【英语】2018届二轮复习非谓语动词学案

【英语】2018届二轮复习非谓语动词学案

二轮专题 非谓语动词 ‎【易错雷区，步步为赢】‎ ‎1. (2015·江苏，24)Much time (spend)sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by ‎ health problems.‎ 解析　句意：大部分时间坐办公桌，办公室职员通常被健康问题所困扰。time 与spend之间构成被动关 系，另外该题实际考查了非谓语动词的独立主格结构。‎ 答案　spent ‎2.(2015·湖南，30)When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground, (wonder)whether to stay or leave.‎ 解析　句意：当店员看到一张充满善意的脸上挂着满怀歉意的微笑时，她呆呆地站在原地，不知该走还是不走。wondering 是现在分词作伴随状语，修饰动词stood。‎ 答案　wondering ‎3.(2015·湖南，34)Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students (talk)over what is bothering them.‎ 解析　句意：有时候我充当同学们的倾诉对象，让他们通过倾诉释放心头的烦心事。for sb to do sth是不定式的复合结构，在句中作定语，修饰a listening ear。‎ 答案　to talk ‎4.(2015·北京，21) (catch)the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.‎ 解析　句意：为了赶上早班飞机，我们提前预定了出租车并且很早就起了床。此处用不定式作目的状语，表示提前预定出租车并且早起的目的。‎ 答案　To catch ‎5.(2015·北京，23)The park was full of people, (enjoy)themselves in the sunshine.‎ 解析　句意：公园里挤满了人，他们在阳光下过得很快乐。people和enjoy之间是主谓关系，且非谓语动词动作与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生，故用现在分词的一般式。‎ 答案　enjoying ‎6.(2015·北京，31)If (accept)for the job, you'll be informed soon.‎ 解析　句意：如果录用你做这份工作，你将会很快得到通知。句子的主语you和动词accept之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词。‎ 答案　accepted ‎7.(2015·浙江，18)Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it (perform)live is quite another.‎ 解析　句意：在家听音乐是一回事，去现场听音乐演奏是另外一回事。hear...doing...听到……正在做……，此处宾语it与动词perform之间为动宾关系，故要用现在分词的被动形式作宾语补足语。‎ 答案　being performed ‎8.(2015·重庆，6) (raise)in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.‎ 解析　句意：因为是在Glasgow 最贫穷的地区被抚养大，成为一名足球明星，他走过了一段很长很艰苦的路。分析句子成分可知此处是非谓语动词作状语，he和raise之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作状语。‎ 答案　Raised ‎9.(2015·重庆，11)Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way (use)the sun and the stars.‎ 解析　句意：就像古时候的水手一样，鸟能利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。根据语境，use与其句中隐含的逻辑主语birds之间为主动关系，故用v.－ing形式的一般式，在句中作伴随状语，表示与find同时发生。‎ 答案　using ‎10. (2015·陕西，18)Back from his two－year medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother (take)good care of at home.‎ 解析　句意：在他两年的非洲医疗服务回来后，李博士很高兴地看到他在家中被照顾得很好的母亲。考查非谓语动词。此处考查非谓语动词做后置定语，mother和take good care of之间是被动关系，故用过去分词。‎ 答案　taken ‎【名师点睛，易错起源】‎ 易错起源1、非谓语动词类别和句法功能 ‎ 例1．(2015·天津，5) (absorb)in painting, John didn't notice evening approaching.‎ 解析　句意：沉迷于绘画中，约翰没有注意时间已到了傍晚。考查非谓语动词。此处的Absorbed in painting 相当于原因状语从句Because he was absorbed in painting的省略。‎ 答案　Absorbed ‎【变式探究】The repair cost a lot, but it’s money well .‎ ‎ A. to spend B. spent C. being spent D. spending ‎【错误解答】 C ‎【易错点点睛】 前文意为:修理花了很多钱。表明动作已经发生，过去分词作定有完成被动的含义。‎ ‎【正确解答】 B ‎【名师点睛】‎ 非谓语动词句法功能的注意事项:‎ ‎◆不定式 ‎1.介词后的动词不定式只限于作介词except和but的宾语，此时except／but意为“除了，除去”。其主要搭配有:‎ can but + 动词原形;只能、只得……‎ cannot help(choose)but + 动词原形:……不能不……‎ do nothing but + 动词原形:只做……‎ There is nothing to do but + 动词原形: ……只有做……‎ ‎ have no choice but to do:只有做……‎ 例如:‎ The last bus having gone, I could do nothing but go home on foot. (省略 to)‎ I cannot choose but tell him the truth. (省略 to)‎ She could do nothing but leave. (省略 to)‎ I have no choice but to cry. (不能省略to)‎ ‎2.不定式在使役动词have，let，make以及感官动词see，look at，watch，notice，observe，hear， listen to，feel后的宾补，不定式符号要省略，但这些句子变为被动结构时，就必须带符号to.例如:‎ I often hear him sing this song. →‎ He is often heard to sing this song.‎ I saw them play in the park. →‎ They were seen to play in the park.‎ ‎3.不定式作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。如果作定语的不定式使不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是其动作的地点、工具等，不定式后须有相应的介词。但名词way，place，way除外。例如:‎ ‎ He is not a man to tell lies. ( 主谓关系 )‎ ‎ There will not be enough space to stand in on the earth. ( 动宾关系 )‎ ‎ Here is some paper for you to write on.‎ The boy has a nice pen to write with.‎ We found a way to solve this problem (in).‎ 通常使用不定式作定语的情况有:(1)不定式表示将来；(2)用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no， all，any等限定词的中心词。(3)用来修饰一些抽象名词，常见的有:ability，disability，chance，idea， fact，excuse，promise，answer，reply，attempt，belief，way，reason，time等。例如: ‎ During my holidqy I borrowed some books to read.(表将来)‎ She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. (有序数词修饰)‎ I have no chance to escape. (修饰抽象名词)‎ Do you have the ability to read French? (修饰抽象名词)‎ ‎4.不定式作状语时可以表示目的、原因、结果或条件。表示目的时可用in order to，so as to换用；表示条件时，一般把表示条件的动词不定式置于句首，句中的谓语动词常含有will，shall，should， would，can，must，could等情态动词。例如:‎ He sat down to have a rest. (表目的 )‎ He woke up to find everybody gone. (表结果)‎ I’m very pleased to hear from him. (表原因，主要是表示喜、怒、哀、乐)‎ To look at him, you can’t help laughing. (表条件，谓语动词含有can)‎ He was too excited not to say a word. (表程度)‎ He is old enough to go to school. (表程度)‎ ‎◆过去分词、不定式和现在分词的被动式作定语的区别:‎ 这三种形式作定语，主要是体现在动作发生的时间上的区别。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前或是没有一定的时间性；现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。例如:‎ The bridge to be built is named Stone in honor of the hero. (将要修建的)‎ The bridge being built is named Stone in honor of the hero. (正大修建的)‎ The bridge built is named Stone in honor of the hero. (己经修建了的)‎ Have you read the novel written by Dickens?‎ He is a teacher loved anti respected by all students. (没有时间性)‎ Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the young men. (表正在)‎ The question to be discussed at the Sunday meeting is very important. (表将来)‎ 在英语中，表示“感觉状态”的动词现在分词和过去分词形式作表语和定语时，现在分词表示“令人感到……”，指主语或被修饰的词给人的感觉；过去分词表示”感到……”，指主语或被修饰的词本身的感觉。例如:‎ interesting令人感兴趣的interested感到有兴趣的 exciting令人感到激动的excited感到激动的 shocking令人感到震惊的shocked感到震惊的 ‎◆过去分词、不定式和现在分词作宾语补足语的区别:‎ ‎1.感官动词(see，look at，watch，notice，observe，hear，listen to，feel)和使役动词(have，let，make)后的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词(不带to的不定式)，现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示主动和正在进行，过去分词表示被动完成，不定式表示主动和完成。注意:make不能接现在分词作宾补。‎ 例如:‎ I heard her sing a Chinese song jut now. (表示主动，完成) ‎ I heard her singing a Chinese song when I passed by her room last night. (表示正在进行)‎ I heard the Chinese song sung many times. (表示被动)‎ The captain got/have the soldiers moving to ward the front after a short rest. ( 不能用make)‎ I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. (表示状态)‎ I was surprised to find my hometown changed a lot. (表示完成)‎ ‎2.动词leave后接三种形式作宾补时，表达的具体含义是“使……处于某种状态”。例如:‎ It is wrong for you to leave the machine running. (主动，正在进行)‎ The guests left most of the dishes untouched. ( 被动，完成)‎ My workmate left, leaving me to do all the rest work. (主动，将来)‎ My workmate left, leaving all the rest work to be done. (被动，将来)‎ ‎◆过去分词和现在分词作状语的区别:‎ ‎1.一般来说，过去分词表示被动完成的动作，现在分词表示主动进行的动作。例如:‎ Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like a man.‎ Seeing the mountain, he always thinks of his hometown.‎ ‎2.现在分词的被动一般式表示正在进行的被动动作，过去分词表示被动完成的动作。例如:‎ Being helped by the teacher, she will learn English well.‎ Helped by the teacher, she has learned English well.‎ ‎3.现在分词的被动完成式表示先于谓语动词动作发生的动作，过去分词所表示的动作，有时发生在谓语动词之前，有时与谓语动词同时发生，有时表示未来的被动动作或状态。例如:‎ Having been used for a long time, the watch needs to be mended.‎ ‎ Used in this way，the word shouldn’t be taken as a verb.‎ ‎ Given more time, we will finish the work perfectly.‎ ‎【锦囊妙计，战胜自我】‎ ‎◆独立主格结构 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果与句子的主语不一致，那么分词短语就需要有自己的逻辑主语，这就是独立主格结构形式。‎ 独立主格结构是分词短语意义上的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来充当，放在分词之前。因为没有实际的主语和谓语，独立主格结构不是句子，一般放在句首或句末，充当时间、原因、方式等状语。例如:‎ Winter having come, it’s getting colder and colder.‎ The homework finished,the child went home.‎ His leg badiy hurt,he had to stay in bed.‎ Time permitting, we’ll visit the Summer Palace.‎ She lay against the wall,the sun shinning upon her.‎ 从例句可以看出，独立主格结构中分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语是两个不同的人或物，因此，分词前的名词或代词不能省略。‎ 独立主格结构也可以由“with／without + 名词或代词 + 分词、不定式、形容词、副词或介词短语”构成。例如:‎ The boy stared at the teacher, with his mouth opon.‎ With his parents away, the boy became naughtier.‎ The teacher came into the classroom,with a book in her hand ( = book in hand).‎ She sat still, with her eyes closed. ( 被动,状态)‎ She sat still, with her eyes looking at the ceiling. (主动,正在)‎ With you to help me , I could do it better. (主动，将来)‎ With a lot of problems settled , the mayor went to have a holiday. (被动，完成)‎ With a lot of problems to be settled , the mayor has a hard time. (被动,将来)‎ ‎◆垂悬分词作状语 垂悬分词是现在分词一种特殊用法，其逻辑主语是句子非主语部分中指人或物的某一名词或代词，或泛指“我们”。例如:‎ Searching along the street, it had taken him along time to find a clinic. ( searching 的逻辑主语是句中him 所指的人)‎ Walking or sleeping, this subject is always in my mind. (walking or sleeping ‎ 的逻辑主语是句中my所指的“我”)‎ Using the electric energy, it is necessary to change its form. ( using 的逻辑主语泛指“我们”)‎ 易错起源2、非谓语动词的时态和语态 ‎ 例2．(2015·福建，28) (learn)more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.‎ 解析　句意：为了了解更多的中国文化，杰克决定选择中国民族音乐作为选修课。考查非谓语动词作目的状语。逗号后面没有连词，可以判断此处应填非谓语动词。‎ 答案　To learn ‎【变式探究】—Is Bob still performing?‎ ‎ —I’m afraid not. He is said __ the stage already as he has become an official.‎ A. to have left B. to leave ‎ C. to have been left D. to be left ‎【错误解答】 C或B ‎【易错点点睛】从句意判断，动作leave后有already修饰，应当用完成式；其逻辑主语是he，不存在被动，故选项 A最佳。‎ ‎【正确解答】 A ‎【名师点睛】‎ 动词不定式的时态和语态 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，一般使用不定式的被动语态，形式有一般式和完成式(进行式没有被动式)。例如：‎ Her father disappeared，never to be heard from again．(hear from和his father之间是被动关系)‎ The book is sid to have been tramlated into many languages．(translate和the book之间是被动关系)‎ 注意：不定式中使用主动代替被动的情况：‎ ‎(1)不定式所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。例如:‎ ‎ I haven’t got a key to unlock the door.(to unlock the door的逻辑主语是a key)‎ ‎(2)不定式所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和主语构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。例如:‎ I haven’t got a book to read．(I为不定式的逻辑主语，a book为不定式的逻辑宾语)‎ ‎(3)不定式作宾语形容词的状语，和句中的主语构成了逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式多用主动，实际上形容词后省略了for one或for people。例如：‎ The book is difficult (for me) to understand.‎ He is hard ( for me) to work with.‎ ‎(4)在there be结构中，如果考虑必须有人去完成某事时，用主动；如果强调事情本身必须完成时，用被动。例如: ‎ There is a lot of to be done. (工作被作)‎ There is a lot of to do. (需要人去做)‎ ‎【锦囊妙计，战胜自我】‎ 动名词的时态和语态 动名词一般式所表示的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生或是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生。如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用动名词的完成式。如果动名词的逻辑这样是动名词动作的承受者，这时用动名词的被动式。例如:‎ We are interested in playing chess. (同时)‎ She is looking forward to hearing from you again. (之后)‎ I’m sorry for not having kept my promise. (之前)‎ ‎ The little boy was afraid of being left at home alone. (被动)‎ ‎ The house showed no sign of having been damaged.(之前，被动)‎ 易错起源3、非谓语动词的固定搭配 ‎ 例3．(2015·陕西，17)After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress，Anne ‎ Benedict went on (thank)all the people who had helped in her career.‎ 解析　句意：在获得奥斯卡最佳女演员提名奖之后，安妮·本尼迪克特继续感谢那些所有在她的事业中帮助她的人。考查固定搭配。go on to do继续做另一件事；go on doing继续做同一件事。获奖和帮助是两件事。‎ 答案　to thank ‎【变式探究】—What should I do with this passage?‎ ‎ —___ to the main idea of each paragraph.‎ A. Finding out B. Found out ‎ C. Find out D. To find out ‎【错误解答】 D ‎【易错点点睛】 如果理解成表示目的的不定式就会误选D。根据语境是回答对方的问题“做什么what”，回答时，这里用祈使语气。‎ ‎【正确解答】 C ‎【锦囊妙计，战胜自我】‎ 英语中非谓语动词的固定搭配是因词而定，没有固定的规律。考生只有牢记它们的形式，才能成功破题。‎ ‎1.下列动词或动词短语后面只接动名词作宾语: ‎ admit, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider (考虑) , delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss(错过), practice, risk, resist, suggest, suffer等动词;‎ be used to(习惯于), insist on, can’t help(情不自禁) , can’t stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, keep on, look forward to, put off, devote to,stick to, object to, thank you for, be busy (in) , get down to, lead to, see to, have difficult/trouble (in),have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)等动词组。 ‎ ‎2.下列动词或动词短语后面能接动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：‎ forget／remember／regret to do忘记／记住／后悔去做某事 forget／remember／regret doing忘记／记得／后悔已经做过某事 stop to do停下来接着做另一件事stop doing停止做一件事 mean to do意欲、企图做某事mean doing意味着做某事 go on to do做完某事接着做另一件事go on doing继续做同一件事 try to do努力、试图做某事try doing尝试着做某事 ‎ ‎3.有些短语作状语是固定结构: ‎ judging from, generally/ frankly/ honestly/ strictly speaking, considering (that)... (考虑到……), supposing/ providing (that)... (假如……),seeing ( that )... (既然,由于……) , to tell you the truth, to make things worse,to begin with ‎ ‎(首先，第一)。例如:‎ Judging from his accent, he must be a southerner.‎ Tuning to the left, he saw a bus passing.‎ Considering everything, he did a good job.‎ Seeing (that) she is lawfully old enough to get married, I don’t see how you can stop her.‎ 易错起源4、 非谓语动词逻辑主语的表达形式和否定形式 例4．‎ ‎【变式探究】I really can’t understand __ her like that.‎ A. you treat B. you to treat ‎ C. why treat D. you treating ‎【错误解答】 A或B ‎【易错点点睛】 本题题干相当于I really can’t understand why you treated her like that，而understand不能用于understand sb.to do sth.结构中。这里用动名词形式， you是其逻辑主语。‎ ‎【正确解答】 D ‎【名师点睛】‎ 非谓语动词的逻辑主语也就是非谓语动词的动作执行者。在不定式中，逻辑主语是of或for的 介词宾语，或是句子的主语，或是句子的宾语。‎ 例如:‎ It is important for us to work hard.(to work is important.只能用for)‎ It is kind of you to help me to clean the room.(you are kind.只能用of)‎ We want to go with you to have a picnic.‎ Little Tom liked to be taken to the cinema.‎ I want the report to be typed as quickly as possible.‎ The manager asked me to type the report as quickly as possible.‎ ‎【锦囊妙计，战胜自我】‎ 动名词的复合结构在句中作主语时，其逻辑主语必须是形容词性物主代词或名词的所有格；作宾语、表语时，其逻辑主语是形容词性物主代词、人称代词、名词的所有格或普通格；无生命名词或有生命的名词表示泛指时，必须用名词的普通格或人称代词的宾格。例如：‎ Tom’s coming surprised all of us (主语)‎ His not attending the meeting made the manager very angry.(主语)‎ Would you mind me/my opening the window?(宾语)‎ They all thought Tom’s /Tom going there a great mistake.(宾语)‎ Is there any hope of their team winning the game ?(无生命)‎ I have never heard of women landing the moon.(有生命，但表泛指)‎ 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语和主句的主语是一致的，如果不同则要用到独立主格结构形式(见上文)。‎ 例如:‎ Being a student, you must study hard.‎ When crossing the streets you must be careful.‎ If heated to high temperature, ice can change into water.‎ ‎ ‎