自信 , 体现高考为国选 人、育人的重大使命 ; 中学生 : 涉及课外活动、度假、社会热点等 , 提升学生 的社会责任感和公民素质 , 弘扬正能量。 (4)命题形式多是半提纲半开放类,只给出了写作的大体方向,避免学生按照 提纲进行机械翻译,有利于充分发挥学生的英语写作能力、想象能力和创新 能力,其背景介绍中也暗含了需要在写作时呈现的要点,同时学生需要适当发 挥、增加细节。 (一)书信/电子邮件 1.邀请信   1.人称:多使用第一人称和第二人称。 2.时态:多使用一般将来时。 3.要点和段落: (1)首段往往先问候,再交代写信背景,最后表明写信目的,并发出邀请。 (2)主体段落首先要清晰地介绍该活动的具体时间、地点,之后可以围绕活动 的组织方、举办目的和参与人员展开,最后说明邀请其参与的原因。 (3) 结尾要再次发出邀请 , 并且询问对方是否参加。 4. 要点扩充和逻辑 : (1) 围绕活动展开细节 , 详细介绍活动的具体内容和时间、地点 , 在参加活动 的原因方面要避免一味地围绕自己为什么参加展开描写。 (2) 如果是做主讲人 , 要说明邀请对方参加的原因 , 如从专业角度和受欢迎程 度阐述;如果只请对方参加活动,可谈及对方来参加会有什么收获,多站在对 方的立场思考问题。 5.交际得体:语言表达要真挚、诚恳,要根据写作对象使用得体的语言。     一、背佳句,言之有物 1.I'd like to invite you to...我想邀请你 …… 2.I wonder if you can come...我想知道你能否来 …… 3.We would like to know if you could come to...我们想知道你能否前来 …… 4.I think it would be a great idea if you could participate in... 我想如果你能参加 …… 会是一个好想法。 5.The purpose of the activity is to...举办该活动的目的是 …… 6.Here are some details about the activity...该活动的细节有 …… 7.Please accept our warm welcome and sincere invitation. 请接受我们热情的欢迎和诚挚的邀请。 8.Please let us know as soon as possible if you can come and tell us when you can make the trip. 请您尽早与我们联系,并告知能否成行及行程具体时间。 9.We would be very grateful if you could... 如果你能 …… 我们会万分感激。 10.I do hope that you will be able to come.我真希望你能来。 二、记模板,心中有形 Dear 　　     , How is everything with you? I am writing to tell you that there will be a 　　     (内容)at/in 　　     (地点)on ______ (时间). We would be delighted to invite you to 　　     . The 　　     (活动) will start at 　　     (具体时间). This will be followed by a      　     (进一步的安排).At around 　　     (时间), 　　     (另一个安排). Please let us know as soon as possible if you can come. Looking forward to 　　     (表达期望). Yours sincerely, Li Hua 三、对点练,学以致用 (2019山东滨州模拟) 假设你是李华,你校将举办以“祖国在我心中”为主题的音乐节庆祝祖国母 亲七十岁生日。请写封邮件邀请你的英国朋友Allen参加,内容包括: 1.具体时间; 2.活动安排; 3.表达期待。   注意: 1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。                         答案      One possible version: Dear Allen, I am glad to invite you to a music festival, which is designed to celebrate the 70 th birthday of our motherland. As you may know, the last 70 years have witnessed amazing changes in our country. With National Day approaching, a special music festival is scheduled to take place on September 30 at our lecture hall, which will begin at 9 a.m. and last 2 hours. A wide range of artistic performances created by teachers and students will be wonderfully presented, such as songs, dances, cross talk and so on. All of them will motivate our deep love of the motherland. Personally, this is a thrilling opportunity for you to enjoy Chinese culture. Looking forward to your coming. Yours, Li Hua 2.建议信   1.人称:以第一和第二人称为主。 2.时态:以一般将来时和一般现在时为主。 3.要点和段落: (1)首段以问候或自我介绍开头(熟人之间不需要),然后交代写信的背景和目的。 (2)主体段落为建议的具体内容,一般给出三条左右的建议,使用恰当的连接 成分,做到条理清晰。所给建议可以考虑按照一定的逻辑顺序展开,比如根据 重要性、时间顺序、或者生活、学习等不同的方面。 (3)结尾表达希望自己的建议有用,并表达希望与祝福。 4.要点扩充和逻辑:细节添加时要站在对方的角度考虑,建议的句式要丰富多 样,提出多条建议时可使用 first、second、then、in addition等衔接词,使文章 结构清晰、明了。 5.交际得体:开头可以宽慰对方,结尾希望建议有帮助,通篇正确使用建议信的 功能句即可。   一、背佳句,言之有物 1.I am writing to make a recommendation that... 我写信建议 …… 2.You asked me for advice in the letter about...and here are my suggestions. 在信 中你询问我关于 …… 的意见 , 这是我的建议。 3.Why not.../Why don't you...? 为何不 …… ? 4.I think it would be a good idea if you could... 我认为如果你能 …… 那将是一个好主意。 5.I think it very important that you... 我认为你 …… 很重要。 6.My advice is that...我的建议是 …… 7.If you can make a careful study, I am convinced that your skills of...will be greatly improved.如果你能认真学习,我相信你 …… 的能力将大大提高。 8.I feel that it would be beneficial if... 我认为如果 …… 将会受益。 9.I hope you will find these suggestions/proposals/recommendations helpful/useful. 我希望这些建议能对你有所帮助。 二、记模板,心中有形 Dear 　　     , I am writing to draw your attention to the fact that 　　     (具体事情)/I am writing to express my views/opinions concerning 　　     (具体事情). In order to solve the problem, various things can be done. To begin with, why not 　　     (建议一)? If you do this, 　　     (结果). In addition, you should/can/ had better 　　     ( 建议二 ). Then/That way, 　　     ( 结果 ). Last but not least, it would be a good idea if 　　     ( 建议三 ). By doing this, 　　     ( 结果 ). I hope you will find these ideas useful and I would be ready for further discussion. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 三、对点练,学以致用 你的英国朋友Jim所在的学校要组织学生来中国旅行,有两条线路可以选择: “长江之行”或者“泰山之旅”。Jim来信希望你能给些建议。请你给他回 信,内容包括: 1.你建议的线路;2.你的理由;3.你的祝愿。 注意:1.词数80左右; 2.开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。 Dear Jim,              Yours, Li Hua 答案     One possible version: Dear Jim, I'm happy to receive your letter and know you're coming to China. Of the two trips to the Yangtze River and Mount Tai, both are highly recom- mended. Personally, I prefer the tour along the Yangtze, the longest river and one of the mother rivers of Chinese civilization. You can learn a lot about the history of China and Chinese people. Moreover, the scenery along the river is amazing, with many well-known sightseeing spots. That's why I think the trip along the Yangtze will be a better choice. Hope you'll have a good time in China. Yours, Li Hua 3.咨询信   1.人称:以第一和第二人称为主。 2.时态:多用一般现在时。 3.要点和段落: (1) 首段先做自我介绍 , 交代写信背景 , 然后介绍写信目的。 (2) 主体段落是文章的重点 , 将咨询的问题按顺序列出 , 咨询的句式要多样 , 尽 量不重复。 (3)结尾表达自己的感激之情并期待对方的早日回复。 4.要点扩充和逻辑:咨询的问题可以由笼统到具体,在陈述咨询内容时可以使 用总、分结构,以使结构清晰。可以将所咨询的问题按照一定的逻辑顺序排 列,比如可以按照紧迫程度、复杂程度以及生活、学习、工作等维度展开。 总之要避免出现所有细节简单堆砌,导致词数很多但内容杂乱。 5.交际得体:咨询的语言要礼貌得体,结尾要表达感激和期待回信。功能句的 选择上尽量避免使用过于口语化和随意的句式,要体现出对对方的尊重。   一、背佳句,言之有物 1.Do I need to pay for...?我需要为 …… 付钱吗? 2.If so, how much should I pay?如果这样的话,我应该支付多少钱? 3.And can you introduce...to me in detail? 你能详细地给我介绍 …… 吗? 4.I have no idea whether there are some requirements for... 我不知道 …… 是否有要求。 5.Would you mind answering me some questions about...? 你介意回答我关于 …… 的问题吗? 6.My question is whether/when/how/where...? 我的问题是是否/何时/如何/在哪 里 …… ? 7.I would also like to know...我也想知道 …… 8.I would appreciate it if you could give me a reply as soon as possible.如果你能 尽快给我答复,我将万分感激。 二、记模板,学以致用 Dear 　　     , I am 　　     (自我介绍). I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding 　　     (要询问的内容). 　　First of all, what are 　　     (第一个问题)? Secondly, when will 　　     (第二个问题)? Thirdly, 　　　　　　     (第三个问题)? 　　I would also like to inquire 　　　　　　　　　     (将最重要的问题单独 成段). Could you be so kind as to send me some relevant booklets on the above- mentioned aspects? Looking forward to your early reply. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 三、对点练,学以致用 (2014课标全国Ⅰ改编) 假定你是李华,计划暑假期间去英国学习英语,为期六周。下面的广告引起了 你的注意,请给该校写封信,询问有关情况(箭头所指内容)。 注意:1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。 3.参考词汇:住宿—accommodation Dear Sir/Madam,                         Yours faithfully, Li Hua 答案      One possible version: Dear Sir/Madam, As a student from China, I plan to go to Britain to attend a summer school during the vacation. Having seen your ad, I'd like to know something more about your six-week English course. First, when will the course start and how many class hours are there per week? Second, I wish there would not be too many students in a class. Third, I'd also like to know how much I have to pay for the course and whether accommodation is included. Will there be a host family or university dormitory? I am looking forward to your early reply. Yours faithfully, Li Hua 4. 感谢信   1. 人称 : 多使用第一和第二人称。 2. 时态 : 在回顾对方的帮助时多用过去时 , 在表达现在的感激之情时多用现在时。 3.要点和段落: (1)首段先问候,再交代写信背景和写信目的。 (2)主体段落要具体描写对方对自己的帮助,同时补充自己的回报之意。 (3)结尾要再次表达感激之情,同时期待对方回信。 4.要点扩充和逻辑:感谢信中添加的细节一定是从生活中寻找到的真实事件, 这样才能让感谢信有温度。切记不要使用抽象的大词来概括对方对自己的 帮助,这样会使得作文非常假大空。 5.交际得体:注意开头的得体问候以及结尾的祝福,这些都能彰显考生的得体 交流意识。   一、背佳句,言之有物 1.I can never thank you enough.万分感谢。 2.It's very kind of you to help me with...多谢你帮助我 …… 3.I am writing to express my thanks for... 我写这封信是为了表达我对你的感谢,谢谢你 …… 4.I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for your selfless help.在信中我要为你对我的无私帮助表达我真挚的谢意。 5.On behalf of..., I would like to express our great appreciation for your timely help and assistance. 我谨代表 …… 感谢您给予我们的及时帮助和支持。 6.It was generous of you to do this for me, and I appreciate it more than I can say.你对我如此慷慨,我真是感激不尽。 7.Without/But for your help, I couldn't have made so much progress in...没有/要 不是你的帮助,我不可能在 …… 取得这么大的进步。 二、记模板,心中有形 Dear 　　     , I am writing to express my sincere gratitude for 　　　     (感谢的原因). If it had not been for your assistance in 　　　　　　　　     (对方给予的具体帮助), I fear that I couldn't have 　　　　　　　　     (没有对方帮助的后果).Everyone agrees that it was you who 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　     (给出细节). It was generous of you to do this for me, and I appreciate it more than I can say. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 三、对点练,学以致用 假定你是李华,经常帮助你学习英语的朋友Alex即将返回自己的国家。请给 他写一封邮件,内容包括: 1.表示感谢; 2.回顾Alex对你的帮助; 3.临别祝愿。 注意: 1.词数80左右; 2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。                                                       答案     One possible version: Dear Alex, It's really a pity that you will leave us and go back to your country. On the occasion of parting, I would like to express my deep gratitude to you. Thank you very much for your help with my English study over the months, and your timely help made a difference. With your patient and effective help, I now have confidence in my English study and have effective learning strategies. Parting is inevitable, but I believe our friendship will last forever. Wish you all the best and a good journey back home. Yours, Li Hua 5.致歉信   1.人称:多使用第一人称,但是在询问对方意见时会使用第二人称。 2.时态:致歉信通常在解释原因时使用一般过去时,而在提出解决办法或弥补 措施时使用一般将来时。 3.要点和段落: (1)首段通常会交代写信背景和写信目的。 (2)主体段落通常要具体阐述道歉原因,以及提出解决办法或者弥补措施。 (3)结尾通常要再次表示自己的歉意并期待对方对于解决措施的回复。 4.要点扩充和逻辑:道歉原因的细节添加要真实、丰富和客观。重点强调客 观原因导致自己别无选择,从而提高道歉原因的可信度和说服力。另外,描述 原因的信息要充实,内容要多于解決办法所添加的细节,否则就会出现信体的 偏离。 5.交际得体:因为是道歉,所以就算是比较熟悉的朋友和家人,在功能句的选择 上也应该尽量礼貌客气,不要太随意,否则会让对方产生道歉不真诚的感觉。   一、背佳句,言之有物 1.I'm very sorry for not being able to...I'm writing to apologize to you for it.我很 抱歉不能 …… 。我写信为此向你表示歉意。 2.I am sorry to have done you wrong.很抱歉,我冤枉了你。 3.I owe you an apology for being unable to help you. 我没能帮助你,应该向你道歉。 4.Please forgive/excuse me for not being able to inform you. 请原谅我没能通知你。 5.I apologize most sincerely for what I said that day. I didn't mean to hurt you.我非常诚挚地为那天我说的话向你道歉。我不是有意伤害你的。 6.I sincerely hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation. 我真心希望你能接受我的道歉,并理解我的处境。 7.I am sorry for all the inconvenience I ’ ve caused.我为我造成的所有的不便表示歉意。 8.The reasons why I can't... are as follows.我不能 …… 的原因如下。 9.I would appreciate it if you could accept my apologies. 如果你能接受我的道歉,我将非常感激。 10.We assure you that such a matter will never happen again. 我们向你保证 , 此类事件 不会再发生。 二、记模板,心中有形 Dear 　　     , I am truly sorry that 　　　　　　　　　　　     (道歉的原因). The reason is that 　　　　　　　　　　     (说明原因). Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience I've caused. Hope you can accept my apologies and forgive my 　　　　　　　　　　     (做错的事情). Yours sincerely, Li Hua 三、对点练,学以致用 (2016课标全国Ⅲ改编) 假定你是李华,与留学生朋友Bob约好一起去书店,因故不能赴约。请给他写 封邮件,内容包括: 1.表示歉意; 2.说明原因; 3.另约时间。 注意: 1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。                                     答案     One possible version: Dear Bob, I'm sorry I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday. I have just found I have to attend an important class meeting that afternoon. I hope the change will not cause you too much trouble. Shall we go on Saturday morning? We can set out early so that we'll have more time to read and select books. If it's convenient for you, let's meet at 8:30 outside the school gate. If not, let me know what time suits you best. I should be available any time after school next week. Yours, Li Hua 6.推荐信   1.时态:描述过去的事情时用过去时,描述一般常见的事情时用一般现在时,描 述将来的事情时用一般将来时。 2.人称:一般以第三人称为主。 3.要点和段落: (1) 首段交代写信背景 , 再表明写信目的。 (2) 主体段落是文章的重点 , 首先需要交代被推荐对象 , 然后可以围绕为什么 推荐 , 以及被推荐对象和自己以及对方之间的关联进行进一步阐述。 (3)结尾可表达希望自己的推荐对对方有帮助,可询问对方是否需要更多的信 息,也可期待对方也做类似的介绍。 4.细节添加和逻辑:因为推荐信中所介绍的信息往往对于对方来说是新鲜和 陌生的,所以在细节的添加和选择上要尽量做到具体、清晰易懂,避免抽象概 括或过于烦琐,必要时可以进行举例介绍。 5.交际得体:语言表达要客观、真挚,在信件的开头和结尾可以进行适当的 互动。   一、背佳句,言之有物 1.I am very pleased to learn that you are going to...I'm writing to offer my rec- ommendation to you. 得知你将 …… 我很高兴,我写信向你提供我的建议。 2.I have much pleasure in recommending... to you. 我很高兴向你推荐 …… 3.The reason why I recommend...is that...我推荐 …… 的原因是 …… 4.I do not hesitate to recommend...because...我毫不犹豫地推荐 …… 是因为 …… 5.I highly recommend...and the reason is that...我强烈推荐 …… 原因是 …… 6.Therefore, I here recommend...to you with all my heart. 因此,我在这里全心全 意地向你推荐 …… 7.I am confident that he will do his best wherever he may be placed. 我相信他在 任何岗位都会尽最大的努力。 8.I hold the firm belief that...is qualified for the post. 我坚信 …… 能胜任这份工 作。 二、记模板,心中有形 Dear 　　     , I take great pleasure in recommending to you one of my 　　     (被推荐人). I hope you will be interested in him/her. He/She graduated from 　　     (毕业学校). He/She is best at 　　　　　     (擅 长和能力). What's more, 　　     (进一步介绍被推荐者的情况). In a word, 　　     (总结). Yours truly, Li Hua 三、对点练,学以致用 (2019山东潍坊模拟) 假定你是李华,你的美国朋友Peter想提高中文水平,进一步了解中国文化。请 给他写一封信,推荐学习资源(resource)。内容包括: 1.学习资源:报纸、杂志及其他途径; 2.推荐理由; 3.表达祝愿。 注意:1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯; 3.开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。 Dear Peter,                                           Yours, Li Hua 答案     One possible version: Dear Peter, I am glad to hear that you are eager to improve your Chinese and know more about Chinese culture. It's my pleasure to recommend some resources to you. Reading some popular newspapers and magazines, such as Southern Weekly , is the first choice, from which you can get lots of information about Chinese customs. Besides, there are other ways to experience Chinese language and culture on the Internet, TV or with some apps. I am sure you can benefit a lot from them. I sincerely hope that you can make great progress. Yours, Li Hua 7.求助信   1.人称:以第一和第二人称为主。 2.时态:多用一般现在时和一般将来时。 3.要点和段落: (1)首段先问候,如果对方是不熟悉的人还应进行自我介绍,之后需要交代写作背景 , 最后交代写信目的。 (2) 主体段落介绍请求对方帮忙的具体内容和要求 , 具体可以围绕该事件对自己的重要意义。还可以向对方适当介绍该事件的背景 , 以便让对方更清楚怎样帮忙。 (3)结尾需要提前表示感激并期待对方的回复。 4.要点扩充和逻辑:求助信在细节添加的时候一定要注意言简意赅,突出重点, 千万不可节外生枝,导致要点被淹没,到最后将求助信写成了介绍信或者其他 信体。 5.交际得体:开头的问候和请求的语言要礼貌得体,结尾要表达感激和期待回 复。与此同时 , 语言的选择尽量要诚恳 , 可以考虑使用比较正式的功能句从而 显示出对对方的尊重。   一、背佳句,言之有物 1.My name is.../I am...我的名字叫 …… /我是 …… 2.I have some trouble/difficulty in doing sth./with sth.在做 …… 我有困难。 3.If possible, could you help me...?如果有可能的话,你能帮助我 …… 吗? 4.How I wish you could...我多么希望你能 …… 5.I am convinced that I will...with your generous help. 我相信在你的慷慨帮助 下,我将 …… 6.I would appreciate it if you could...如果你能 …… 我将非常感激。 二、记模板,心中有形 Dear 　　     , I'm 　　　　　     . I'm writing to ask you for help. I meet some difficulties when 　　     . Firstly, 　　　　　　　　     . Would you like to 　　　　　　　     so that 　　　　　　　     ?In addition, 　　　　　　     . Moreover, I would like you to 　　　　　　     if you 　　　　　　      . I am convinced that 　　　　　　　　     with the help of you./I would be grateful if you could 　　　　　　　　     . I am looking forward to your reply. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 三、对点练,学以致用 (2016课标全国Ⅰ改编) 假定你是李华,暑假想去一家外资公司兼职,已写好申请书和个人简历 (resume)。给外教Ms Jenkins写信,请她帮你修改所附材料的文字和格式 (format)。 注意: 1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。 答案      One possible version: Dear Ms Jenkins, I'm one of your students, Li Hua from Class Two. I'm writing to ask for your help. This summer I intend to take up a part-time job in a foreign company. My application and resume have been prepared and I sincerely hope you can help me polish them. Firstly, if there are some mistakes in them, I hope you can help correct them. Besides, I attach some materials whose format had better be changed and hope you can help. Looking forward to your early reply. Yours truly, Li Hua 8.告知信   1.人称:书面通知的对象和活动多用第三人称。 2.时态:常使用一般将来时和一般现在时,且被动语态使用较多。 3.要点和段落: (1) 为了醒目 , 一般要有标题 (Notice) 。 (2) 按照一定的逻辑介绍活动 , 如活动的目的、时间、地点、具体活动内容、 特别要求等。 (3) 结尾常放置希望或祝愿的表达。结尾需署名 , 比如通知的单位或个人。 4. 要点扩充和逻辑 : 时间、地点及有关事宜交代清楚即可 , 无需添加很多细节。 5. 交际得体 : 语言要规范 , 切忌使用模糊不清的语言和俗语。   一、背佳句,言之有物 1.I am more than delighted...when learning you want to... 得知你想 …… 我非常 高兴。 2.I'm writing to tell you something about... 我写信告诉你一些关于 …… 3.Here is the detailed information that you desire to know. 这是你想知道的详细 信息。 4.I am writing to keep you informed of... 我写信告知你关于 …… 5.I hope the information is of benefit to you. 我希望这个信息对你有益。 二、记模板,心中有形 Dear 　　     , How is everything going? I am writing to tell you something about 　　     ( 某事 信息 ). 告知对方的相关信息 :( 信息 1) 　　　　　　　     . ( 信息 2) 　　　　　　　     . ( 信息 3) 　　　　　　     ... I am looking forward to your reply/coming. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 三、对点练,学以致用 (2017课标全国Ⅰ改编) 假定你是李华,正在教你的英国朋友Leslie学习汉语。请你写封邮件告知下 次上课的计划。内容包括: 1.时间和地点; 2.内容:学习唐诗; 3.课前准备:简要了解唐朝的历史。 注意:1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。 答案     One possible version: Dear Leslie, I am writing to inform you of our course schedule of our next class, which is about poetry of the Tang Dynasty. We will have it this Friday, in Classroom 602, Building 6. In order to learn it better, please read some materials about poetry of the Tang Dynasty, which plays an extremely significant role in our literature. Besides, knowing the history of the Tang Dynasty will be of great benefit for you to understand the background of the poems. I sincerely look forward to our next class and your reply. Yours, Li Hua 9.祝贺信   1.时态:多使用一般现在时。 2.人称:多使用第二人称,在表达自我情感时会使用第一人称。 3.要点和段落: (1) 首段往往先问候 , 再交代写信背景 , 最后表明写信目的 , 即发出祝贺。 (2) 主体段落重点阐述所祝贺的内容并重点分析对方取得成绩背后的努力。 与此同时可以对对方的未来进行展望。 (3)结尾要再次表示自己的祝贺,同时送上祝福,期待对方更好的成绩。 4.细节添加和逻辑:在细节添加上可以多分析对方成功背后的努力,对方的坚 持以及在困难面前不放弃的执着态度等。这样看似分析成功原因实则也是 在表扬对方的优秀品质和能力,既能丰富内容又能避免重复祝贺导致的片面 和主观。 5.交际得体:开头的适当问候以及结尾的真挚祝福都能体现考生得体礼貌的交际意识。   一、背佳句,言之有物 1.I want to congratulate you with all my heart.我想向你致以最诚挚的祝贺。 2.Congratulations on your...祝贺你 …… 3.I am more than excited when knowing you...I am proud of your achievement. 得知你 …… 我非常激动。我为你取得的成就而自豪。 4.I am delighted that your effort has been rewarded in this way.我很高兴你的努 力获得了这样的回报。 5.Wish you good luck and success in the coming...祝贺你在接下来的 …… 中好 运并取得成功。 6.I hope you can make every effort to accomplish your dream. 我希望你竭尽全 力实现你的梦想。 二、记模板 , 心中有形 Dear..., I am so happy to hear that...And I am writing to offer you my heartiest congratu - lations on your great success. ... I sincerely hope that you will have a brighter and more promising future./I do hope you will achieve more success. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 三、对点练 , 学以致用 (2019 山东实验中学模拟 ) 假定你是李华 , 你的外籍好友 Jane 在你校举办的汉字拼写大赛中获得一等 奖。请你给她写一封信 , 内容包括 :1. 向她表示祝贺 ;2. 请她介绍语言学习的经验。 注意:1.词数80左右; 2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。 参考词汇:汉字拼写大赛:Chinese Character Spelling Contest 答案      One possible version: Dear Jane, I'm Li Hua. On hearing that you have won first prize in the Chinese Character Spelling Contest held by my school, I felt exceedingly excited! Congratulations to you! Your proficiency in Chinese characters as well as your deep dive into Chinese culture has left a lasting impression on me. I wonder how you are able to master a foreign language. I really wish to improve my English, so could you please share with me your own experience and unique views on language learning? Looking forward to your early reply. Yours, Li Hua 10.申请信   1.人称:多使用第一人称,在细节添加时借用他人来表扬自己时可以使用第三 人称。 2.时态:介绍自己现在的能力和资格时使用一般现在时,介绍以前经验时使用 过去时。 3.要点和段落: (1)首段要先介绍自己,再交代写信背景,然后表达写信目的。 (2)主体段落重在描写自己的能力和资格。 (3)结尾再次表明自己希望获得录取的愿望以及期待对方的回复。 4.要点扩充和逻辑: (1)语言上要减少“I”的使用,以便丰富句型,减少主体性。 (2)在表明自己的优秀时可以借用他人的评价来凸显自己,但尽量多用事实和 例子来说明。 5.交际得体:申请信为正式文体,不要使用口语化语言,务必正确使用功能句。   一、背佳句,言之有物 1.I learned from...that your company wanted... 我从 …… 得知你们公司需要 …… 2.I wish to apply for a position that you advertised in/on...我想申请你们在 …… 刊登的广告中的一个职位。 3.Now I would like to introduce myself to you. 现在我想给你们介绍一下我自己。 4.My name is...aged... 我叫……年龄为…… 5.I am fond of...in my spare time. 在业余时间我喜欢…… 6.I am interested in...and have a good command of English. 我对 …… 感兴趣,而 且擅长英语。 7.I am confident my professional knowledge has qualified me to handle the job. 我相信我的专业知识能让我胜任这份工作。 8.Thank you for considering my application and I am looking forward to your early reply. 感谢您能考虑我的申请并期待尽早收到您的回复。 二、记模板,学以致用 Dear Sir or Madam, I write this letter to apply for the position you have advertised in/on 　　　　     　　　     (报纸或网络). I am a boy/girl aged 　　　　　　     (年龄). I think I am equal to the job. For one thing, 　　　　　     (原因一). For another, 　　　　　　　     (原因二). If accepted by your 　　　　　　　　     , I will work heart and soul. If you need to know more about me, please feel free to contact me at any time at 　 　　　     (电话号码/电子邮箱). I would appreciate it if you could take my application into consideration. Look- ing forward to your early reply. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 三、对点练 , 学以致用 假定你是李华 , 你校英语协会招聘志愿者 , 接待来访的国外中学生。请你写信应聘 , 内容包括 : 1. 口语能力 ; 2. 相关经验 ; 3.应聘目的。 注意: 1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。 答案     One possible version: Dear Sir/Madam, On seeing your notice on the bulletin board, I feel excited to write this letter for the position. As a graduate majoring in English, I can talk in English fluently, so there is no doubt that there is not any problem for me to communicate with foreigners. What's more, I have ever served as a receptionist in our school's 70th anniversary celebration, making myself more confident. In order to practise my speaking skills and get more experience, I'm eager to be taken on for this job. Looking forward to your early reply. Yours sincerely, Li Hua (二)发言稿/演讲稿   1.时态:一般过去时、一般现在时和一般将来时三种时态均可。 2.人称:以第一人称和第二人称为主,但是有时也可使用第三人称。 3.要点和段落: (1)首段先做自我介绍,并且交代演讲的背景,再介绍演讲的主题。 (2)主体段落根据演讲的主题确定内容要点,可进行说明、呼吁或感激。 (3)结尾一般为发出呼吁或者表达希望、赠予祝福。 4.细节添加和逻辑:演讲致辞往往是当面交流,所以信息依靠口头传播和听力 获取,所以在细节添加时语言的选择上要简洁易懂,在细节的选择上能够引起 听众的共鸣,避免出现只顾自己演讲,不顾听众感受的语言冗长、内容枯燥的 情形。 5.交际得体:开头表示演讲的心情,结尾表示对听众的感谢,这样均可以体现考 生的交流意识。   一、背佳句,言之有物 1.The topic of my speech today is...今天我演讲的主题是 …… 2.I feel it a great honor/privilege to...我感到非常荣幸 …… 3.What I want to stress is that...我想强调的是 …… 4.Nothing is more important than the fact that...最重要的事实是 …… 5.I think it is of great importance that...我认为 …… 很重要。 6.It's high time that...确实到了 …… 的时候了。 7.Just as the saying goes,... 正如谚语所说, …… 8.Only in this way can we...只有这样我们才能 …… 二、记模板,心中有形 Dear 　　     , I feel very honored to have an opportunity here to make a speech on 　　　　     　　　     (演讲主题). First of all, 　　　　　　　　　　　     (叙述一). Secondly, 　　　　　　     　　　　     (叙述二). When we 　　　　　　　　　　     (提出要求或条件), we should 　　　　　　　　     (提出计划). If everyone 　　　　　　　　　　　     (条件), I am convinced that 　　　     　　　　     (结果). Thank you. 三、对点练,学以致用 假设你是晨光中学的学生会主席李津。一批来自英国的高中生与你校学生 开展了为期两周的交流活动。现在,他们即将回国,你将在欢送会上致辞。请根据以下提示写一篇发言稿。 (1)回顾双方的交流活动(如学习、生活、体育、文艺等方面); (2)谈谈收获或感想; (3)表达祝愿与期望。 注意: (1)词数80左右; (2)可适当加入细节,使内容充实、行文连贯; (3)开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。 Dear friends, How time flies!                         Thank you. 答案      One possible version: Dear friends, How time flies! I am Li Jin, president of student union of Chenguang Middle School. It's my great privilege to be here, sharing this moment with our fellow friends from the Great Britain. During the two-week activities, we surely exchanged our ideas on learning, ways of life, PE and cultures. The past two weeks witnessed our growth and friendship. It is not only your enthusiasm but also your teamwork and good spirits that impress us and we now have a better understanding of each other on a whole new level. And I sincerely hope our friendship lasts forever. Wish you all the best! Thank you. (三)通知   1.人称:第一、第二、第三人称都有可能。 2.时态:合理选择时态,介绍发生在过去的事情时应用一般过去时,介绍将来的 事情时用一般将来时。 3. 要点和段落 : (1) 应遵循书信写作格式 , 包括日期、称呼、正文、结束语、署名的正确书写 和使用。 (2) 将写信原因、内容清楚明确地传达给对方。 4. 细节添加和逻辑 : 无需添加过多细节。 5. 交际得体 : 便条与求职信、商务信函不同 , 属于非正式文体 , 语言务必简洁。   一、背佳句,言之有物 1.May I have your attention, please?/Attention, please.请注意。 2.There is going to be... 即将有一个 …… 3.The...will be held at...( 时间 ) in...( 地点 ) …… 将会在 …… 举行。 4.All the members are expected to... 所有成员都应该 …… 5.Make sure that.../Be sure... 确保 …… 6.You are required to...during... 在 …… 期间 , 你需要 …… 7.Anybody who is interested in...is welcome to... 欢迎任何对 …… 感兴趣的人 …… 二、记模板,心中有形 (1)口头通知 Boys and girls/Friends, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. 　　 　　　　　　     ( 事件 )is to be held 　　　　　　　　     ( 时间、地点 ). The 　　　　　　　　     ( 内容 ). All the 　　     ( 人员 ) are required 　　　     　　　　     ( 要求 ). That's all. Thank you. (2)书面通知 NOTICE/Notice(标题) Date(通知发布日期) (Dear 　　     ,) In order to 　　　　　　　　     ( 目的 ), 　　　     ( 事件 ) will be held 　　     　　　　     ( 具体时间、地点 ). The 　　　　　　　　     ( 事件大体内容 ). Those who 　　　　　　     ( 人员 ) are required to 　　　　  　     ( 要求 ). Anyone who is interested in it is welcome to come. The School Students' Union 三、对点练,学以致用 (2018课标全国Ⅱ改编) 你受学生会委托为校宣传栏“英语天地”写一则通知,请大家观看一部英文短片 Growing Together ,内容包括: 1.短片内容:学校的发展; 2.放映时间、地点; 3.欢迎对短片提出意见。 注意: 1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。                                     答案      One possible version: Notice Dear schoolmates, It is a great honor to be on behalf of our school to inform you that we'll invite you to see an English short film named Growing Together ,which is about the development of our school. We have arranged that the short film will be on show from 16:00 to 17:00 at our school theater tomorrow. Don't miss the chance of taking part in this collective activity. I do hope you can give us some valuable suggestions about the short film. Please give your feedback in time and contact us at your convenience. Students' Union ●浙江高考应用文评分标准参考 : ( 一 ) 评分原则 1. 本题总分为 15 分 , 按 5 个档次给分。 2. 评分时 , 先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次 , 然后以该档次的要 求来衡量、确定或调整档次 , 最后给分。 3.词数少于60和多于100的,从总分中减去2分。 4.评分时,应注意的主要内容为:内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的丰富性和 准确性及上下文的连贯性。 5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程 度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。 6.如书写较差,以致影响交际,将分数降低一个档次。 档次 描述 第五档 (13—15) 完全完成了试题规定的任务。 ——覆盖所有内容要点。 ——应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。 ——语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较 高级词汇所致;具备较强的语言运用能力。 ——有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。 完全达到了预期的写作目的。 第四档 (10—12) 完全完成了试题规定的任务。 ——虽漏掉1、2个次重点,但覆盖所有主要内容。 ——应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。 ——语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确,些许错误主要是因尝试较复 杂语法结构或词汇所致。 ——应用简单的语句间连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。 达到了预期的写作目的。 (二)各档次的给分范围和要求 第三档 (7—9) 基本完成了试题规定的任务。 ——虽漏掉一些内容,但覆盖所有主要内容。 ——应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。 ——有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,但不影响理解。 ——应用简单的语句间连接成分,使全文内容连贯。 整体而言,基本达到了预期的写作目的。 第二档 (4—6) 未适当完成试题规定的任务。 ——漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容,写了一些无关内容。 ——语法结构单调,词汇项目有限。 ——有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响了对写作内容的理解。 ——较少使用语句间的连接成分,内容缺少连贯性。 信息未能清楚地传达给读者。 第一档 (1—3) 未完成试题规定的任务。 ——明显遗漏主要内容,写了一些无关内容,原因可能是未理解试题要 求。 ——语法结构单调,词汇项目有限。 ——较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响对写作内容的理解。 ——缺乏语句间的连接成分,内容不连贯。 信息未能传达给读者。 0 未能传达给读者任何信息:内容太少,无法评判;写的内容均与所要求内 容无关或所写内容无法看清。 考点二　读后续写专项突破   一、试题特点 该题型提供一段350词以内的语言材料,要求考生根据材料内容、所给段落 开头语和所标关键词语进行续写(150词左右),将其发展成一篇与所给材料有逻辑衔接、情节和结构完整的短文。 二、续写特点 1.读后续写不是随心所欲,是要在引导语(开头语)和关键词语的帮助下完成续写部分。如高考真题中规定“至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语”。 这些关键词语类似于传统写作中的要点提示,如时间、人物、地点、事件,但是不同点在于这些关键词语并不是全用。这样,考生就有很大的自主权。另外,所续写部分不能脱离各自段落的开头语,即不能另起炉灶。这些开头语与传统写作中的开头语类似,在某种程度上引导你的思路向某方面发展。 2.续写短文多以记叙文、故事类文章或者夹叙夹议类文章为主,故事情节有曲 折、有起伏,但是故事线索的逻辑性比较强。这样考生能够根据提示词语,顺着原来文章的思路续写文章,并适当发散思维。 3.读后续写要求读写并重。与阅读理解题一样,读后续写同样需要对文章精确理解,这样所续写部分才不会偏离主题,就这方面而言有点类似阅读理解题中对文章后续发展的推断,如“What would happen next?”。 4.所给文章未完部分的思路和内容并不一定是唯一的,考生可以根据自己对文章的理解对文章的结尾做出不同的诠释,但要合情合理。 三、两大技巧——高分利器 1.语言风格 读后续写的语言风格不尽相同,有质朴的,有华丽的,有诙谐的,也有庄重的,不 同的语言风格会使用不同的语言,所以我们要了解常见的语言风格并学会判断,然后再进行模仿,这样才能在语言上与原文水乳交融,高度融合。 (1)用词相仿 用词角度主要是看文章中的动词、形容词和副词等的使用情况。动词多、 时态丰富,文章动感强,文章层次感就强。同时,用词还要看其感情和语体色彩。总之,在续写时,要注意词汇的不同时态搭配、用词的新颖和变换及语气的强烈,避免过于口语化的词汇。 (2)句式相近 从句式的角度看,要看原文简单句、并列句、状语从句、定语从句、特殊句 式、排比句等的使用情况。另外还要看是否有句式相互融合,如强调与原因状语从句结合。续写时,要注意主人公所在年龄段的语言特点和当时主人公的情感和心理。 (3)修辞相似 在续写时也要善于用一定的修辞来表达作者的情感,比如拟人、排比、比 喻、夸张等。 (4)语气相通 原文是否使用了疑问、祈使、感叹等多种语气,语气是否平缓、强烈或者二 者交融。续写时要秉承原文的语气。 (5)描写相吻 分析原文使用了哪些细节描写,环境、动作、神态、心理等,续写时也要进行相应的细节刻画。 2.细节描写 真实的细节描写是塑造人物达到典型化的重要手段。它的作用很多,如揭示 主题、刻画人物性格、推动情节发展等。续写时根据情节的需要和原文细节描写的特点加以模仿,使续写的文章与原文更加吻合。 (1)语言描写 语言描写要符合人物的身份、年龄和性格,并且语言要精练、准确,有时还、要辅以动作、神态或心理描写。对人物语言的分析能够为续写做好准备,使人物前后的语言特点相一致。但是要控制对话的比重,否则会影响故事情节的发展。 (2)神态描写 要做好“神态描写”,就要抓住面部表情的变化来反映人物的性格和内心,续 写时也应突出这一点,使文章前后一致。 (3)动作描写 细化动作描写,能让描写对象变得更具体、更形象,从而更有利于烘托人物的 特点和揭示文章的主题。 写好人物的举止动作,不仅需要准确选用表示动作的词语,而且要给动词加上 适当的修饰成分。适当的修饰语能细致地表达出动作的幅度、速度、力度 等,使人物形象更具活力,更好地表现出人物的鲜明个性与思想境界。动作描 写中最常见的修饰成分就是状语,如副词、介词短语等。 (4)景物描写 记叙文中,景物总是反映人物的感情或心理的,所谓借景抒情。续写时,也可 借鉴景物描写的作用,对所描写的景物添枝加叶,增加修饰成分,并且要“景物描写人格化”,不要为写景而写景,这样才能更好地为文章的中心服务。 (5)场景描写 场景描写可以交代故事发生的时间、地点和人物背景,创造人们所处的气 氛。续写时,必要的情况也需要借助场景来渲染气氛,烘托主题。 (6)情感心理描写 在写作中,对人物情感的描写常常能使人物的形象显得生动、鲜活。人的情 感可以分为多种,如喜悦、满意、失望、悲伤、憎很、愤怒、惊讶、恐惧、赞赏等。在英语中有很多不同的词和句式来表达这些不同的情感。   　　阅读下面短文,根据所给情节进行续写,使之构成一个完整的故事。 　　A funny thing happened to Arthur when he was on the way to work one day.As he walked along Park Avenue near the First National Bank,he heard the sound of someone trying to start a car.He tried again and again but couldn't get the car moving.Arthur turned and looked inside at the face of a young man who looked worried.Arthur stopped and asked,“It looks like you've got a problem,” Arthur said. “I'm afraid so. I'm in a big hurry and I can't start my car.” “Is there anything I can do to help?” Arthur asked.The young man looked at the two suitcases in the back seat and then said,“Thanks.If you're sure it wouldn't be too much trouble,you could help me get these suitcases into a taxi.” “No trouble at all. I'd be glad to help.” The young man got out and took one of the suitcases from the back seat.After placing it on the ground,he turned to get the other one.Just as Arthur picked up the first suitcase and started walking,he heard the long loud noise of an alarm . It was from the bank . There had been a robbery (抢劫)! 　　Park Avenue had been quiet a moment before.Now the air was filled with the sound of the alarm and the shouts of people running from all direc- tions.Cars stopped and the passengers joined the crowd in front of the bank.People asked each other,“What happened?” But everyone had a different answer. Arthur,still carrying the suitcase,turned to look at the bank and walked right into a young woman in front of him. She looked at the suitcase and then at him.Arthur was surprised.“Why is she looking at me like that?” He thought.“The suitcase!She thinks I'm the bank thief !” 续表 　　Arthur looked around at the crowd of people.He became frightened,and without a second thought,he started to run. 注意: 1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右; 2.至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语; 3.续写部分分为两段,每段的开头语已为你写好; 4.续写完成后,请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。 Paragraph 1: As he was running , Arthur heard the young man shouting behind ,“ Stop!Stop! ”                                                             Paragraph 2: The taxi stopped in front of the police station and Arthur thanked the driver and directly went in .                                                               一、剖析原文 1.细读所给材料,确定文章为记叙文,讲述了一个年轻人在银行附近遇到银行 抢劫事件的故事。 2.所给材料的故事梗概见下图: 3.画线关键词语分类: 地点:Park Avenue, the bank, in the back seat 人物:The young man, people, the bank thief 事件 :suitcase, loud noise of an alarm, robbery, the shouts 故事的三要素都已经明确 , 再根据短文开头可知 , 故事发生的时间是在 Arthur 上班途中 , 则四要素齐全。 二、推断情节 根据已给出的续写部分每段的开头语并展开合理想象可推断: 第一段应主要描述Arthur在奔跑过程中坐上出租车的过程,其中应包括其心 理活动。 第二段主要描述出租车到达警察局后发生的事,比如他向警察报告那个年轻 人是劫匪,但那个年轻人也追到了警察局,然后知道这只是个误会。 可根据自己的想象构建故事情节。续写两段的四要素见下表: 三、要素串联 将已确定的四要素串联,并增加细节描写,可完成续写初稿。 Paragraph 1: As he was running , Arthur heard the young man shouting behind ,“ Stop!Stop! ” He thought the young man might be the bank thief . So Arthur ran faster and Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 时间:as he was running 地点:Park Avenue 人物:Arthur, the young man, the taxi driver 事件:ran, asked him to drive to the police station 时间:after getting to the police station 地点:the police station 人物:Arthur, the taxi driver, the police, the young man 事件:reported, surprised, felt embarrassed stopped a taxi. The moment he got into the taxi, he told the driver that the man shouting behind was the bank thief and asked him to drive to the police station as fast as possible. The driver followed what Arthur said and drove away. Paragraph 2: The taxi stopped in front of the police station and Arthur thanked the driver and directly went in . Just as Arthur was describing the robbery near the bank on Park Avenue to the police, he heard a voice outside, “Help! Help!” To the surprise of Arthur, it was the young man. He had followed Arthur in another taxi. Then they knew that the young man was not the thief and inside the suitcase were just some clothes. Arthur felt embarrassed but the police thanked him anyway. 四、润色文字 初稿完成后,从用词和句式两方面升级,可增加得分点。 五、检查定稿 通读短文和续写的两段,检查完整性和连贯性,并检查词数和画线词的数量, 避免出现拼写等低级错误。 ●浙江高考读后续写评分标准参考: (一)评分原则 1.本题总分为25分,按5个档次给分。 2.评分时, 先根据所续写短文的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档 次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次,最后给分。 3.词数少于130的,从总分中减去2分。 4.评分时,应主要从以下四个方面考虑: (1)与所给短文及段落开头语的衔接程度; (2)内容的丰富性和对所标出关键词语的应用情况; (3)应用语法结构和词汇的丰富性和准确性; (4)上下文的连贯性。 5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影 响程度予以考虑。 6.如书写较差以致影响交际,可将分数降低一个档次。 . 描述 第五档 (21—25) ——与所给短文融洽度高,与所提供各段落开头语衔接合理。 ——内容丰富,应用了5个以上短文中标出的关键词语。 ——所使用语法结构和词汇丰富、准确,可能有些许错误,但完全不影响意义表达。 ——有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所续写短文结构紧凑。 第四档 (16—20) ——与所给短文融洽度较高,与所提供各段落开头语衔接较为合理。 ——内容比较丰富,应用了5个以上短文中标出的关键词语。 ——所使用语法结构和词汇较为丰富、准确,可能有些许错误,但不影响意义表达。 ——比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所续写短文结构紧凑。 第三档 (11—15) ——与所给短文关系较为密切,与所提供各段落开头语有一定程度的衔接。 ——写出了若干有关内容,应用了4个以上短文中标出的关键词语。 ——应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求,虽有一些错误,但不影响意义表达。 ——应用简单的语句间连接成分,使全文内容连贯。 (二)各档次的给分范围和要求 第二档 (6—10) ——与所给短文有一定的关系,与所提供各段落开头语有一定程度的衔接。 ——写出了一些有关内容,应用了3个以上短文中标出的关键词语。 ——语法结构单调,词汇项目有限,有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误,影响了意义的表达。 ——较少使用语句间的连接成分,全文内容缺少连贯性。 第一档 (1—5) ——与所提供短文和开头语的衔接较差。 ——产出内容太少,很少使用短文中标出的关键词语。 ——语法结构单调,词汇项目很有限,有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误,严重影响了意义的表达。 ——缺乏语句间的连接成分,全文内容不连贯。 0 白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。   Writing 1 阅读下面短文,根据所给情节进行续写,使之构成一个完整的故事。 “Were you Mark's math teacher?” an old man came to my office and asked. I nodded.“Mark talked about you a lot. I want to show you something,” he said, taking a wallet out of his pocket.“They found this on him when he was killed in battle. We thought you might recognize it.” Opening the wallet, he carefully removed a worn piece of notebook paper that had obviously been taped, folded and refolded many times. I knew without look ing that the paper was the one on which I had listed all the good things each of Mark's classmates had said about him. And that happened 20 years ago. Mark was in the third grade I taught. All 34 of my students were dear to me, but Mark was one in a million. Very neat in appearance, he had that happy-to-be-alive attitude that made even his occasional misbehavior delightful . Mark also talked without stopping. I tried to remind him again and again that talking without permission was unacceptable. What impressed me so much, though, was the sincere response every time I had to correct him for misbehaving:“Thank you for correcting me,Sister!” I didn't know what to make of it at first but before long I became accustomed to hearing it many times a day. One morning my patience was growing thin when Mark talked once too often. I made a new teacher's mistake. I looked at Mark and said,“If you say one more word, I am going to tape your mouth shut!” It wasn't ten seconds later when Chuck shouted,“Mark is talking again.” I hadn't asked any of the students to help me watch Mark, but since I had stated the punishment in front of the class, I had to act on it. 注意: 1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右; 2.至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语; 3.续写部分分为两段,每段的开头语已为你写好; 4.续写完成后,请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。 Paragraph 1: I walked to my desk and took out a roll of tape .              Paragraph 2: One day I decided to do something different when Mark talked again in class .                                         答案     Writing 1 [写作提示] 文章采用倒叙的方式,首先介绍了一个在战争中牺牲的战士留下的一张纸,然 后回忆了这张纸的来历。要特别注意续写的内容和原文中纸上的内容逻辑 相对应。 One possible version: Paragraph 1: I walked to my desk and took out a roll of tape . Very deliberately, I proceeded to Mark's desk, tore off two pieces of the tape and made a big X with them over his mouth . I then returned to the front of the classroom. As I glanced at Mark to see what he was doing,he winked at me.I started laughing.The entire class cheered as I walked back to Mark's desk, removed the tape and shrugged my shoulders. His first words were,“Thank you for correcting me, Sister.” Paragraph 2: One day I decided to do something different when Mark talked again in class . I asked the other students to think of the good things they could say about Mark and write them down. Then I listed them on a piece of separate paper .The next day I gave it to Mark.“Really?” Before long I heard him whispering. The paper did work. Mark listened more and more carefully to my instruction from that day on.“Thank you so much for doing that,” the old man brought me back to earth.“As you can see, Mark treasured it.” he added. That was when I finally cried. Writing 2 阅读下面短文,根据所给情节进行续写,使之构成一个完整的故事。 It was a Saturday afternoon. The color of the sky was changing, first light gray, then dark gray, and finally dark and dense. The wind was blowing heavily,and the trees were swaying in the strong wind. It began to rain cats and dogs. Soon, the road was filled with puddles from the rain. On such a stormy afternoon, my mother took my five-year-old brother , Christopher, and me to a new big toy store she had read about in the newspaper. “So many toys ,” the advertisement had shouted in full and flashy color,“that we had to get a huge warehouse to fit them all!” Christopher and I couldn't have been more excited. We ran across the parking lot, through the cold rain, as fast as our little legs could carry us. We left our mother outside to battle with the frustrating umbrella, which never worked when she wanted it to. “Christine! Take care of your young brother!” Mother shouted at the top of her voice. “Christine!I'm going to find the Lego section(乐高积木区)! There's a new pirate ship I want, and I have four dollars! Maybe I can buy it!” Christopher ex claimed and ran off excitedly. I only half heard him. I took a right turn and, to my wide-eyed delight, found myself in the midst of the Barbie(芭比) World. I was studying a Barbie and doing some simple math in my head when suddenly an earthshaking clap of thunder roared from the storm outside. I jumped at the noise, dropping the doll to the floor. The lights flickered(闪烁) once and went out, covering everything in a blanket of blackness . Thunder continued to shake the sky and lightning illuminated the store for seconds, casting frightening shadows on my mind . 注意: 1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右; 2.至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语; 3.续写部分分为两段,每段的开头语已为你写好; 4.续写完成后,请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。 Paragraph 1: “ Oh no ,” I thought , “ Where ' s Christopher ?”                     Paragraph 2: “ Christine , I ' m here .”                                               答案     [写作提示] 原文讲述“我”和弟弟以及妈妈去买玩具,结果“我”和弟弟刚进去玩具店 没多久,由于雷电,商店停电,我们都看不到对方。 根据第一段的段首句,本段应该是作者在黑暗中寻找弟弟的情景。在续写时, 除了动作,还要注意心理描述。 根据第二段的段首句可知,弟弟找到了“我”。此段应该描述姐弟俩相遇的 情景。这里的描述应该有“劫后余生”的感觉。 One possible version: Paragraph 1: “ Oh no ,” I thought , “ Where ' s Christopher ?” Scared, I was frozen on the spot, overcome with the need to see my brother, hug him and make certain he was all right. My stomach twisted and turned inside. I ran up and down the aisles through the darkness , panic filling my small chest and making it difficult to breathe.I knocked into displays of candy and tripped over toys, all the while frantically calling my brother's name. Anxious as I was, I could barely see his figure. Tears of frustration and fear trickled down my face, but I continued to run. Paragraph 2: “ Christine , I ' m here .” Excitement took my breath away—there in the dark Lego aisle I found Christopher. He was standing alone, perfectly still, hiding under the pirate ship set. I began to cry out from relief, throwing my arms around him and hugged him tightly. He hugged me back, saying, “I knew if I waited here, Christine, you would be able to find me.”Then, I took his hand in mine and we went to find our mother , who must be desperately searching the store for us. Writing 3 阅读下面短文,根据所给情节进行续写,使之构成一个完整的故事。 To celebrate his girlfriend's birthday, Luke Fortune drove from a small town in Central Oregon to Portland , where he parked his car in a paid garage overnight. The next morning, he discovered that the car's window had been smashed, along with his dreams for the future:His backpack and computer were gone. “Everything important to me was on that computer,” said Fortune, 21, who is studying to become a paramedic (护理人员). “My classwork, every paper I'd written, all the programs I needed for my paramedic tests, and every letter I was working on for job applications made me feel sick.” Two days after the theft, another young man was standing outside his apartment, also in Portland. Masoud Almazrouei , 29, is an exchange student from the United Arab Emirates. He had been approached by a man who said he had a computer for sale. Only $200. Almazrouei, who had been in the United States for only a year, admits now that he was naive(天真的). But he needed a computer, so he bought it, took it home, and turned it on. Within seconds , he saw files and photographs. “I wondered who would sell a computer with all of this on it,” he said. “I realized it could be stolen .” Almazrouei found what appeared to be the owner's cellphone number and called it. “This guy with a thick accent told me he had my computer,” Fortune said. “He told me the story and said it was his fault. I thought it was a scam(骗局). I told him if he really had the computer, he should take it to the police.” Soon after, a police officer called Fortune to say that a man had dropped the computer off and had said he was sorry. He passed along the man's number. 注意: 1.所续写短文的词数应为150左右; 2.至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语; 3.续写部分分为两段,每段的开头语已为你写好; 4.续写完成后,请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。 Paragraph 1: Fortune called and thanked Almazrouei and insisted on paying him a reward of $200 , the money he was out .                               Paragraph 2: A story about the two young men ' s encounter made it to the local papers .                                         答案     [写作提示] 原文是一个曲折并具有传奇色彩的故事。Fortune丢了自己的电脑,而电脑被 小偷卖给了Almazrouei。Almazrouei是一个诚实的人,他想把电脑还给Fortune, 而Fortune不相信他。最后在警察的介入下,Fortune拿到了自己的电脑。续写的内容是之后的故事。 One possible version: Paragraph 1: Fortune called and thanked Almazrouei and insisted on paying him a reward of $200 , the money he was out . Almazrouei refused. He said it was his mistake to buy the computer from someone he didn't know and he was the one to shoulder the responsibility. More importantly, he said, it was his honor to return the property to the rightful owner. “I saw a photo of this man in his paramedic uniform,” Almazrouei said. “They help people. He is a good man. I don't want my money back.” Paragraph 2: A story about the two young men ' s encounter made it to the local papers . Overnight, Almazrouei became a household name and received numerous com pliments for his honesty and kindness. One day he got a call from the president of Portland State University, where Almazrouei is studying economics. Impressed with his student's integrity, the president gave Almazrouei a new MacBook Pro. “We thought since you gave back the laptop, we should give you a laptop so that you'll have one,” He told Almazrouei. “We're very proud of you. It was a great story , and you did the right thing.” 考点三　概要写作专项突破        一、命题特点 根据要求,概要写作题型的命题形式为:提供一篇350词以内的短文,要求考生 基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。 概要写作属于限制性写作,它是阅读理解和书面表达的有机结合。所给短文 的文体以说明文、议论文为主。概要写作旨在考查考生的阅读理解能力和概括运用英语语言知识的能力。 二、考查特点 该题型主要考查考生对大段阅读文字的概括能力,如考查考生对文章主旨大 意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力。同时,考查考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。 三、三大技巧——高分利器 1.提炼信息 概要写作时需要提炼要点信息,不能抄袭原句且总词数控制在60左右。常用 的精简信息内容的方法有以下几种。 (1)删除细节,只保留主要观点。 (2)选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,只需从中筛选一 至两个例子。 (3)把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了 十个句子,那么只要把它们变成一两句即可。 (4)避免重复。在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明。但是这 在概要中是不能使用的,应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 (5)压缩长的句子。 His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like. 可以概括为:He was very brave in battle. He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. 可以概括为:He was in financial difficulties. (6)使用词组代替整句或者从句。 Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago. 可以概括为:Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services. (7)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词。 She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time , Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. 可以概括为:She brought home a lot of books to read during the vacation. (8)使用最短的连接词。比如,可以使用but、then、thus、yet、 though,不能使用 at the same time、in the first place、because of these、on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。 (9)文章中的第一人称说的话通常在概要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化。 Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly:“You use too much salt on your food, Paul —it's not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:“Why on earth not?If you don't have salt on your food it would taste awful...like eating cardboard or sand...just imagine bread without salt in it,or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!”Kate was patient. She didn't want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly,“But too much salt is bad for you. It causes high blood pressure and later on, heart attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为: Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do harm to Paul's health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 2.改写句子的基本方法 (1)同义替换法 Tom thought of an idea. →An idea occurred to Tom. (2)正话反说法 I think wealth is less important than health. →I don't think wealth is more important than health. (3)词性转换法 Your suggestions are super valuable. →Your suggestions are of great value. (4)利用介词短语法 We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us. →With so many people helping us, we are sure to finish it in time. (5)句式变化法 ①语态变换 It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today. →Computers are widely used in the world today. ②简单句变复合句 The weather turned out to be very good. This was more than we could expect. →The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could ex- pect. ③连词衔接法 He insisted on staying. He was not willing to go. →He insisted on staying rather than going. ④词序改变法 Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting. →Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests. ⑤利用特殊句式法 Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too. →Jim wants to go boating, and so do his parents. (6)从句向非谓语转化 The young man couldn't help crying when he heard the bad news. →Hearing the bad news, the young man couldn't help crying. While you are crossing the street, you should be careful. →While crossing the street, you should be careful. 3. 句式升级 高分作文的重要特征之一就是句式多变、语法活用。因此 , 考生在写作时要善于合理升级句式 , 熟练掌握润色句子的技能 , 交叉使用不同句型 , 增加句子的层次感和多样化。考生可以通过以下十大技巧升级句式,写出高分句子。 (1)变成被动句 被动句在英语中使用广泛,在陈述一个客观事实时,相对于主动句,使用被动句更能增强文章的说服力。 I suggest that you should learn and sing Chinese songs. →升级表达: 　　　　　     you should learn and sing Chinese songs. 答案 　It is suggested that (2)运用倒装句 倒装句是一种使句子呈现亮点的方法,在写作中常见的倒装句有以下几种: ①以否定词开头的部分倒装。 I could hardly hold back my excitement when I heard the news that you were admitted to your ideal university. →升级表达: 　　　　　     when I heard the news that you were admitted to your ideal university. I will never forget your kindness and generosity. →升级表达:       . 答案 　Hardly could I hold back my excitement Never will I forget your kindness and generosity ②以“Only+状语”开头的部分倒装。 You can learn Chinese well only if you could take the above suggestions. →升级表达:Only if you take the above suggestions 　　　　　　　　     . 答案　 can you learn Chinese well ③so/such...that句型中的so/such位于句首时,主句要部分倒装。 I am so interested in this job that I can't wait to apply for it. →升级表达: 　　　　　　　　     that I can't wait to apply for it. 答案 　So interested am I in this job ④ adj ./ adv .+as/though+主语十谓语十其他 Though I am very young, I have the confidence that I can handle this job well. →升级表达: 　　　　　　　     , I have the confidence that I can handle this job well. 答案　 Young as/though I am ⑤if引导的虚拟条件状语从句将were、had、should提前时 If I were you, I would try to read more books and magazines in Chinese. →升级表达: 　　　　　     , I would try to read more books and magazines in Chinese. 答案 　Were I you (3)运用感叹句 感叹句通常用于文章的开头或结尾以便活跃文章气氛,凡是“I feel...”表达 情感类的皆可用感叹句型转换。 I am delighted to learn the news that you need a secretary and I am writing to apply for it. →升级表达: 　　　　　　　　     that you need a secretary and I am writing to apply for it! 答案　 How delighted I am to learn the news (4)运用强调句 ①用do/does/did强调一般现在时或一般过去时的谓语动词。 I hope you can accept my apology and understand my situation. →升级表达:I 　　　　　　　　　     my apology and understand my situation. 答案　 do hope you can accept ②用强调句型“it is/was+被强调部分+that/who+剩余部分”可以强调除谓语 外的主语、宾语及状语。 Your instructive assistance and professional advice enable me to have the precious chance to study in my ideal university. →升级表达: 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　     enable me to have the precious chance to study in my ideal university. (强调主语) 答案 　It is your instructive assistance and professional advice that (5)运用从句 从句主要包括三大从句:名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句。 ①名词性从句的运用。 名词性从句主要包括:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。 Much to my disappointment, they did not pay any attention to my requirements. →升级表达:a. 　　　　　　　　　　　　     was that they did not pay any at- tention to my requirements.(what引导的主语从句) b.The fact 　　　　　　　　　　　     disappointed me so much.(同位语从句) 答案　 a.What disappointed me so much b.that they did not pay any attention to my requirements ②状语从句的运用。 It was raining hard. We still kept working on the farm. →升级表达: 　　　　　　　　　　     , we still kept working on the farm.(让步状语从句) We can set out early. We can have more time to read and select books. →升级表达:We can set out early 　　　　　　　　　　　　     .(目的状语从句) 答案 　Although/Though it was raining hard so that we can have more time to read and select books ③定语从句的运用。 I am Li Hua and in charge of the English Club in our school. →升级表达:I am Li hua,       . I have asked my uncle to bring you the Chinese painting. You've asked for it be- fore. →升级表达:I have asked my uncle to bring you the Chinese painting 　　　     　　　　　     . 答案　 who is in charge of the English Club in our school (that/which)you've asked for before (6)运用it句型 it在句子中充当形式主语或形式宾语,代替真正的主语或宾语。 ①it作形式主语。 I missed such a precious chance. It was a great pity. →升级表达: 　　　　　　　     I missed such a precious chance. 答案　 It was a great pity that ②it作形式宾语。 I can speak English fluently, so I find to communicate with foreigners very easy. →升级表达:I can speak English fluently, so I find it very easy 　　　　　　     　　　　     . 答案　 to communicate with foreigners (7)运用虚拟语气 虚拟语气用于说话人表达并不是事实的情况,作用是表达假设、愿望、怀疑 和推测。 Thanks to your selfless help, I finally made great progress in English. →升级表达:a. 　　　　　     your selfless help, I 　　　　　     finally made great progress in English. b. 　　　　　　　     your selfless help, I 　　　　　     finally made great progress in English. 答案　 a.But for/Without;wouldn't have b.If it had not been for;wouldn't have (8)运用分词结构 ①分词作定语。 I am confronted with some serious problems that trouble me a lot. →升级表达:I am confronted with some serious problems 　　　　　  　     . 答案 　troubling me a lot ②分词作状语。 Because I have been faced with the above problems, I am writing to ask for your assistance. →升级表达: 　　　　　　　　　　     , I am writing to ask for your assistance. 答案　 Having been faced with the above problems (9)插入语的使用 适当加一些插入语也可以丰富句式,写出新意。一些短语、副词、介词、分 词短语或者动词不定式都可以放到句子中充当语气较弱的插入语。常用插入语有: I am sure, I hope, I guess, I think,what's more,what's worse, luckily, undoubtedly, obviously, hopefully, by the way, in short, generally speaking, to tell you the truth, to be honest等。 I hope the above suggestions will be of great help to you. →升级表达:The above suggestions, 　　　　　     , will be of great help to you. 答案 　I hope (10)运用with复合结构 As Double Ninth Day is drawing closer/approaching, we are scheduled to visit the nursing home on that day. →升级表达: 　　　　　　　　　　　     , we are scheduled to visit the nursing home on that day. 答案　 With Double Ninth Day drawing closer/approaching   　　阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 In New York City, over 150,000 children under five are poor. Last year, nearly 20,000 of these children slept in homeless shelters—enough to fill Madison Square Garden. From the moment they're born, children in poverty face an uphill struggle to survive, with so many odds stacked against them. These children are born with tremendous potential and if we want to help them, we must act immediately. Babies are born wired for interaction. Consistent, positive communications between young children and adults are vital. Every time we interact with a child—to read, sing and babble(含糊不清地说) with him—we're not only building a brain, but also we're building the foundation for our collective future. In addition to quality interactions with parents, grandparents and other caregivers, young children need access to a full continuum of high-quality early learning opportunities so that every child, regardless of circumstance of birth, is ready for school and has a fair chance to reach his fullest potential. This is not only the just thing but the smart and cost- effective thing to do. Research shows that spurring brain development is simple and impactful. Every moment, no matter how small, is an opportunity to stimulate children's brains—bath time, mealtime, bedtime—these everyday moments are chances to stimulate children's mind. Anyone can do it—parents, grandparents, caregivers or teachers. It doesn't require parents to spend money—just attention and love. But imagine how much harder it is if you are living in a homeless shelter or don't know where your next meal is coming from. You may feel unsafe and uncertain and lack private bath time or play space. So this Mother's Day, we call on every parent, grandparent and teacher to be brain builders, helping prepare our young children for a bright future. Together, we can change the track of an entire generation of children beginning this year in New York City.                              续表   一、剖析原文 1.细读所给短文可知,这是一篇说明文,主题是呼吁人们救助那些需要帮助的贫困儿童。 2.短文首先描述了贫困儿童的情况且呼吁立即救助,然后进行了具体说明。 3.短文中共有4段文字,每个自然段就是一个意义段,因此确定需要归纳的要点为4个。 二、剪枝存精 1.文章第一段揭示了全文的主题,点明了总的观点。其中最后一句“These children are born with tremendous potential and if we want to help them, we must act immediately.”应着重标出,全文呼吁人们立即帮助贫困儿童。 2.第二段的前两句和倒数第二句是关键句。其余的内容是具体的说明。这些具体的说明是需要剪掉的“枝”,不需要细看,只要知道它们证明了什么即可。 3.第三段首句“Research shows that spurring brain development is simple and impactful.”是主题句,是需要重点关注的部分。后面的几句是具体的说明,属 于细节部分,可“剪”掉。 4.最后一段中的 to be brain builders, helping prepare our young children for a bright future需重点关注,其他内容是对这一要点的延伸,不必过多研读。 三、归纳要点 各段的重点已经明确,段落大意也已经清楚。通过同义转述和句子重构就可 以用自己的语言完成概要的写作。要点1主要点明主题;要点2、3进行具体说明;要点4发出号召。 Many children affected by poverty need immediate help. (要点1)They're in need of not only consistent, positive communications, but also high-quality early learning opportunities. (要点2)Parents, grandparents, caregivers and teachers should make good use of every possible chance to spur children's brain devel opment , but such chances are unavailable to poor children. (要点3) So we call on brain builders to help those children.(要点4) 四、修正定稿 初稿完成后,检查4个要点是否齐全,各要点是否表述准确,检查是否有语法错 误、拼写错误和标点符号错误等,还要检查词数是否符合要求。 ●浙江高考概要写作评分标准参考: (一)评分原则 1.本题总分为25分,按5个档次给分。 2.评分时, 先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次 的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次,最后给分。 3.词数少于40的和多于80的,从总分中减去2分。 4.评分时,应主要从以下四个方面考虑: (1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况; (2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性; (3) 上下文的连贯性 ; (4) 对各要点表达的独立性情况。 5. 拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面 , 评分时 , 应视其对交际的影 响程度予以考虑。 6.如书写较差以致影响交际,可将分数降低一个档次。 档次 描述 第五档 (21—25) ——理解准确,涵盖全部要点。 ——能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。 ——有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所完成的概要结构紧凑。 ——完全使用自己的语言。 第四档 (16—20) ——理解准确,涵盖绝大部分要点。 ——所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误,但完全不影响意义表达。 ——比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所完成的概要结构紧凑。 ——有个别整句抄自原文。 第三档 (11—15) ——理解较为准确,涵盖大部分要点。 ——所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误,但不影响意义表达。 ——应用简单的语句间连接成分,使上下文内容连贯。 ——出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。 (二)各档次的给分范围和要求 第二档 (6—10) ——理解有误差,仅涵盖半数要点。 ——有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误,影响了意义的表达。 ——较少使用语句间的连接成分,全文内容缺少连贯性。 ——出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。 第一档 (1—5) ——没有理解原文,造成概要内容与原文主题不符。 ——有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误,严重影响了意义的表达。 ——缺乏语句间的连接成分,全文内容不连贯。 ——多个句子抄自原文。 0 白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。   Writing 1 阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 Nowadays, it is most probable that you have an electronic device loaded with hundreds or even thousands of your favourite songs. At any moment, you can fill your headphones with the sounds of a particular song that suits your mood at that exact time. Music is so common. But have you realized the power of it? Are you getting ready for a big soccer match or do you need to get excited? Maybe some hip hop with a strong beat will do the trick! Besides, you might be ready to study for a big exam next day. To help you study better,a little bit of Mozart might make you remember things better. We may all have been moved by particular songs that spoke to us in some situations. But is there any scientific evidence showing that music really has such an effect on people? Of course,there is! Scientists have long recognized the power of music. Over the years, many studies have been done to examine in greater depth the nature and extent of the effects music has on people. Scientists at the University of Missouri have found that listening to music can have positive effects on your mood. Their research gives scientific credibility(可靠性) to the behavior that many people have already experienced on their own: listening to upbeat music can brighten your day and boost your mood. Other studies have shown that upbeat music isn't the only type of music that can be helpful,however. When people are sad or have suffered a sense of loss, sad music can be helpful because the tone and lyrics of the music can resonate (引起共鸣) with the listeners. Likewise,people under a lot of stress or experiencing upsetting situations can benefit from listening to angry music. Although angry music might not help you if you're in a normal mood, its tone can benefit you when you are dealing with stressful and upsetting situations.                                           答案     [写作提示] 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了音乐对人们的益处。文章段落清楚,要点明 确。概要写作时以自然段为基础概括。 One possible version: Nowadays, with modern devices, music to your taste is easily accessible.(要点1) With its power, music might benefit you in many ways.(要点2) Scientists have researched into the nature and extent of music's effects on humans.(要点3) Scientists at the University of Missouri have proven upbeat music can cheer you up. ( 要点 4) Besides, sad music and angry music have also been found helpful.( 要点 5) Writing 2 阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 A new study of mice suggests bacteria may help to cause anxiety and depression in overweight people.The research raises questions about whether changing organisms living inside our bodies or changes in diet could help treat these conditions. A 2017 study found that one-third of the world's population is overweight or considered obese.When people become obese, this changes the processes by which the body uses food to make energy, build tissue and remove waste material. Left untreated, these changes can lead to diabetes.Diabetes is a serious condition. It affects how your body uses blood sugar. Obese people also have higher rates of anxiety and depression than other individuals.Ronald Kahn studies diabetes at Harvard Medical School in Massachusetts. He says researchers have wondered if people suffer from depression because they are obese or because of their metabolism (新陈代谢). “And we asked the question,‘Maybe the metabolic link is at least partly fueled by the microbiome(微生物组),’” Kahn said.The microbiome is the community of bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms living in your stomach. It changes with your diet. And Kahn said those changes might affect both the body and mind. To test the theory, he and his research team fed mice a high-fat diet and studied their behavior as the animals became obese.In one test, they put mice in a box divided into a darkened area on one side and a light area on the other side. They found that the more nervous, anxious mice liked to spend time on the dark side. “And a mouse on a high-fat diet will spend more time in the dark than a mouse on a normal diet. So, they have more sign of anxiety,” Khan said. The anxiety went away when the mice were given antibiotics(抗生素). The researchers said this suggested that the bacteria were helping make the mice nervous.The researchers then wanted to see if they could produce the same effect by giving the same bacteria to animals raised in a bacteria-free environment, with no microbes of their own.They found that it did. Microbes from obese mice made the bacteria-free mice anxious. Microbes from obese mice given antibiotics did not.                                                       答案     [写作提示] 文章是说明文。结构比较清晰。概要时注意把握文章的核心词汇。 One possible version: According to a new study by Ronald Kahn, bacteria may be responsible for overweight people's anxiety and depression.(要点1)With the attempt to help treat depression in the overweight, researchers assumed that metabolism in the body of the overweight may lead to their depression.(要点2)After a series of tests, researchers proved that bacteria did make mice nervous and antibiotics release their anxiety, as expected.(要点3) Writing 3 阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 “Stop the world. I want to get off!” This popular expression refers to a feeling of panic, or stress, which makes people want to stop whatever they are doing, try to relax, and become calm again. Stress is one of the most common causes of health problems in modern life. Too much stress results in physical, emotional and mental health problems. There are numerous physical effects of stress. Stress can affect the heart. It can increase the pulse rate, make the heart miss beats, and can cause high blood pressure. Stress can affect the respiratory(呼吸的) system. It can lead to asthma and cause a person to breathe too fast, resulting in a loss of important carbon dioxide. Stress can affect the stomach. It can cause stomachaches and problems of digesting food. These are only a few examples of the wide range of illnesses and symptoms resulting from stress. Emotions are also easily affected by stress. People suffering from stress often feel anxious. They may have panic attacks and feel tired all the time. When people are under stress, they often overreact to little problems. For example, a nor mally gentle parent under a lot of stress at work may yell at a child for dropping a glass of juice. Stress can make people angry, moody, or nervous. Long-term stress can lead to a variety of serious mental illnesses. Depression, an extreme feeling of sadness and hopelessness, can be the result of continued and increasing stress. Alcoholism and other addictions often develop as a result of overuse of alcohol or drugs to try to relieve stress. If stress is allowed to continue, then one's mental health is put at risk. It is obvious that stress is a serious problem. It attacks the body. It affects the emotions. Untreated, it may eventually result in mental illness. Stress has a great influence on people's health, feelings, and minds. So, reduce stress: stop the world and rest for a while.                                           答案     [写作提示] 本文是一篇议论文。首先,文章叙述了压力是现代生活中健康问题最常见的 原因之一。太多的压力会导致身体、情绪和精神健康问题。压力有许多生理上的影响。长期的压力会导致各种严重的精神疾病。压力对我们的健康、感情和思想都有很大的影响。所以,减少压力:停下来休息一会儿。文章结构清楚,概括要点时以自然段为基础。 One possible version: Nowadays, many people suffer great stress which contributes to many health problems.(要点1) Primarily,too much stress destroys the well-being of their bodies, causing problems of their heart, respiratory system and stomach.(要点2) Emotionally, with stress people may feel anxious and can't control their temper. (要点3) What's worse, mental disease like depression owe to untreated stress.(要点4) Therefore, only by reducing stress can people keep themselves physically, emotionally and mentally healthy.(要点5)