2020届二轮复习阅读理解词句猜测--词义猜测题解题指导

2020届二轮复习阅读理解词句猜测--词义猜测题解题指导

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解词句猜测--词义猜测题解题指导 题型解读】‎ 词义猜测题是阅读理解每年常考的题型。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来，对于生词的理解是否准确，直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。‎ 词义猜测题的命题方式有：‎ ‎(1)What does the underlined word “...” probably mean?‎ ‎(2)The word “...” refers to/probably means .‎ ‎(3)The underlined word “...” could best be replaced by .‎ ‎(4)What do you think the expression “...” stands for?‎ ‎(5)By saying “...” we mean .‎ ‎(6)“...” used in the passage can best be defined as .‎ ‎(7)Which of the following words can take the place of the word “...”？‎ 二、解题技巧——巧用线索猜词义 ‎1．根据定义、释义或同位语进行猜测 有些文章，特别是科技说明文，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语下定义，通过阅读定义和解释部分，考生便可理解该词或短语的意思。有时，需要猜测的单词或短语后面会紧跟一个同位语，作为对前面的词或短语的解释说明。有时，文章会用冒号、破折号、括号等对某个词或短语加以解释说明。‎ 例如：Taylor’s swift action helped her teammates calm down.One girl ‎ called 911.Two more ran to get the school nurse，who brought a defibrillator，an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work.Luck stayed with them：Paris’s heartbeat returned.‎ 分析：所猜测单词defibrillator后面出现了同位语an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work (一个可以电击心脏使其重新工作的电子器械)来进行解释说明，我们可推知其词义应为“(心脏)除颤器”。‎ ‎2．根据构词法进行猜测 英语中通过词根加词缀或两个单词合成的方式可以构成新词。因此，掌握了一定的构词知识，再结合上下文语境，也可以快速猜测词义。‎ 例如： A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry.‎ 分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。‎ ‎3．根据因果关系进行猜测 在阅读理解文章的句子或段落中，若两个事物或两种现象之间构成因果关系，这时我们可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推断词或短语的含义。表示因果关系的标志词有because，so，thus，therefore，as a result of，since，so that，so/such...that...等。‎ 例如：My son could not follow the teacher’s directions，he told me，and thus，Scola was disrupting the class.Didn’t he know my son did not speak English yet?‎ 试题：What does the underlined word “disrupting” probably mean?‎ A．Breaking. B．Following.‎ C．Attending. D．Disturbing.‎ 分析：画线单词所在的句子出现了因果关系标志词thus，由前面的原因“我儿子听不懂老师的指示”可以推知，“他因此认为我儿子Scola干扰了课堂”，故选D项。其余三项都不符合这一因果逻辑关系。‎ ‎4．根据同义或近义关系进行猜测 在画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该词或该短语的含义，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词或短语的含义。常见的表示相同或相近意义的词和短语有and，or，like，as well，similarly，too，also，either等。‎ 例如：The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg，Florida.‎ 试题：What does the underlined word “contributions” refer to?‎ A．Artworks. B．Projects.‎ C．Donations. D．Documents.‎ 分析：画线单词contributions前出现了and，可利用同义或近义关系进行猜测。and前面提到了the fine selection of the major works (精选的重要作品)，后面说contributions来自其他机构，由并列关系可以推断出contributions应该属于works的范畴，同时文中明确表示contributions是来自museum的，故选A项。‎ ‎5．根据反义、转折和对比关系进行猜测 有些需要猜测词义的词或短语前后会出现表示转折或对比的词语，运用这些词语也可以帮助猜测词义。能体现转折、对比关系的词汇很多，常见的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead (of)，on the other hand，rather than，on the contrary等。‎ 例如：In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried ‎ pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.‎ 试题：What does the underlined word “sedate” probably mean?‎ A．Wild and romantic. B．Slow and peaceful.‎ C．Hungry and thirsty. D．Active and excited.‎ 分析：画线词语所在句子的句意为“虽然它们 ，但是在一天的这个时候骑马观赏仍然令人印象非常深刻。”由though可知前后两句是转折关系，再结合前一句中提到的at a more relaxed and unhurried pace可知，应选B项，sedate意为“不慌不忙的”。‎ ‎6．根据上下文进行猜测 有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。‎ 例如：There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but you’ll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，so it’s a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.‎ 试题：What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” probably mean?‎ A．A practical idea. B．A vain hope.‎ C．A brilliant plan. D．A selfish desire.‎ 分析：根据连接词so可知上下文之间存在着因果关系，故我们需要从上文中寻找答案。由上文中的“One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but you’ll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it...”可知，尽管Orleans Reinette 是很好的品种，但是对各项条件的要求很高，因此大多数喜欢它的人种植它的希望会落空。故选B项。‎ ‎【课堂练习】‎ A ‎83-year-old Antonio Vicente has spent the last four decades of his life fighting against the trend.As Brazilian landowners 9cut down rainforests to make room for 1profitable plantations(种植园) and cattle grounds，he struggled to bring the jungles of his childhood back to life.‎ ‎“When I was a child，the peasants cut down the trees to make grasslands and charcoal，and the water dried up and did not come back，” he told the reporters.“I thought：‘Water is valuable，no one makes water and the population will not stop growing.What is going to happen? We are going to run out of water.’”‎ With only some donkeys and a small team of hired workers，Antonio Vicente set about bringing back the forest to his land.What started out as a weekend hobby soon became a 2permanent way of life，and Antonio recalls often spending whole days and nights in his young jungle，surrounded by rats and foxes，and eating banana sandwiches for breakfast，lunch and dinner.Over the last 40 years，he has planted an estimated 50,000 trees on his 31-hectare land，which now make up a small but unique area of rainforest，and a haven for wildlife.‎ As the forest grew，the water returned，and Antonio says that there are now over 20 water sources on his land that were no longer there when he bought it.Then the animals started making a home there.Today，the forest is alive with the sounds of birds and 3insects living there，and more species are settling in every year.‎ ‎“There are toucans(巨嘴鸟)，all kinds of birds，squirrels，lizards，‎ and even the boars are returning，” 83-year-old Vicente says.“If you ask me who my family are，I would say all is right here，each one of these that I planted from a seed.”‎ ‎1．What do we learn about the Brazilian peasants?‎ A．They wasted much water on farming.‎ B．They focused on short-term profits.‎ C．They cared much about the environment.‎ D．They relied heavily on rainforests for a living.‎ 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“As Brazilian landowners cut down rainforests to make room for profitable plantations...”及第二段中的“the water dried up and did not come back”可知，巴西的农民关注的是短期的利益。故选B。‎ ‎2．What used to be young Antonio’s biggest concern?‎ A．Overpopulation. B．Polluted water.‎ C．Loss of grasslands. D．Water shortage.‎ 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Water is valuable，no one makes water and the population will not stop growing.What is going to happen? We are going to run out of water.”可知，年轻的Antonio最关心的是水的短缺。故选D。‎ ‎3．What does the underlined word “haven” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?‎ A．Trap. B．Disaster.‎ C．Shelter. D．Balance.‎ 答案　C 解析　词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“insects living there，and more species are settling in every year”可知，昆虫生活在这里，每年更多的物种在这里定居，由此可推断出这里成了野生生物的“安居地，避难所”。故选C。‎ ‎4．In the last paragraph，Antonio mainly expresses his .‎ A．4affection for his forest B．thanks for his family C．deep love for rare birds D．pride as a successful farmer 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If you ask me who my family are，I would say all is right here，each one of these that I planted from a seed.”可推知，Antonio主要在表达他对森林的爱。故选A。‎ B Have you ever lost your car on a parking lot? It happens.You park and go shopping.When you get back，you have no idea where your car is.It can be discouraging.‎ You don’t need to install(安装) an expensive GPS system to keep 10track of your car.That’s too expensive.You would need to pay a monthly 5subscription fee just to use it.But is there a way to track your 6vehicle without spending a fortune? Yes，now there is! A California-based start-up company is able to make this a reality.They have created a tiny device(装置) that works with your smartphone，and it can be exactly what you’re looking for! It’s called TrackR Bravo.It’s changing the way we ‎ keep track of the important things in our lives.‎ ‎7Install the free TrackR app on your smartphone，connect the app to your device and you’re ready to go! Simply attach TrackR to whatever you want to keep an eye on.The entire process of setting it up only takes 5 minutes or less.You can attach it to your keys，wallet and anything else you don’t want to lose.Then use the TrackR app to find where your missing items are in seconds.‎ Forget expensive GPS systems or tracking services.Nobody wants to pay expensive monthly subscription fees.We understand how stressful these things can be，and this is the reason why the company created TrackR.This device is your VIP when you need to take care of important things.‎ If you forget where you park your car，take out your smartphone and open the TrackR app.Tap on the “lost item” sign on the screen and the app will tell you the exact location.This device is by no means expensive.TrackR only costs 29，a small price to pay for peace of mind.The device is small enough that you can attach it to your pets.Put it on their collar，and you will never lose track of them! Attach it to your key or wallet，and never waste a minute rummaging the whole house for it.‎ Since you’ve been informed about this brilliant invention，now attach it to everything that’s important to you.‎ ‎5．Why does the author mention the lost car in the first paragraph?‎ A．To explain how terrible the situation is.‎ B．To stress the importance of being cautious.‎ C．To lead to the topic concerning finding lost items.‎ D．To provide one common example about theft.‎ 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。由第一段及下文中的内容可知，提到丢失的汽车是为了引出寻找丢失物品的话题。故选C。‎ ‎6．What’s the feature of the TrackR app?‎ A．The process of setting up the app is complex.‎ B．The cost of setting up the app is rather high.‎ C．The app is available in any electronic equipment.‎ D．The app helps locate the lost items in a short time.‎ 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Then use the TrackR app to find where your missing items are in seconds.”可知，这个应用软件可以帮助你在短时间内找到丢失的物品。故选D。‎ ‎7．The TrackR was created because .‎ A．life is full of all kinds of pressure B．tracking services cause 8financial burden C．people want to keep their important items safe D．GPS systems can not provide specific location 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段前三句可知，跟踪服务造成财政负担。故选B。‎ ‎8．Which of the following is closest to the meaning of the underlined word “rummaging” in Paragraph 5?‎ A．Searching. B．Destroying.‎ C．Cleaning. D．Moving.‎ 答案　A 解析　词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段可知，该装置足够小，你可以将它固定到你的宠物上。把它放在它们的项圈上，你就不会与它们失去联系！把它固定在你的钥匙或钱包上，就不用浪费时间搜寻整个房子寻找它。画线词的意思应该是“搜寻”，故选A。‎ ‎【提炼拓展】‎ Ⅰ.障碍词汇突破 ‎(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思 ‎1．Drug manufacturing is the most profitable business in the U．S.赚钱的；赢利的 ‎2．This choice is not a permanent situation，however，as many people have chosen to change the values of their lives.永久的 ‎3．An insect is a small animal that has six legs and most of them have wings such as flies，butterflies.昆虫 ‎4．Say “I love you” often.Express your affection and appreciation to friends and family.‎ 感情；喜爱 ‎5．Some of these stories are part of a monthly subscription package.订阅 ‎6．The red traffic light indicates that every person and vehicle must stop.车辆 ‎7．Shows you where to go to download the server and how to install it.安装 ‎8．The government predicates that the market collapse was caused by Asian financial crisis.金融的 ‎(二)一词多义 ‎9．cut down削减，缩短，降低；砍倒 ‎(1)You can cut down on the number of ads and still reach more people.‎ 削减 ‎(2)Avoid stress foods and cut down on sugar and salt.降低 ‎(3)If you cut down more trees than you grow，you will run out of trees.砍倒 ‎10．track n．轨道；足迹；小道；vt.追踪 ‎(1)The first thing that I had to do to understand how I use my time was track almost everything.‎ 追踪 ‎(2)This is the one who tries to force every guy she dates onto the marriage track.轨道 ‎(3)We set off once more，over a rough mountain track.小道 ‎(4)The only evidence of pandas was their tracks in the snow.足迹 Ⅱ.长难句理解 ‎1．Over the last 40 years，he has planted an estimated 50,000 trees on his 31-hectare land，which now make up a small but unique area of rainforest，and a haven for wildlife.‎ ‎[句式分析]　本句是一个复合句，句子的主干部分是简单句的主谓宾结构，主语是he，谓语是has planted，宾语是an estimated 50,000 trees；Over the last 40 years是时间状语，on his 31-hectare land是地点状语，which now make up a small...是定语从句，修饰land。‎ ‎[精美译文]　在过去的40年里，他已在31公顷土地上种植了大约5万棵树，这构成了一个小但独特的热带雨林，它是野生生物的避难所。‎ ‎2．We understand how stressful these things can be，and this is the reason why the company created TrackR.‎ ‎[句式分析]　本句是一个并列句，由并列连词and连接；and前面的句子是主谓宾结构，宾语是宾语从句；and 后面的句子是主系表结构，表语是the reason；why the company created TrackR是定语从句。‎ ‎[精美译文]　我们理解这些事情压力会是多么的大，这就是这家公司创造TrackR的原因。‎ 强化训练 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A ‎ My favorite book，The Secret by Rhonda Byrne，talks about a formula called “SFF” which stands for “stopping finding faults”．I used to be a critical person and tried to find faults.I guess I somehow inherited this character from my father.Actually many good qualities of my father are worth admiring except this.‎ My father is the person who constantly looks for mistakes in other people and he thinks no one is perfect in the world.His character created a negative atmosphere in my family.I was the same as my father，so I often felt angry，disappointed，depressed，and lonely in school.‎ After I had read my favorite book，I began to seek “good things” in other people.It has completely altered my life.Now I feel happier，I have more friends，I have more trust in people，and I realize everyone has their own strength! Another important lesson I got from this book is that I should always behave myself in a positive manner.Let’s admit that we sometimes complain about our situation.That’s not good.“Believe it or not，people don’t like to listen to negative opinions.”‎ One more valuable lesson I got from the book is that I should be a good listener.When I was younger，I only wanted people to pay whole attention to my words so that I could show them how important I was.I was very proud and would show off my achievements in school without considering others’ feelings.I had very few friends and most people considered me as an “arrogant” person.Now，I find it much easier to make friends after making some changes!‎ 语篇解读　文章主要讲述了是一本书使作者由原来的傲慢、自以为是，变得友好、随和、积极乐观。‎ ‎1．Why does the author like the book The Secret?‎ A．Because he’s found the secret of success from it.‎ B．Because the book uncovers the secrets of happiness.‎ C．Because he’s learnt his father’s characters from it.‎ D．Because it helps him change his attitude towards life.‎ 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段前三句可知，作者读了这本书之后，性格发生了改变，故选D。‎ ‎2．What do you know about the author’s father?‎ A．He makes his son feel angry and disappointed.‎ B．He likes finding faults with people around him.‎ C．He seems a critical person but in fact easy-going.‎ D．He can create a negative atmosphere when necessary.‎ 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“My father is the person who constantly looks for mistakes in other people and he thinks no one is perfect in the world.”可知，作者的父亲喜欢给别人挑毛病。‎ ‎3．The underlined word “arrogant” probably means “ ”．‎ A．self-important B．admirable C．troublesome D．cold-blooded 答案　A 解析　词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“When I was younger，I only ‎ wanted people to pay whole attention to my words so that I could show them how important I was.”以及“I had very few friends and most people considered me as an ‘arrogant’ person.”可知，以前的作者以自我为中心，忽略别人的感受，所以别人认为他是个以自我为中心的人。‎ ‎4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?‎ A．To persuade readers to be good listeners.‎ B．To share his painful changing experience.‎ C．To tell readers the influence of a book on him.‎ D．To show the result of his father’s negative character.‎ 答案　C 解析　写作意图题。通读整篇文章可知，作者讲述了因为一本书，作者由原来的自以为是、爱挑毛病，变得积极、乐观、友好，所以本文主要介绍了一本书对作者的影响。‎ B Dealing with obesity is difficult.A lot of factors such as ethnicity，genetics，lifestyle，and personal habits should be considered in the management of obesity.Obesity，if not properly managed，can lead to a lot of health problems that may later evolve into life-threatening diseases.‎ The management of obesity mostly focuses on lifestyle changes.Reaching your healthy weight involves proper management of your diet and exercise.The obese person may seek the help of a dietitian or a personal trainer.‎ There are a lot of diets that have gained popularity.However，it is best that you consult your dietitian on what is best for you.Furthermore，your dietitian would consider your food preferences.If you are a little low in the budget，take into consideration the current dietary recommendations that ‎ are based on the food pyramid.This is researchable on the Internet.You can use this as a guide on how much you are supposed to eat.‎ Exercise has a lot of benefits.It burns those extra calories and prevents different health problems from occurring.Thus，exercise is vital if you wish to lose weight.People are often too lazy to engage in exercise.However，there are numerous alternatives to the usual exercise routine.If you want things to be plain，walking or biking is a good exercise.It is important that you stick to your exercise plan so that you would achieve your desired results.However，you must set realistic goals so as not to be disappointed.‎ Behavioral changes are vital to conquering obesity.Those who engage in crash diets are mostly unsuccessful in weight management because they do not have any behavioral change.‎ Sedentary lifestyle contributes to weight gain.Perhaps adding physical activity to your schedule would help in weight management.Physical activity could be as simple as dancing around the house or just plain strolling along the mall.‎ 语篇解读　肥胖会导致很多健康问题，甚至会威胁生命安全，所以它是一个值得认真对待的问题。本文建议人们从几个方面进行肥胖问题的自我管理，包括饮食、锻炼、行为习惯的改变和生活方式的选择等。‎ ‎5．Why is obesity a severe problem?‎ A．It may threaten your life.‎ B．It can influence your work.‎ C．It may make you look unattractive.‎ D．It can prevent you from playing sports.‎ 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Obesity，if not properly ‎ managed，can lead to a lot of health problems that may later evolve into life-threatening diseases.”可知，肥胖会导致健康问题，甚至会发展成为威胁生命安全的疾病。故选A。‎ ‎6．What should you do if you don’t have much money?‎ A．Turn to an expert.‎ B．Refer to eating advice.‎ C．Mainly eat energy-giving food.‎ D．Seldom have nutritious food.‎ 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“If you are a little low in the budget，take into consideration the current dietary recommendations that are based on the food pyramid.This is researchable on the Internet.”可知，如果你预算紧张(资金不够)，可以考虑基于食物金字塔的饮食推荐，那些都可以在网上搜到。故选B。‎ ‎7．Why should you set practical aims?‎ A．You will never feel disappointed.‎ B．They will make you go on.‎ C．You will carry out simple things.‎ D．They will make you feel relaxed.‎ 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“However，you must set realistic goals so as not to be disappointed.”可知，在锻炼时，要设置合理的目标，那样就不至于失望，也就是说会有继续坚持的动力。B选项They will make you go on(他们将会使你继续坚持)符合语境，故选B。‎ ‎8．What does the underlined word “Sedentary” in the last ‎ paragraph mean?‎ A．Unhealthy. B．Overeating.‎ C．Unchangeable. D．Inactive.‎ 答案　D 解析　词义猜测题。根据“Sedentary lifestyle contributes to weight gain.”可知，这种生活方式会让人长胖。再结合后文中的“Perhaps adding physical activity to your schedule would help in weight management.”可知，增加身体运动会有助于管理体重。说明前面那种生活方式就是“缺少身体锻炼的，不活跃的”。D选项inactive表示“不活跃的，不积极的”。故选D。‎