【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题介词与介词短语（15页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题介词与介词短语（15页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习语法专题介词与介词短语 介　词 ‎(一)方位介词 ‎1．图解常见的方位介词 ‎2．along, through, across, over 介词 用法 例句 along 表示“沿着”某一路径行进 ‎ I saw them running together along the road yesterday.‎ 昨天我看见他们沿着马路一起跑。‎ through 意为“穿过”，表示从内部空间通过 The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea.‎ 长城从西向东蜿蜒而行，横穿沙漠，越过高山，穿过峡谷，最后抵达大海。‎ across 表示“横穿”，强调从某一物体的表面通过 over 意为“越过”，表示从……上方过去 ‎3．at, on, to, in 介词 用法 例句 at 其后一般接较小的地点。接地名时，常将此地视为空间的一点 ‎ My elder sister lives at 105 Beijing Road.‎ 我姐姐住在北京路105号。‎ on 表示两地接壤 Guangdong is on the southeast of Guangxi; Fujian lies to the south of Jiangsu and all of them are in China. ‎ 广东在广西的东南方向，福建在江苏南 边，它们都位于中国。‎ to 表示两地不接壤 in 其后一般接大地方或表示在某个范围之内 ‎4．between, among ‎(1)between在……之间(指两者)，常和and连用。‎ The building stands between the park and the small river.‎ 那栋楼位于公园和小河之间。‎ ‎(2)among在……之间(指三者或三者以上)。‎ We'll visit a town among the mountains.‎ 我们将要参观一个被群山环绕的小镇。‎ ‎[名师指津]　如果指三个及三个以上的人或物中的每两个之间，仍然要用between。‎ Switzerland lies between France, Italy, Austria and Germany.‎ 瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。‎ ‎(二)时间介词 ‎1．in, after in表时间，常表示“在……之内”，有时in还有“在……之后”的意思，但表示此意时，必须具备两个条件：(1)所在句子的谓语动词必须表将来；(2)后面必须是一段时间。这两个条件缺一不可，否则用after或later。‎ My father will be back in three days.‎ 我父亲将在三天以后回来。‎ My father will be back after three o'clock.‎ 我父亲将在3点后回来。‎ ‎ My father came back after three days/three days later.‎ 我父亲是三天后回来的。‎ ‎2．for, since 介词 用法 for 接时间段，表示行为或状态持续了多久 since 接时间点，不仅表示行为或状态的起始点，而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到说话的时刻，因而常与延续性动词的完成时连用 Mr. Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost fifteen years after ‎ his retirement.‎ 布朗先生喜欢乡村生活，退休后他在那里生活了差不多15年。‎ Tom has been doing his homework since seven o'clock.‎ 汤姆从7点开始就一直做他的家庭作业。‎ ‎3．during, through, over ‎(1)during指某个动作或状态在某个时间段里或整个过程中断断续续地发生过多次，或在整个时间段里的某一点发生过，起止时间比较明显。‎ He often falls asleep during the class.‎ 课堂上他常常打瞌睡。‎ ‎(2)through：在……期间；从……开头到结尾(所指时间包括在内，此时与throughout相同)。‎ Tom bore up well under the strain of supporting his family through his father's illness.‎ 在他父亲生病期间，汤姆坚强地撑起了养家的压力。‎ ‎(3)over：在(做)……期间；此外，over还有“贯穿(一时间段)”的意思，相当于during。‎ We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.‎ 我们一边喝茶一边愉快地聊天。‎ ‎(三)表示工具、手段、方式的介词 ‎1．by, in, on 三个词都可以表示旅行的方式。‎ ‎(1)不涉及交通工具的名词前用by，名词前不带冠词。如：by sea, by water, by land, by air等。‎ ‎(2)涉及交通工具的名词前用by，名词需用单数，其前面不加冠词和任何修饰语。如：by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship等。‎ ‎(3)当旅行方式涉及特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如：travel to New York on this plane, go to school on my bike等。‎ ‎[名师指津]　步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如：on foot, on horseback/on a horse, on a camel等。‎ ‎2．with, in ‎(1)with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。‎ We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.‎ 我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听，用腿走路。‎ ‎(2)in Please answer me in English.请用英语回答我。‎ The artist wrote in ink/pencil(＝with a pen/a pencil)．‎ 那个艺术家用钢笔/铅笔写字。‎ ‎(3)注意以下固定短语：‎ on/over the telephone/radio通过电话/广播 用这/那种方式 ‎(四)表示原因的介词 介词 用法 with 多用于表示情绪的形容词或身体动作或状态的动词之后，表示某种心理或心理状态的原因 for 多与表示感情的抽象名词或动名词及reason, famous等词连用 from 常接抽象名词，表示自然或间接原因 of 用于某些形容词后，后接与感情相关的人或事 over 常用于带有感情色彩的动词如：cry, quarrel, laugh, sigh等词之后，叙述所发生事情的原因 Her face went red with anger.‎ 她气得脸都红了。‎ The West Lake is famous for its scenery.‎ 西湖以它的景色而闻名。‎ ‎(五)其他常考的介词 ‎1．except, except for, but, besides, apart from 介词 意义 用法 except 除……外 指整体里面排除部分，其宾语为前面的整体概念词的同类语(一类人或物)‎ except for 除了……‎ 表示除去整体中的一部分，指对非同类事物的排除，它所叙述的事实或细节部分地修正了句子的主要意思 but 除……之外 常与nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, all, who等连用，此时可与except换用。后接名词、代词或不定式 besides 除……外(尚)有 句中常有other, others, also, else等词，相当于in addition to apart from 除……(别无)，除……外(尚)有 可用来替换besides, except, except for等 He answered all the questions except the last one.‎ 除最后一个问题没有回答外，其余所有问题他都回答了。‎ The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.‎ 这篇作文写得很好，只是有些拼写错误。‎ No one but Karl went there.‎ 除卡尔外，没有人去那里。‎ ‎2．against的用法 含义 例句 反对；违背；与……相反 Are you for or against the plan?‎ 你是赞成还是反对该计划？‎ 触；碰；撞；紧靠；倚靠 Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.吉姆累了，背靠着一棵大树很快便睡着了。‎ 与……竞争 We will be competing against the best companies in Europe.‎ 我们将会和欧洲的顶级公司竞争。‎ 防备，抵御 They took measures against the fire.‎ 他们采取了防火措施。‎ 以……为背景，衬托 The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.‎ 在蓝天的映衬下，山峰更显美丽。‎ ‎3．beyond的用法 含义 例句 超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)非……可及 The whole problem was quite beyond him.‎ 整个问题他根本无法理解。‎ ‎(在空间上)在……的那一边，远于 The airport is 20 miles beyond the town.‎ 机场在离城镇二十英里外的地方。‎ ‎(时间)晚于；迟于 The disco went on until beyond midnight.‎ 迪斯科舞会一直持续到午夜以后。‎ ‎4．with的用法 含义 例句 和……一起，和，同，跟 Put this bag with the others.‎ 把这个包和其他的包放在一起。‎ ‎(表示同时或同一方向)随着 Temperatures vary with the time of the year.‎ 温度随时节而变化。‎ 具有，带有 The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee.‎ 服务员端着一杯咖啡来了。‎ ‎[命题点感悟]　　考什么·考多少·怎么考 ‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎①(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界)______ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.‎ 解析：as　此处指作为一种抵抗心脏病的方法。as表示“作为”。‎ ‎②(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime ‎ before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.‎ 解析： in　名词degree意为“学位”，后面应该跟介词in，表示“在……方面”。a degree in engineering or architecture意为“工程学或建筑学学位”。‎ ‎③(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ________ their hands.‎ 解析：with　with one's hands “用某人的手”。介词with意为“用”。‎ ‎④(2016·四川高考)The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years.‎ 解析：for　 句意：熊猫妈妈对小熊猫的照顾会持续两年多。“for＋时间段”表示持续一段时间。‎ ‎⑤(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away __________ car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city.‎ 解析：by　此处表示“驱车只有一小时的路程”。“by＋交通工具名词”为固定用法。‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎①(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies.I have grown not only physically, but also mentally in the past few years.‎ 解析：去掉realize后的of　realize是及物动词，后面直接跟宾语从句“how fast time flies”。‎ ‎②(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted. ‎ 解析：on→with　with the development of为固定短语，意为“随着……的发展”。‎ ‎③(2015·陕西高考)My soccer coach retired in last week.‎ 解析：去掉in　last week“上个星期”，前面无需加介词。‎ ‎④(2015·四川高考)Please help with me and give me some advice.‎ 解析：去掉with　动词help为及物动词，其后接宾语时无需加介词，故去掉with。‎ 常见介词的搭配 ‎(一)介词与动词构成的搭配 take advantage of　　　　　 利用 thank sb. for sth. 为某事感谢某人 have an effect on 对……有影响 say goodbye to 对……说再见 contribute to 贡献；有助于；促成 provide sb. with sth. 提供某人某物 hold up 举起 rely on 依靠 refer to 提及；参考；查阅 pass by 经过 care about 关心；介意 feel like 想要 call for 需要 pay for 为……付款 apply for 申请 begin with 以……开始 ‎(二)介词与名词构成的搭配 ‎1．at＋n.表示状态 at a loss 不知所措　　　　 at peace 处于和平状态 at war 在战争中 at work 在工作 ‎2．其他以at开头的介词短语 at the beginning of 在……的开始 at the cost of 以……的代价 at the risk of 冒……的危险 at the mercy of 在……支配下；任由……摆布 ‎3．on＋n.表示状态 on exhibition/show 在展出 on fire 着火 on sale 出售，打折 on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加 on holiday/vacation 在度假 ‎4．其他以on开头的介词短语 on account of 因为 on behalf of 代表 on no account/condition 决不 ‎5．by＋n.表示方式 by accident 偶然地 by air/plane 乘飞机 by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧 by hand 用手工 by mistake 错误地 by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地 ‎6．in＋n.表示方式 in cash 用现金付款 in detail 详细地 in English 用英语 in depth/height/length在深度/高度/长度上 ‎7．其他以in开头的介词短语 in no time立刻 in no way 决不 in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有，占有 in addition to 另外 in charge of 掌管……‎ in return 作为回报 in spite of 尽管 in exchange for 作为交换 in favor of 支持，赞成 in case of 万一；如果；假使 in honour of 为向……表示敬意 in memory of 为了纪念……‎ in support of 为支持……‎ ‎8．of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)‎ of benefit 有益处的 of help 有帮助的 of importance 重要的 of significance 有意义的 of use 有用的 of value 有价值的 ‎9．out of＋n.表示状态 out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气 out of control 失去控制　　 out of date 过期 out of order 发生故障 out of sight 看不见 out of the question 不可能 out of work 失业 ‎10．under＋n.表示被动 under attack 遭到袭击 under pressure 在压力下 under treatment 在治疗中 under control 处于控制之中 ‎11．with＋n.表示方式 with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地 with ease轻而易举地 with fear 害怕地 with pleasure 乐意地 ‎12．beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”‎ beyond compare无与伦比 beyond reach够不到 beyond description难以描述 beyond expression/words难以表达 ‎(三)介词与其他词构成的搭配 next to紧挨着 instead of代替 apart from除……之外 according to根据 along with随着 together with连同 owing to因为 but for要不是 regardless of不管，不顾 up to直到；由……而定 ‎ to and from往返，来来回回 in between在中间，在两者之间 ‎[命题点感悟]　　考什么·考多少·怎么考 ‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎①(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and________ work.‎ 解析：from　to and from“往返，来回，来来往往”。to and from work“上下班”。‎ ‎②(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s ...‎ 解析：to　go back to为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。‎ ‎③(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. ‎ 解析：on　句意：我们中的很多人一天中早晨的注意力要比晚些时候更集中。be focused on“专心于，集中于”，为固定短语。‎ ‎④(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day；________ the same time, they warm up again for the night.‎ 解析：at　at the same time意为“同时”，是固定短语。‎ ‎⑤(2015·广东高考)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby ________ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.‎ 解析：for　根据语境可知，他去附近的镇里卖牛奶，或用牛奶换其他的食物。这里用短语exchange ...for ...表示用牛奶换其他的食物。‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎①(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.‎ 解析：on→of　in the middle of “在……中间”，是固定搭配。‎ ‎②(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They have also bought for some gardening tools.‎ 解析：去掉for　buy用于buy sth., buy sth.for sb.或buy sb.sth.两种结构。‎ ‎③(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.‎ 解析： dreams后加of　固定短语dream of doing sth.意为“梦想做某事”。‎ ‎④(2016·浙江高考)While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge.‎ 解析：in→on　on the top of为固定搭配，意为“在……的上面/顶端”。故应把in改为on。‎ ‎⑤(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music.‎ 解析：listening后加to　listen为不及物动词，后跟名词时应该加上介词to。‎ ‎⑥(2014·辽宁高考)We appreciate your apologies and goodwill, but we hope that you can figure a good way of settling the matter. ‎ 解析：figure后加out　figure out“想出”，为固定短语。‎ ‎ ‎[题点全面练]‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2018·四川绵阳模拟)Hand straps (扶手带) on_buses were next with 380 units, followed by bathroom doorknobs at 340.‎ ‎2．Before you pay a visit to a place of interest, look in your local library for a book about it.‎ ‎3．Many people fall somewhere in between, but may have periods when levels of stress increase.‎ ‎4．(2018·海南中学月考)Regardless of_your dream, do your homework.‎ ‎5．(2018·广西柳州模拟)Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients by name, not case number.‎ ‎6．(2018·昆明模拟)Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek to food safety problems.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．(2018·甘肃庄浪四中模拟)There was one on particular I'd always wanted.on→in ‎2．(2018·河北武邑中学模拟)First, talk to someone you trust for how you feel.for→about ‎3．(2018·广东清远模拟)It's the relationship among my deskmate and me.among→between ‎4．(2018·哈尔滨六中模拟)Gradually, I became interested in biology and chose to learn biology when I entered into the college.去掉into ‎5．(2018·昆明三中模拟)There had been a terrible accident on the highway and, for a result, there was a long line of traffic for at least six miles.for→as ‎6．(2018·桂林模拟)Sometimes, human beings are too cruel at their best friends — animals.at→to Ⅲ.运用语法写靓句 ‎1．对父母而言，没有什么能与孩子的身心健康相比。(compare, physical and ‎ mental health)‎ As_for_parents,_nothing_can_be_compared_with_their_children's_physical_and_mental_health.‎ ‎2．尽管山高林密，医护人员还是迅速地赶到出事地点，实施援救。(rush, carry out, rescue)‎ Despite_the_high_mountains_and_thick_forests,_the_doctors_and_nurses_rushed_to_the_scene_of_the_accident_to_carry_out_the_rescue.‎ ‎3．你该就刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。(apologize)‎ You_should_apologize_to_the_people_present_for_what_you_have_just_done.‎ ‎4．演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。(begin, familiar)‎ The_performance_began_with_a_piece_of_classical_music_which_was_familiar_to_people_in_their_fifties.‎ ‎5．我常把王海误认为他的双胞胎弟弟，因为他们长得太像了。(mistake, look)‎ I_often_mistake_Wang_Hai_for_his_twin_brother_because_they_look_so_similar/very_much_alike._‎ ‎6．同时，我要把保护环境整洁健康看作是我的职责。(regard, keep)‎ At_the_same_time,_I_will_regard_it_as_my_duty_to_keep_our_environment_clean_and_healthy.‎ ‎[语篇综合练]‎ Ⅰ.语法填空 ‎(2018·广州模拟)I've been a volunteer at Radio Lollipop since May. It is one of the best __1__ (experience) that I've had in the last few years.‎ Radio Lollipop is an international charity organization __2__ (found) in 1979 to provide care, comfort, games and entertainment for children in hospital. The service is provided __3__ (entire) by volunteers who have been specially selected and trained to make a child's stay in hospital more interesting and less __4__ (frighten)．‎ I help out regularly on Monday evenings after work at the Royal Hospital. My task is to deliver a smile to the children at the wards (病房) __5__ might be there for a few days or even a couple of months. __6__ is hard to find children on Monday, as the cinema at the hospital is open on that day. Most of them tend __7__ (be) there.‎ I am __8__ (thank) for this opportunity to help children at the hospital and make their stays more pleasant. The experience also __9__ (help) me deal with the difficulties and challenges that I've been faced with in my own life. I am now more positive in helping others and realize that everyone goes __10__ some pain and suffering from time to time.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者向我们讲述了自己做志愿者的经历和感想。‎ ‎1．experiences　根据语境“这是我过去几年最好的经历之一”可知本空应用名词复数。‎ ‎2．founded　被修饰词“charity organization”与found之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。‎ ‎3．entirely　修饰谓语“is provided”应用副词entirely。‎ ‎4．frightening　空格处与and 前的interesting为并列成分，同为形容词作宾语补足语，故填frightening。‎ ‎5．who/that　先行词为“the children”，关系词在从句中作主语，因此用关系代词who/that。‎ ‎6．It　it作形式主语，代替真正的主语：动词不定式短语“to find children on Monday”。‎ ‎7．to be　tend to do sth.“倾向于做某事”，因此本空填动词不定式to be。‎ ‎8．thankful　be thankful for“因……而感激”。‎ ‎9．helps　根据语境，本句应用一般现在时态，因主语为“The experience”，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数。‎ ‎10．through　go through“经历；经受”。‎ Ⅱ.短文改错 ‎(2018·湛江模拟)Being a teacher is always believed to be one of greatest occupations, because teachers make great contributions for the world. Last week, I got a chance to experience teaching students. Our school asked us to teach some kids live in the countryside. The kids was so happy that they gave me a warm welcome. I teach them English and after class, we played games happily. We had a lot of funs together. When I returned back to school, I missed the students so much. They like me but some of them have kept in touch with me ever since. I felt so proudly of being a teacher.‎ 答案：第一句：greatest前加the; for→to 第三句：us→me; live→living 第四句：was→were 第五句：teach→taught 第六句：funs→fun 第七句：去掉back 第八句：but→and 第九句：proudly→proud