【英语】2018届二轮复习被动语态用法指导（3页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习被动语态用法指导（3页）

‎2018届 二轮复习 被 动 语 态(Passive Voice)用法指导 ‎ ‎ ‎1.语态的基本概念和种类:‎ 语态(voice)是动词的一种形式，用来表示主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者（发出者），被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者（作用对象）。eg. ‎ They built this bridge. (主动句) This bridge was built by them. (被动句) ‎ ‎2.构成:‎ ① “be+ p.p.(vt.)” →passive voice or 系表结构？‎ ‎ ② “get + p.p.”【因客观原因而发生的不幸的事,强调结果，口语化，不跟by。get burnt/caught/drowned/hurt/killed/lost/separated；或表示主语自身的主动行为：get dressed/married】‎ ‎3.用法:‎ ‎(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者时：His bike has been stolen. ‎ ‎(2)没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时：China was liberated in 1949. ‎ ‎(3)主语不能发出其后的谓语动词时：Football is played all over the world.‎ ‎（ *如需要指出动作的执行者，可用 “by + 动作执行者（宾格）”：The novel was written by Lu Xun.）‎ ‎4.转换： ‎ ‎ (1)各种时态的被动语态 一般现在时: A lot of books are kept in our school library.‎ 一般过去时: Gold was discovered in California in the late 1840s.‎ 现在进行时: My cellphone is being charged. ‎ 一般将来时: The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.‎ 现在完成时: Many stamps have been collected by Jim since last year. ‎ ‎(2)含有情态动词的被动语态是“情态动词 + be + 过去分词”：‎ The question needn’t be discussed. The classroom must be cleaned at ‎ once.‎ ‎(3)短语动词改为被动语态时不可丢掉其后的介词或副词：‎ He was often made fun of by his classmates. This must be paid attention to.‎ Lots of new words have to be looked up. This lesson must be gone over again.‎ ‎(4)双宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）： （ *to, for, of ）‎ I was given a book (by someone). 或：A book was given to me (by someone). ‎ She was made a kite (by Mum). 或：A kite was made for her (by Mum).‎ He has been asked many questions. 或：Many questions have been asked of him.‎ ‎(5)复合宾语（宾语、宾补）： ( *Sb be made/seen/heard to do sth.)‎ ‎5.不能转换为被动语态的句式：‎ ‎(1)动词本身的原因：谓语动词为表示静态的动词catch(患)，have（吃饭）,own, cost, lack, last, ‎ ‎ hold, fit, suit, fail, remain, suffer, escape, end等;谓语动词中有would rather或dare时。‎ ‎(2)受宾语的限制：‎ ‎ ①当宾语是相互代词、反身代词时 ‎ ‎ For years the two sisters looked after one another. You’d better make yourself at home.‎ ‎ ②当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时 （hold one’s breath,take one’s place,make up one’s mind）‎ ‎ The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words. ‎ ‎ ③enter, leave, reach的宾语是地点或处所的词时 ‎ She entered the hall at once. He left school in 1998.‎ ‎ ④宾语是同源宾语时 ‎ ‎ He lived a peaceful life. She dreamt a terrible dream. ‎ ‎ ⑤宾语是动词不定式或动词的-ing形式时 ‎ He admitted having done wrong. He has decided to go and study abroad. ‎ ‎ ⑥不可拆开的动词短语(lose heart,lose patience,make faces,make the bed,make room for,keep watch,keep silence,take office,take notes,take up arms,… )‎ ‎*6.主动结构被动含义：‎ ‎①不及物动词sell, wash, read, write, act, add, wear, cook, lock, tear, cut, keep, feel, burn, strike等与表示行为方式的状语(well,easily,perfectly)连用时 ‎ ‎ Organic food sells well. My pen writes smoothly. His voice records well.‎ ‎②感官系动词look, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear ‎ ‎ Their method proved (to be) effective. The flowers smell sweet. The steel feels cold.‎ ‎③不用于被动语态的词语(spread, happen,occur,take place,break out,come about,come down,come out, come up,go out,go up,belong to, be able to,consist of, date from,look like,pay off,run out,take off, turn out,…)‎ ‎④Sth + need/want/require doing. (= …to be done.)‎ ‎⑤Sth be (well) worth doing.‎ ‎⑥She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。 The house is to let. 此房出租。‎ ‎⑦The question is easy to answer. (不定式接在系表结构后，并与主语构成动宾关系)‎ ‎⑧The door won’t lock. The window won’t shut. The drawer won’t open. ‎ ‎(某事物暂时失去某一特征)‎ ‎⑨be under repair/construction/discussion/consideration ‎ be in the charge/possession of