【英语】2020届二轮复习语法精点专题06定语从句学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习语法精点专题06定语从句学案

专题06 定语从句 易错点1 关系代词与关系副词的混用 ‎1. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, ＂Is there a hospital around ______ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand？＂‎ A. that B. which ‎ C. where D. what ‎【错因分析】容易误选 B，认为 around是介词，选 which用以代替前面的名词 hospital，在此用作介词 around的宾语。‎ ‎【试题解析】以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤？这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。句中的 around不是介词，而是副词，意为＂在附近＂；其后的 where引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词 hospital，where在定语从句中作状语。句意：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去治我的手伤？‎ ‎【参考答案】 C ‎2. She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she’s spent working as a secretary in our company.‎ A. which B. when ‎ C. how D. where ‎【错因分析】容易误选 B，机械地认为时间名词后必须用关系副词when，地点名词后用关系副词 where。‎ ‎【试题解析】在时间名词和地点名词后是否用关系副词要看它在定语从句中充当什么句子成分。一般说来，若用作主语或宾语，用关系代词；若用作状语，则用关系副词。该题中的动词 spent缺宾语，故应用关系代词 which或 that。‎ ‎【参考答案】A ‎1.定语从句相当于一个形容词，起定词作用， 修饰名词或代词 ‎2.定语从句的引导词的三种功用:( 1)引导定语从句(2)替代先行词(3)在定语从句中充当一定的成分。‎ ‎3.解题要领:根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词，决不要因先行词是时间名词就用when，是地点名词就用where。‎ ‎1.（2019·江苏卷·单项填空）We have entered into an age _______ dreams have the best chance of coming true. ‎ ‎ A. which B. what C. when D. that ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入到了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age（一个时代），且先行词在从句中作时间状语，所以关系词用when。故选C。‎ ‎【答案】C ‎2.【2018·江苏】Self-driving is an area _______ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.‎ ‎ A. that B. where C. which D. when ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其它国家都在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where，相当于in which。故选B。‎ ‎【答案】B ‎3. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ______ his employees enjoy their work.‎ A. where B. which ‎ C. when D. who ‎【解析】句意：公司老板正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛，在这种气氛中，其员工喜欢他们的工作。句中先行词为atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。根据句意可知选A。‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【名师点睛】定语从句是高考重点考查知识之一，分析定语从句需要牢牢抓住两点：第一、找准先行词。第二、看先行词在从句中所作的成分。抓住这两点，再根据句意，从而能够判断出正确的关系词。‎ 易错点2 关系代词who、whom、whose的误用 The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ________ lives were affected.‎ A. whose B. that ‎ C. who D. whom ‎【错因分析】此题易误选C。关键的问题是没有弄清句子结构，不知道先行词是哪一个，或者是不知道关系词在定语从句中作何成分。‎ ‎【试题解析】考查定语从句。先行词指人且在句中作定语修饰其后的名词＂lives＂， 所以用whose。句意为：这本书以那些生活受到地震影响的人们的眼光讲述了这次地震的许多故事。‎ ‎【参考答案】A 对于定语从句关系词的考查，首先要确定从句是什么类型的从句，然后再分析关系词在从句中的成分，最后选择正确的词。要求考生具有一定的句子分析能力，和理解能力。如果缺少主宾表，要用that或which，缺少状语用关系副词when，where，why，缺少定语用whose。‎ ‎1.（2019·新课标III卷·语法填空）They were well trained by their masters ___64___ had great experience with caring for these animals.‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。‎ ‎【答案】who ‎2.【2018·天津】Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.‎ A. whom B. that C. whose D. her ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查定语从句关系词。句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。分析句子，句中先行词为Kate，在非限定性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，故用关系代词whose。故选C。‎ ‎3. A company ______profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. ‎ ‎ A. which B. whose ‎ C. who D. why ‎ ‎【解析】这是一个定语从句，a company 是先行词，profit和 a company是所属关系，所以要用关系代词whose。句意：在国内市场利润减少的公司可能会寻求国外发展的机会。故答案选B。‎ ‎【答案】 B 易错点3 关系代词that和which的误用 ‎（2017·新课标卷II·短文改错）In their spare time, they are interesting（改为interested） in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.‎ ‎【错因分析】 此题错误的原因在于不清楚that不能引导非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎【试题解析】非限制性定语从句需要用which引导，故将that改为which。‎ ‎【参考答案】 that改为which 只用which，不能用that的情况 ‎（1） 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成＂介词＋关系代词＂结构来修饰表事物的先行词时， 关系代词必须用which.如：‎ ‎☞The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。‎ 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。‎ 注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 如： ‎ ‎☞This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。‎ ‎（2） 先行词为＂those＋表事物的复数名词＂时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。如：‎ ‎☞Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. ‎ 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。‎ ‎☞A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. ‎ 书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。‎ ‎（3）当先行词指物，关系词在句中作主语或宾语，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用which，而不用that。‎ ‎1.【2018·北京】She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.‎ A. which B. who C. as D. that ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于她们保持健康。“____ helps them keep fit”是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，故该从句应用关系代词which引导。A选项正确。‎ ‎2.（2017·新课标卷I·语法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health.‎ ‎【解析】句意：很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处。分析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整句话。‎ ‎【答案】 which 易错点4 介词后接关系代词的误用 ‎ (2017·江苏卷·单项填空) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.‎ A. which B. its ‎ C. whose D. whom ‎ ‎【错因分析】此题易误选A，原因是没有搞清楚，先行词是哪个，关系词在定语从句中作什么成分。‎ ‎【试题解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation是非限制性定语从句，先行词是the World Food Programme，关系词在非限制性定语从句中作定语，修饰名词purposes，所以用关系代词whose引导，故选C项。句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。‎ ‎【参考答案】 C ‎ ●使用＂介词＋关系代词＂要注意以下几点：‎ ‎(一)选用介词的依据：‎ ‎(1) 根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。‎ ‎(2) 根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成，不一定是短语)。‎ ‎(3) 根据句子的意思来选择。‎ ‎(4) 表示＂所有＂关系或＂整体中的一部分＂时，通常用介词of。‎ ‎(二)在定语从句中，含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化)，如look after, look for等。‎ ‎(三)＂of which / whom＂有时可以用＂whose＋名词＂结构来改写。‎ ‎(四)当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时，通常用in which或that引导定语从句(in which或that可省略)；如果定语从句中不缺少状语，则用关系代词引导(that 或which 可省略)。‎ ‎(五)in that不可以引导定语从句，但可以引导原因状语从句。‎ 二、＂介词＋关系代词＂与关系副词的转化 ‎(1)当先行词表示地点，定语从句中缺少地点状语时，通常用关系副词where引导，此时也可选用表示地点的介词＋which来代替关系副词where。‎ ‎(2) 当先行词表示时间，定语从句中缺少时间状语时，通常用关系副词when引导，此时也可选用表示时间的介词＋which来代替关系副词when。‎ ‎(3) 当先行词为reason，定语从句中缺少表示原因状语时，通常用关系副词why引导，此时也可以用for which来代替关系副词why。‎ ‎（2016 • 江苏卷·单项填空）Many young people, most _________were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.‎ A. of which B. of them ‎ C. of whom D. of those ‎【解析】考查定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词是Many young people，关系代词whom指代先行词，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语。句意：很多年轻人都前往偏远地区追求它们的梦想，其中大部分人都受过良好教育。故C项正确。‎ ‎【答案】 C 易错点5 定语从句与同位语从句的区别 News came from the school office ______ Wang Lin had been admitted to Peking University.‎ A. which           B. that         C. what             D. where ‎【错因分析】此题易误选D。错误的原因在于把＂_____ Wang Lin had been admitted to Peking University＂当成了定语从句，空处为关系副词，在定语从句中作地点状语。‎ ‎【试题解析】本题属于分割式同位语从句，谓语came较短，同位语从句较长，名词和同位语从句被from the school office 分开，that 引导同位语从句Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University解释news的内容，在句中起引导作用，没有具体的意思。故选B。‎ ‎【参考答案】 B 定语从句与同位语从句的区别：‎ ‎1. 被修饰的词不同：同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词；而定语从句的先行词是无数的指人或物名词。‎ ‎2. 从句的作用不同：同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容，而定语从句是对先行词的限制、描绘或说明。‎ ‎3. 引导词不同：what, how, whether等不能用引导定语从句，但可用于引导同位从句。‎ ‎4. 引导词的作用不同：引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that为关系代词，在从句中充当一定的句子成分。‎ ‎5. 判定定语从句和同位语从句的方法：由于同位语从句是用以说明被修饰名词的具体内容的，所它可以转换同位名词的表语；而定语从句则不能作这种转换。‎ ‎ The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief 　　　　 you are better than anyone else on the sports field.‎ A. how    B. that C. which D. whether ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】 句意：最高水平成功的唯一途径是得有一个总的信念，那就是在运动场上你比任何人都强。分析句子结构可知＂　　　 you are better than anyone else on the sports field＂是同位语从句，对belief进行解释说明，从句不缺句子成分，故用连接词that引导，答案为B。‎ 易错点6 定语从句与强调句型的区别 ‎（2016·天津卷·单项填空）You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel_____________ the coach picks up tourists.‎ A. who B. which C. where D. that ‎【错因分析】此题易误选C。错误的原因在于没有弄清楚这是一个强调句型，而把它当作了定语从句。‎ ‎【试题解析】考查强调句。句意：你在一个错误的地方等待。大客车是在旅店接送游客的。使用强调句，结构是：It is/was+强调部分+that+其余部分，如果强调部分是人，也可以用who，这句话强调的是地点状语at the hotel。故选D。‎ ‎【参考答案】 D 定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制，关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面，句子中的It有所指；而强调句型是对某部分加强语气，强调语气的连接词只能是that, who，并且句子中的It 没有任何意义；一般比较明显，而有时就难以区别，还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。‎ 它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句，就要从语境上来考查。如果它是用来回答What is this / that? 这样的问题，意思是：它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want? 这样的问题，那么意思是：他想要的是一本书。显然，句子是强调句型。‎ ‎1.【2018·天津】It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house ___________we saw Lily in the passenger seat.‎ A. which B. that C. when D. where ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查强调句。句意：只有当汽车在我们房子前停下来我们才看到在乘客位置的莉莉。这里考查强调句，强调句型结构为：It is/ was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)+ 其他部分。本题强调时间状语only when the car pulled up in front of our house。故选B。‎ ‎2. —Where did the professor made the speech yesterday?‎ ‎—It was in the hall _______________ the students often have a meeting _______________ the ‎ professor made the speech yesterday.‎ A. that；which B. where；that ‎ C. that；when D. where；when ‎【解析】考查定语从句和强调句的用法。在第一空处是定语从句，先行词是the hall，关系词在从句中作地点状语，所以此处应用where；第二空处是强调句，所以此处应用that。‎ ‎【答案】B 易错点7 关系代词as和which的区别 He has made as much progress __________ is enough for him to be admitted to Fudan University.‎ A.as B.that C.what D.which ‎【错因分析】 此题对于B、D两项都可能误选，错误原因在于没有弄清楚先行词被as修饰，引导定语从句的关系词要用as引导。‎ ‎【试题解析】考查定语从句。根据句意＂他已经取得了足够复旦大学录取的骄人的成绩。＂可知空处及后面的句子是修饰前面的名词progress的，所以是定语从句。因关系词在定语从句中作主语，可用关系代词as，that和which，又因先行词有as 修饰，所以用as，即构成＂as+ many /much+n.(可数或不可数名词)+ as...＂的结构；而what不能引导定语从句，只能引导名词性从句。故选A。‎ ‎【参考答案】 A ‎ 关系代词as和which引导定语从句的不同点 ‎1. as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。‎ ‎2. 在非限制性定语从句中，which后的be动词不可省；而as后的be动词可以省略。‎ ‎3. which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语；而as作主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be，seem，become等，一般不用其他行为动词。‎ ‎4. as常用＂正如＂含义，常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（情况常常如此）；as we all can see（正如我们看到的）；be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。‎ ‎5. 非限制性定语从句中，which可指代主句中的某一个单词，as不可以。‎ ‎6. ＂介词+关系代词（介宾代物）＂中关系代词只能用which。‎ ‎7. 从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用which。 ‎ The number of smokers，________is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.‎ A.it B.which C.what D.as ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代的是整个主句的含义，故可排除A、C两项。as引导非限制性定语从句时，表示＂如同，正如＂，符合题干意思，故选D项。‎ 一、关系代词和关系副词基本用法 根据关系词在定语从句中的不同用法，可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有who, whom, which, that, whose等，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词主要有when, where, why等，在定语从句中作状语。具体用法如下：‎ ‎1.关系代词的用法 当先行词指人时，若它在从句中作主语，则用who；若它在从句作宾语，则用whom或who；若它在从句中作定语，则用whose。如：‎ ‎☛The man who told me this refused to tell me his name. 告诉我这事的人不肯告诉我他的名字。‎ ‎☛The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry about it. 你拿了那个女人的伞，她非常生气。‎ 当先行词指物时，若在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则用which；若它在定语从句中作定语用，则用of which或whose。如：‎ ‎☛I saw something in the paper which might interest you. 我在报上看到一样可能使你感兴趣的东西。‎ ‎☛He’s written a book the name of which (whose name) I’ve forgotten. 他写了一本书，书名我给忘了。‎ ‎2.关系副词的用法 关系副词主要有when, where, why等，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、在点和原因。when主要放在time, day, years, season, age, occasion等时间的名词后；where主要放在place, city, town, village, house等地点名词后；why则通常只放在reason后。如(www.yygrammar.com)：‎ ‎☛Wednesday is the day when the shops are not open in the afternoon. 星期三下午商店不开门。‎ ‎☛Give me one reason why we should help you. 给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由。‎ 要特别注意，activity, case, point, even, situation, job, organization, position等抽象名词后接where引导定语从句的用法(这是近几年高考的一个新热点)。如：‎ ‎☛I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。‎ ‎☛Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。‎ ‎☛The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely. 治疗将会持续到病人可以正常且安全地行走。‎ ‎☛If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it. 你如果拿重要的东西去冒险，那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。‎ 二、使用非限制性定语从句的情况：‎ ‎1. 关系代词指代整个主句时，使用非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎☛You did a lot for me, for which I was grateful. 你为我做了许多，对此我很感激。‎ ‎☛The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 众所周知，钓鱼岛属于中国。‎ ‎☛A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.‎ ‎ 一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。‎ ‎2. 当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名地名等专有名词时，使用非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎☛China, which is my motherland, is developing fast. 中国是我的祖国，正在快速发展。‎ ‎☛Eason, who was a pop star, got married last year. 伊森去年结婚了，他是明星。‎ ‎☛Last Sunday they reached Nanjing , where a conference was to be held. 他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。‎ ‎3. 当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属（son，daughter等）时，使用非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎☛He has a daughter, who is studying in London. 他有个女儿，现在正在伦敦学习。（只有一个女儿）‎ ‎☛This is my teacher, who has something to tell you. 这是我的老师，他有一些事情要告诉你。‎ 三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 ‎1. 形式不同 ‎ 限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。 ‎ ‎2. 功能不同 ‎ 限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。‎ ‎☛People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义) ‎ ‎☛His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去掉，句子意义仍然完整) ‎ ‎3. 翻译不同 ‎ 在翻译定语从句时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。‎ ‎☛He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。 ‎ ‎☛I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。 ‎ ‎4. 含义不同 ‎ 比较下面的两个句子： ‎ ‎☛I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个) ‎ ‎☛I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐) ‎ ‎5. 先行词不同 ‎ 限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。‎ ‎☛Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast) ‎ ‎☛He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)‎ ‎☛Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰) ‎ ‎☛Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰) ‎ ‎6. 关系词不同 ‎ 关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。‎ 四、＂介词+关系代词＂引导的定语从句：‎ ‎●＂介词＋关系代词＂的用法 当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，我们通常用＂介词＋关系代词＂引导定语从句。如果指＂人＂，用＂介词＋whom＂；如果指＂物＂，用＂介词＋which＂。 ‎ ‎●＂介词＋关系代词＂结构中介词的选用 ‎1.一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：①先行词的意义；②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；③句子的意思。‎ ‎☞I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.‎ 我永远不会忘记孩童时代我在乡村度过的时光。‎ ‎2.表示＂整体和部分关系＂，介词常用of。在some，any，few，none，all，both，neither，most，each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。‎ ‎☞John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are family members.‎ 约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。‎ ‎3.有时＂介词＋where＂可以引导定语从句，此时要和＂介词＋which＂引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。‎ ‎☞His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.‎ 他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)‎ ‎●在定语从句中，含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化)，如look after, look for等。‎ ‎●＂of which / whom＂有时可以用＂whose＋名词＂结构来改写。‎ ‎●当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时，通常用in which或that引导定语从句(in which或that可省略)；如果定语从句中不缺少状语，则用关系代词引导(that 或which 可省略)。 ‎ 五、关系代词只用that而不用 which的情况 ‎1.先行词是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词或先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰。‎ ‎☞All the people that come from the country work much harder.‎ 所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。‎ ‎2.先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、 the only， the very， the last等修饰时， 关系代词通常只用that， 不用which.如：‎ ‎☞The first English novel that I read was Cities. ‎ 我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。‎ ‎☞This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. ‎ ‎ 这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。‎ ‎☞This is the only thing that we can do now. ‎ ‎ 这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。‎ ‎3.先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which.如：‎ ‎☞The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. ‎ ‎ 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。‎ ‎☞The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. ‎ ‎ 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。‎ ‎4.关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时，通常只用that，不用which.如：‎ ‎☞He is no longer the star that he was. ‎ ‎ 他不再是过去的那位明星了。‎ ‎☞Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. ‎ ‎ 我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。‎ ‎5.句中其他位置已出现which，为避免重复，不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如： ‎ ‎☞Which is the car that has overtaken us？ 超过我们的是哪辆车？‎ ‎1.（2019·天津卷·单项填空）Their child is at the stage__________ she can say individual words but not full sentences.‎ A. why B. where C. which D. what ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual words but not full sentences是一个定语从句，先行词是the stage，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where，故选B。‎ ‎2.（2019·新课标I卷·短文改错）One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.‎ ‎【答案】One afternoon I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。先行词one afternoon表示时间在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词使用when。故将where改为when。‎ ‎3.（2019·新课标II卷·语法填空）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， ___62___ she opened with her late husband Les.‎ ‎【答案】where ‎【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。‎ ‎4.（2019·新课标III卷·短文改错）In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.‎ ‎【答案】‎ In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment  is created for them. ‎ ‎【解析】本句考查定语从句。先行词environment 在从句中作主语，指物，关系代词用that/which。故把what改为that/which。‎ ‎5.（2019·浙江卷·语法填空）On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ___58___gives off light in the dark.‎ ‎【答案】that/which ‎【解析】考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。‎ ‎6.（2019·北京卷·语法填空）The students benefitting most from college are those ___9___ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.‎ ‎【答案】who/that ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。___3___ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.是定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who或that。‎ ‎7. (2018·新课标卷I·语法填空)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.‎ ‎【答案】that/which ‎【解析】that或which 考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。‎ ‎8. (2018·新课标卷II·语法填空)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program ___69___ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.‎ ‎【答案】that/which ‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代program并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。‎ ‎9.（2018·新课标II卷·短文改错）They also had a small pond which they raised fish.‎ ‎【答案】which前加in 或which改为where ‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。‎ ‎10. （2018·浙江卷·语法填空）Many westerners 57 come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.‎ ‎【答案】who/that ‎ ‎【解析】考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词who/that引导，故填who/that。‎ ‎11. （2017·浙江卷·语法填空）Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 64 it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.‎ ‎【答案】where ‎ ‎【解析】分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，定语从句中缺少地点状语，先行词为the garden，表示地点，故填关系副词where。‎ ‎12. （2017·新课标卷III·语法填空）But Sarah, 64 has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.‎ ‎【答案】 who ‎【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知， 64 has taken part in shows along with top ‎ models是非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为Sarah，指人，要用who。‎ ‎13. (2017·新课标卷III·短文改错)Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.‎ ‎【答案】 they→that/which ‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。they不能引导定语从句，因为指代things，所以把they改为that或者which。‎ ‎14.(2017·北京卷·单项填空）The little problems ________ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.‎ A. that B. as C. where D. when ‎ ‎【答案】A　‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是 the little problems, 在从句中作 meet的宾语，故选关系代词that。句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的那些小问题有可能会成为伟大发明的灵感。‎ ‎15.(2017·天津卷·单项填空)]My eldest son, ________ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.‎ A. that B. whose C. his D. who ‎【答案】B　‎ ‎【解析】 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处缺少非限制性定语从句的引导词，且与其后名词有所属关系，故应用whose引导。句意：我大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作让他全世界到处跑。‎ ‎16.（2016·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）But my connection with pandas goes back 64（to） my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65 I was the first Western TV reporter 66（permitted） (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. ‎ ‎【答案】when ‎【解析】考查定语从句。后面是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少状语，又因先行词是时间，故填when。‎ ‎17.（2016·天津卷·单项填空）We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, the weather may be better.‎ A. that B. where C. which D. when ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。这是一个定语从句，先行词是next week，定语从句缺少时间状语，所以用关系副词when引导。故选D。‎ ‎18. Among the many dangers__________ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.‎ A. which B. what C. where D. when ‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】分析句子结构可知，________sailors have to face 是定语从句，修饰先行词the many dangers，且从句缺少宾语，要用关系代词。 因此A选项正确。句意为＂ 在水手不得不面对的许多危险中，可能最大的是雾霾。＂‎ ‎19. Experiments with domestic dogs, one animal was given a treat and another denied, have shown that they possess a sense of fairness as they shared their treats.‎ A. what B. where C. that D. which ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查非限定性定语从句。句意：用家犬做试验，试验中一只给了食物，而另一只没有，这表明了它们有一种分享食物的公平感。分析句子结构可知，先行词是Experiments，where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，表示抽象地点，where相当于in which。故选B。‎ ‎20. You must learn to read people, ______________ will be necessary if you work in a team.‎ A. who B. that ‎ C. which D. what ‎【答案】C ‎ ‎【解析】考查非限制性定语从句的关系词的用法。句意：你必须学会如何看懂别人，如果你在一个团队中工作的话，这一点会很有必要。这里空处指代整个前面句子的意思在从句中作主语，且有逗号与前句隔开，因此要用which，故选C。‎ ‎21. —Dad, let’s go white-water rafting!‎ ‎—Ok. But equip yourself first. It is not such an easy job ______________ it looks.‎ A.as B.which ‎ C.that D.what ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：——爸爸，我们去白浪漂流吧。——好的，但是首先要装备好。这不像看起来的那么容易。使用定语从句，先行词是such an easy job，定语从句缺少表语，用as引导。故选A。‎ ‎22. ______________ is known to us all, failure usually results from laziness while diligence can result in success.‎ A.What B.Which ‎ C.As D.When ‎【答案】C ‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句。句意：正如我们都知道的，失败是因为懒惰，而成功则由于勤奋。分析句子结构可知，as＂正如……＂，在此引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句。what不能引导定语从句；which引导定语从句，指代整个主句，不能置于主句前；when引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语。故选C。‎ ‎23. Pointing to the house on ______________ roof grew lots of bushes, the old man told me that was ______________ I would stay.‎ A. its；what B. whose；what ‎ C. whose；where D. its；where ‎【答案】C ‎ ‎【解析】考查定语从句和表语从句。句意：老人指着那个屋顶上长着许多灌木的房子对我说，那就是我将要待的地方。house是先行词，与roof是所属关系，故用whose引导；＂that was ______________ I would stay＂是told的宾语从句，该从句中that是主语，＂______________ I would stay＂是表语从句，从句中缺少地点状语，所以用where引导。‎ ‎24. _________he told Tom’s parents was the news _________Tom had been admitted to a key university, _________, of course, made them feel very excited.‎ A.What; which; which B.That; that; which C.What; that; which D.That; that; what ‎【答案】C ‎ ‎【解析】考查混合复合句。句意：他告诉Tom的父母的是Tom已经被一所重点大学录取的消息，当然，这让他们感到很兴奋。第一个空用What作told的宾语构成主语从句；第二个空用that引导同位语从句，说明news的具体内容；第三个空用which引导非限制性定语从句。故选C。‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎________________________________________________________________________________________‎