2020届二轮复习(一)名　词

2020届二轮复习(一)名　词

‎2020届二轮复习 (一)名　词 ‎ ‎ 可数名词的复数形式 ‎[全析考法]‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2018•全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ________ (cause)．‎ 解析：causes　此处的cause是可数名词，表示“原因”。根据其前的all可知，应该使用复数形式，故填causes。‎ ‎2．(2018•6月浙江高考)Making Chinese ________ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.‎ 解析：dishes　此处dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式泛指中国菜。‎ ‎3．(2017•全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side ________ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.‎ 解析：effects　根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweight and heart disease”可知，应用effect的复数形式。‎ ‎4．(2017•全国卷Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible ______ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.‎ 解析：crowds　根据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有限定词，所以用名词的复数形式。‎ ‎5．(2016•全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few ________ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum — she never suspects.‎ 解析：days　every few days表示“每隔几天”，此处应该使用名词的复数形式days。‎ ‎6．(2015•全国卷Ⅰ)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese ________ (painting)．‎ 解析：paintings　painting意为“图片，图画”，是可数名词，由于前有“so many”修饰，故使用其复数形式。‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．(2018•全国卷Ⅰ)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.‎ ‎________________‎ 解析：chicken→chickens　短语dozens of之后应该使用可数名词chicken“鸡”的复数形式。‎ ‎2．(2018•全国卷Ⅱ)After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.________________‎ 解析：sort→sorts　由前面的all 修饰可数名词sort可知，应用sort的复数形式；all sorts意为“各种各样的”。‎ ‎3．(2018•全国卷Ⅲ)At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, “The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.”‎ ‎________________‎ 解析：mistake→mistakes　and连接两个平行成分，前面的textbooks为复数，故可数名词mistake“错误”应改为 mistakes。‎ ‎4．(2017•全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！”________________‎ 解析：word→words　根据后面引号内的内容可知教练一直重复说的话有多句，故此处应用word的复数形式。‎ ‎5．(2016•全国卷Ⅲ)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.________________‎ 解析：year→years　此处指13～19岁的年龄，且其后be动词为were，故用year的复数形式。‎ ‎6．(2015•四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three new friend here.________________‎ 解析：friend→friends　名词friend为可数名词，其前有three修饰，需要用复数形式，故把friend改成friends。‎ ‎7．(2015•浙江高考)My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass.‎ ‎________________‎ 解析：side→sides　前面有three修饰，故side要用复数形式sides。‎ ‎8．(2014•全国卷Ⅰ)Since then — for all these year — we have been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please.‎ ‎________________‎ 解析：year→years　year为可数名词，其前面有these修饰，故应用其复数形式years。‎ ‎9．(2014•全国卷Ⅱ)For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.‎ ‎________________‎ 解析：第一个hour→hours　此处指一个半小时，所以用hour的复数形式。‎ ‎10．(2014•辽宁高考)We've called several time about Cleo's early morning barking.________________‎ 解析：time→times　根据前面表示数量的词several可知，此处time意为“次数”，应用复数形式。‎ ‎[谨记规则]‎ ‎(一)规则名词的6种复数变化形式 变化规则 例词 一般情况下 在词尾直接加s mouth→mouths 以s, x, ch，sh 结尾的名词 在词尾加es glass→glasses match→matches 以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词 变y为i再加es country→countries factory→factories 以元音字母＋y 结尾的名词 在词尾直接加s holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys 以o结尾的名词 一般在词尾加s photo→photos ‎ 有些在词尾加es potato→potatoes 以f, fe结尾的名词 一般要变f或fe为v再加es self→selves ‎ wolf→wolves ‎ 少数直接加s belief→beliefs ‎(二)可数名词复数的3种不规则变化形式 变化规则 例词 单复数同形 deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft, species, fish 变内部元音 foot→feet, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice，‎ ‎ man→men, woman→women 外来名词 medium→media　(媒体)‎ phenomenon→phenomena　(现象)‎ analysis→analyses　(分析)‎ ‎[特别注意]　fish表示“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词，表示“条数”时，其复数形式与单数形式相同，但表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes。‎ ‎(三)合成名词复数的2类变化形式 ‎1．若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。‎ passerby→passersby, sisterinlaw→sistersinlaw, grownup→grownups ‎2．“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数，如：women engineers。‎ ‎ ‎ 不可数名词　‎ ‎[全析考法]‎ 单句改错 ‎1．(2017•全国卷Ⅱ)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.________________‎ 解析：informations→information　information是不可数名词，没有复数形式。‎ ‎2．(2016•全国卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.________________‎ 解析：knowledges→knowledge　knowledge意为“知识”，是不可数名词，没有复数形式。‎ ‎3．(2015•全国卷Ⅰ)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.________________‎ 解析：airs→air　由后面的定语从句“we breathe in”可知，此处先行词的意思是“空气”，air意为“空气”时为不可数名词。故airs改为air。‎ ‎[谨记规则]‎ ‎(一)常见的24个不可数名词 单词 词义 单词 词义 fun 乐趣 homework 家庭作业 progress 进步 equipment 设备 bread 面包 wealth 财富 knowledge 知识 room 空间 work 工作 weather 天气 music 音乐 news 新闻；消息 traffic 交通 meat 肉 word 消息 luck 运气 advice 建议 housework 家务 information 信息 furniture 家具 milk 牛奶 baggage/luggage 行李 orange 橙汁 man 人类 ‎(二)抽象名词的具体化 抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)‎ surprise惊讶 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 success成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)‎ honour荣誉 an honour一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事)‎ failure失败 a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)‎ beauty美；美丽 a beauty美丽的人或事物 pleasure乐趣 a pleasure一件乐事 ‎ ‎ 语法填空解题“3定向”‎ ‎1．根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式 ‎(1)不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式；‎ ‎(2)有these, those, several, many, all, both, a pair of, a variety of, different或数词等修饰时名词用复数形式；‎ ‎(3)名词前有one of, among时用名词复数形式。‎ ‎2．根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式 名词作主语时，如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are，要考虑用名词的复数形式。‎ ‎3．根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式 表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词及并列名词时，名词需用复数形式。‎ 据第1条解题 ‎1．The team who won the three world championships (championship) would always get this cup.‎ ‎2．Interested in their work, she picked up a pair of scissors (scissor)．‎ ‎3．During the festival, which lasts three or four days, people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful activities (activity)．‎ ‎4．Although they are seen as companions and part of the family today, China and Western countries have different cultural beliefs (belief) about dogs.‎ ‎5．Above all, commercial interests often outweigh educational purposes, causing many complaints (complaint) about the unbearable advertisements.‎ ‎6．Going to Cambridge University was a dream of mine, for it is one of the top universities (university) in the world.‎ ‎7．I decided to label one of my small purses (purse), which I actually had with me that day, with her name, along with some cash inside and an encouraging note.‎ 据第2条解题 ‎8．While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us, the changes (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.‎ ‎9．Recent studies (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.‎ 据第3条解题 ‎10．Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on passersby (passerby)．‎ ‎11．It thinks that Cinglish may hurt people's ability to speak standard English and make it hard for ‎ them to communicate with foreigners (foreigner)．‎ ‎12．Unable to express himself easily in conversation, he uses a special typewriter to write letters to his friends, and beautiful poems (poem)．‎ 短文改错解题“3视角”‎ ‎1．分清名词单复数 看到several, a few, many, one of, three, a number of等要想到其后的名词应用复数形式。‎ ‎2．知晓不可数名词 看到information, advice, homework, progress, knowledge, furniture, luggage, strength等，要想到它们是不可数名词，没有复数形式。‎ ‎3．注意词性错误 看到冠词、形容词性物主代词、介词或及物动词(短语)，要想到后跟名词形式。 ‎ 据第1条解题 ‎1．The two thing that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.thing→things ‎2．It is not easy for our parent to bring us up.parent→parents ‎3．I failed to respond to their question.question→questions ‎4．The teachers often encourage us to make more friend in the school.friend→friends ‎5．Due to some rich tourist attraction, every year many visitors come to my hometown, where they can not only appreciate the beautiful scenery, but also enjoy the delicious food.attraction→attractions 据第2条解题 ‎6．He has much knowledges and his teaching method is scientific.knowledges→knowledge ‎7．Looking at the spot where he thought the “fly” was again, he was so angry that he slapped it with all his strengths.strengths→strength ‎8．A lot of informations can be stored in it.informations→information ‎9．She's getting married next month and decides to buy some decorations and furnitures.furnitures→furniture 据第3条解题 ‎10．I would appreciate it if you could give me a reply at your earliest convenient.convenient→convenience ‎11．Firstly, it is of vital important to have a positive attitude.important→importance ‎12．I restarted to pick up my confident again.confident→confidence