【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题代词（36页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题代词（36页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习语法专题 代词 一、概述 代词可谓名词的化身，代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语，分句和句子的词，英语中代词的种类更是多种多样，总的来说，可分为八种：人称代词、物主代词、不定代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、反身代词和关系代词，因为物主代词又可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，所以细分的话可分为九种。‎ 本章首先叙述代词的定义及分类，接着从代词的分类出发逐层深刻剖析。以代词的八大类为线索，一一阐述并通过大量高度概括地语言予以理论性的概括，并附有大量例子予以论证。对于每一类代词中的典型的比较重要的代词同样通过理论和实例相结合的方式进行剖析。本章重点在于每种代词的用法及典型代词的用法。‎ 二、定义及分类 代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的词。‎ 总地来说，英语中的代词可分为以下9类：人称代词、形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词、不定代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、反身代词和关系代词等（当然，如果把形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词合并称为物主代词，则可分为8类）。‎ 三、各类代词在句中的成分及所起的作用 ‎1、人称代词：主语、宾语、表语、同位语。‎ ‎2、形容词性物主代词：定语。‎ ‎3、名词性物主代词：主语、宾语、表语、同位语。‎ ‎4、不定代词：对于不同的不定式代词在句中所起的作用也不尽相同，总的说来，可以作以下几种成分：主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语、补语。‎ ‎5、指示代词：主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语（this、that=so）。‎ ‎6、相互代词：宾语、状语、同位语。‎ ‎7、疑问代词：主语、表语、宾语、定语。‎ ‎8、反身代词：宾语、表语、状语、同位语。‎ ‎9、关系代词：主语、宾语、表语（主要是在定语从句中所充当的成分，对此我们只是简要说明，在第14章“定语从句”中将进一步详细阐述）。‎ 四、各类代词的分类（范畴）极其功能 人称代词 ‎1、人称代词表示人称范畴以及它们的变化形式有人称、性、数与格之分，下面通过一个表格体现。‎ 数、格 ‎ 人称 单数 复数 ‎ 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 阳性 he him 他们 they 她们 ‎ 它们 ‎ them ‎ 阴性 she her ‎ ‎ 中性 it it ‎ ‎2、下面着重介绍人称代词的特殊用法，对于在句中的一些常规用法在“各类代词在句中的成分及所起的作用中已点到，在此不再过多说明（对于人称代词it的用法，将在“it法”一章予以阐述）。‎ ‎（1）两个或两个以上的人称代词同时在一个句中出现的时候，若语法功能相同，代词的形式应一致。如：‎ She and I are both admitted to that college this year.‎ Between you and me, he is really a bad man.‎ ‎（2）人称代词可用来代指动物。如：‎ The dog runs quickly in the field, because he wants to hunt the rabbit.‎ The horse was tired out, but his master didn’t give him a rest.‎ ‎（3）拟人化用法代指国家、机构、组织、车辆、轮船、地球、月亮、党派等，表示一种喜爱的感情。如：‎ The earth is our mother, we just live in her breast.‎ I love my motherland, she is great.‎ The train makes his way on the rocky hills.‎ ‎（4）人称代词偶尔可作名词用，在特定情况下，人称代词可用作形容词或限定词作定语，也可有-s复数形式，人称代词工作名词可表示“自我、极端自私的人”等义，he和she表示男性和女性或动物的雄性和雌性。如：‎ Is the baby born just now he or she?‎ In the population in the village, there may be more hes than shes.‎ We shouldn’t become the I.‎ ‎（5）关于多个人称代词的排序问题。‎ 并列的人称代词都是单数：第三人称+第二人称+第一人称（两个并列人称代词同样按照此顺序：第三人称+第二人称、第三人称+第一人称、第二人称+第一人称）。‎ 但是在承担责任、承担错误、接受批评时，要把第一人称放在前面，以示礼貌，即：第一人称+第三人称+第二人称，第一人称+第二人称/第三人称。如：‎ He, you and I are of the same football team.‎ You and I are classmates in primary school.‎ I and she are to blame.‎ We and the children spoiled the plan.‎ 第一人称代词加不定代词。如：‎ I and others take part in his birthday party.‎ We and nobody will take this stupid advice.‎ 父母/丈夫/妻子+第一人称+子女。如：‎ My wife, I and our two daughters will go hiking this summer.‎ My parents, I and my children all like this kind of music.‎ ‎（6）人称代词应与所代替的词在人称和数上保持一致。如：‎ Vegetable and meet are both good food because they are good for our health.‎ The room is full of dust, it hasn’t been cleared for a long time.‎ 但是-body、-one的不定代词，如：everybody、everyone、somebody、no one等需用复数第三人称代词they代替，在非正式文体中也可用he，但在正式文体中认为是错的，而-thing的不定代词，如：everything、anything、something、nothing等需用单数第三人称代词it代替。‎ 以上两种情况常出现在以下三种情况下：①在一句话中后面用代词去代替前面的相应不定代词。②在反意疑问句中，确定反意疑问句部分的主语。③在对话中，用人称代词去代替相应的不定代词。如：‎ Someone is knocking at the door. They must be John. He has told me that he will call on me at three o’clock.‎ Nothing is impossible, isn’t it?‎ ‎—Can anyone do the job successfully?‎ ‎—No; they must have a good knowledge of management.‎ ‎（7）用在独立主格中，如：‎ The boss gave each of us a task, I to brush the table, he to clean the floor, and you to wash the bowls.‎ ‎（8）当人称代词单独使用时，一般用宾格。如：‎ ‎—John go to buy a bottle of beer.‎ ‎—Why me?‎ ‎—I’d like to go swimming.‎ ‎—Me, too.‎ ‎（9）第一人称复数we可被用来代表社团、法人等集体讲话。如：‎ We should like to duplicate the order we sent you last month.‎ We don’t support the views expressed in this colum.‎ ‎（10）有没有形容词性物主代词的区别 虽然仅一字之差，意义却不大相同，比较：‎ lose heart灰心 ahead of time提前 lose one’s heart（to）爱上 ahead of one’s time（思想等）超越时代 for life终生 at best至多，充其量 for one’s life拼命地 at one’s best出色、处于最佳状态 ‎（11）“the+名词+of+宾格人称代词”的含义 双重所有格由“名词+of +名词性物主代词（名词所有格）”表示，如a friend of my brother’s，而不说a friend of me，但是有时候，如果这种结构中的名词前有定冠词the或其他限定词，则要用“the+名词+of+宾格人称代词”结构，这种结构常表示某种感情色彩。如：‎ Not for the life of me will I give in to my enemy.‎ I really hate the look of the man.‎ We shouldn’t learn a skill just for the fun of it.‎ ‎（12）用主格还是宾格 在英语中，如果人称代词作主语当然用主格。作宾语即用宾格，这是最基本的。但是在一些情况下，只能用主格或宾格或主格和宾格可互换使用。‎ ‎1、在动词be后作表语的人称代词在正式文体用主格。如：‎ It is I.‎ It is they.‎ 但是在口语中以宾格为宜，如：‎ It’s me.‎ It is them.‎ ‎2、在such as、the same thing as、other than、rather than、between、think… of…being后及独立主格中一般用主格或宾格皆可，口语中更多用宾格。如：‎ They thought of the thief being he/him.‎ Failure is not for such as I/me.‎ Nobody other than he/him went that way.‎ ‎3、在think…to be、imagine…to be、look up…us等后多用宾格，因为后边紧接的成分应和动词后的宾语一致，所以多用宾格。如：‎ I thought the fat man to be him.‎ He imagines the beautiful noble girl to be her.‎ ‎4、在than和as后可用主格亦可用宾格。如：‎ He’s younger than I (me).‎ John is as good a student as I (me).‎ ‎5、有时用主格或宾格的含义不同。如：‎ I love you more than him.（我爱你比爱他很）‎ I love you more than he.（我爱你比他爱你很）‎ I will visit Tom, not her.（我将拜访汤姆，而不是拜访她）‎ I will visit Tom, not she.（我而不是她将拜访汤姆）‎ 物主代词 ‎1、物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，也可称为代词属格，它分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，下面通过两个表格体现两种物主代词的形式。‎ ‎①形容词性物主代词 数 人称 单数 复数 第一人称 my our 第二人称 your your 第三人称 his、her、its their ‎②名词性物主代词 数 ‎ 人称 单数 复数 第一人称 mine ours 第二人称 yours yours 第三人称 his/hers/its theirs ‎2、形容词性物主代词只能用作定语修饰名词，但不能代替名词。名词性物主代词用来代替名词词组，可用作主语、宾语或表语可替代名词，这是它们基本的句法功能，下面看看它们还有哪些特殊用法。‎ ‎①两个不同性别的形容词性物主代词共同修饰一个名词时，男性代词要放在女性代词之前。如：‎ Which do you think is better, his or her composition?‎ ‎②名词性物主代词与of连用，构成所有格（在名词一章“所有格”部分已经详细阐述过）。如：‎ That is no fault of hers.‎ A friend of mine will come to see me tomorrow.‎ ‎③用在of one’s own结构中。‎ We should protect things of our own during the journey.‎ All of us want to have freedom room of our own.‎ ‎④用在限定词the、that、this等+名词+of+名词性物主代词，表示强烈感情色彩（和前面人称代词部分一个类似的表感情色彩的结构不可混为一谈，是两种不同的结构），如：‎ Look at big nose of his.‎ This dog of ours never bites.‎ 指示代词 ‎1、指示代词是专门用来指出或表示人或物的一类代词，它们是：this（这个）、that（那个）、these（这些）、those（那些）。（对于指示代词it的用法在“it法”中予以阐述）‎ ‎2、指示代词this、that、these、those有下列用法 ‎（1）this或that有时可以作状语，用来表示程度，意谓“这么”和“那么”，相当于very、quiet等。如：‎ I don’t want that much.‎ Have you been that out of touch?‎ ‎（2）that和those常用在下列情况下：用以代替前面出现过的名词，且有后置定语，单数即用that（相当于the one），复数即用those（相当于those）。如：‎ The population of China is larger than that of Japan.‎ The visitors here in summer are as many as those in winter.‎ ‎（3）为了强调而重复前面所讲的事物，多用于省略句和“主+系+表”结构中。如：‎ Monstrous handsome young man, that!‎ I went through the long drawing-room, a lovely room, this.‎ They are no ordinary houses, those.‎ She is a good lady, that woman.‎ ‎（4）指代前面提到过的事物，常用that或those起“承上”的作用。如：‎ He didn’t catch the first bus. That’s why he was late for class.‎ To go or not to go, that is a decision.‎ He will forgive you. That he will.‎ They say John is cruel, but I know he can’t be that.‎ ‎（5）指代将要提及的事物（指后面提到的事物），常用this或these起“启下”的作用。如：‎ What’s your opinion of this: he wants to run a hotel by himself.‎ 以上（4）（5）两点是that/those和this/these在指代时，指前与指后的区别。‎ ‎（6）this和these常指自己要说的话（因为this/these一般指后，既然指后说明说话人提前知道要说的话），而that或these常指别人说过的话（同样可结合that/those指前进行分析理解），‎ ‎（7）当this和that同时指出现过的两件事时，this指“后者”而that指“前者”。如：‎ Virtue and vice are for you to choose, this brings you misery and that brings you happiness.‎ ‎（8）this指朝着说话人方向过来的人或物，that指离开说话人而去的人或物。如：‎ This is the train he rides in.他乘坐的火车开过来了。‎ That is the train he rides in.他乘坐的火车开走了。‎ ‎（9）this和these指的是在地点、时间等方面较近的事物，而that和those指的是地点、时间等方面的较远事物，有时也表示对比。‎ 应注意：对于以上this、that、these、those的指代区别并不是那么严格，this和that实际上都能指代上文中出现的名词词组，整个句子甚至若干句子所表达的意思。‎ ‎（10）this（these）和that（those）用在双重属格中，可表示各种感情色彩。如：‎ This new pen of mine doesn’t leak as the old one did.‎ He is a great scoundrel, that husband of hers.‎ ‎（11）用that（those）也可表示感情色彩。如：‎ I say it is that notorious Jacob.‎ He was one of those people who take delight in conveying disagreeable news.‎ ‎（12）this或that同介词连用，可表示各种特定含义。如：‎ Since that, I had made my mind to work hard. (=since that time)‎ Upon this, he began to work again. (=and then)‎ At this, she was very sad and even cut up. (=seeing this或hearing this)‎ With this/that, the tiger fell into the water. (=after saying)‎ ‎（13）this（these）或that（those）同very连用，表示强调。如：‎ I like that very coat of all.‎ These very women should be taken good care of.‎ ‎（14）this、that同and或or连用，表示随随便便。如：‎ He learns this or that skill, but finally he masters nothing.‎ It’s a habit for him to fall in love with this or that girl.‎ ‎（15）this和that可以表示数量。如;‎ There are only about twenty apples left, please double this number in order to serve the gusts enough.‎ 而且this（these）或that（those）还可和数词连用，在这里this和these不分单复数，that和those同样不分单复数。如：‎ this/these ten students that/those three dollars ‎（16）this或that可以同much连用，这里作形容词，用much是代词。如：‎ I just know this much about the traffic accident.‎ That much I want to say.‎ ‎（17）要用this或these的特定场合。‎ ‎①用来总结上文刚说过或提过的内容。如：‎ Pride and conceit, nonchalance, and dejection—these make Fred the man he is.‎ ‎②指代直接引语。如：‎ ‎“I had been elected manager in the foreign company,” as the man said this, all of us just cheered up.‎ ‎③在特定的习惯用语中，要用this。如：‎ This is Tom speaking.（电话用语）‎ This is John my best friend.（介绍见面）‎ Just this once.（就这一次）‎ ‎（18）要用that的特定场合 ‎①在that he is等结构中,that代表前面所陈述的内容。如：‎ He actually plays an important role in the game. Yes, that he is.‎ ‎②用在某些习语、词组或特殊说法中。如：‎ That is why….‎ That is because….‎ That will do.那就够了。‎ So that’s that.就是那样。‎ That’s all.就这些。‎ What of that.那又怎样。‎ ‎③同and连用，用作代替词，代替前面的整个句子。如：‎ You shoud study hard and that all the time. (and you must study hard all the time.)‎ He donated a lot of money to the poor children and that at the cost of his own life. (and he donated a lot of money to the poor children at the cost of his own life.)‎ ‎④用在“and…at that”结构中，表示强调。如：‎ She chose a coat, and a very beautiful one at that.‎ The young man knew little about his job, and nothing at that.‎ ‎（19）this day的特殊用法 这种用法可以用来表示以当天为起点的向前或向后的一个周期。如：‎ They will start off this day weeks.（a week from today一周后的今天）‎ The war broke out this day twenty years.（20年前的今天）‎ 在此要注意时态的运用，如果表示以当天为起点向后的一个周期，则动作还没发生应和将来时连用。若表示以当天为起点，向前的一个周期则动作已发生应和过去时连用。‎ ‎（20）that相当于when、on which、in which、where、why、for which等起关系副词的作用，且常可省略。如：‎ This is the place that he lives. (that =in which=where)‎ That can’t act as the reason that he came late to school. (that= why)‎ ‎（21）that/those，this/these重复前面所讲的事物，表示强调。如：‎ A bad boy, that (this).‎ He sent her a lot of flowers, those (these).‎ ‎（22）those可以跟定语从句或短语，而人称代词them后则不可。如：‎ For them (who are) involved in the caes, the court will punish them.（误）‎ For those (who are) involved in the case, the court will punish them.（正）‎ 应注意：1、those who相当于people who，意为“凡…的人”，those who中的who不可换为关系代词that，those可以直接代替代词，不用说也不能说those ones，当有形容词修饰时可说，如：those bigger ones。2、those who或they who有时相当于one who或he who。‎ ‎（23）that which常在一块使用，that是先行词，而which引导的则是定语从句，相当于what。如：‎ That which is deautiful is not always true.‎ That which is one man’s meat may be another’s poison.‎ 疑问代词 ‎1、疑问代词有who（谁，主格）、whom（谁，宾格）、whose（谁的，属格）、what（什么）、which（哪个，哪些），其中who、whom只能指人，what和which可指人或物。‎ 疑问代词引导的句子为特殊疑问句，它们一般位于疑问句句首，并在句中担任某一成份（如主语、宾语、表语、定语等）。‎ ‎2、下面具体阐述疑问代词的用法 ‎①有些疑问代词具有形容词特征，可用作定语。如：‎ Whose book is it on the desk?‎ What time shall we start out?‎ Which color do you like better, white or black?‎ ‎②疑问代词who、what、which、whom后可加ever表示强调，用以加强语气。如：‎ Whoever are you looking for?‎ Whatever do you mean?‎ 应注意：1、此类wh-ever疑问代词相当于anything that，anyone that，all ‎ that。2、此外还可引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter wh-，但有区别，前者既可引导让步状语从句，又可引导名词性从句，而后者则只能引导让步状语从句。‎ 反身代词 ‎1、反身代词又称自身代词，是一种表示反射或强调的代词。单数由相应的形容词性物主代词/人称代词宾格+self构成，而复数则由相应的形容词性物主代词/人称代词宾格+selves构成，下面通过一表格体现反身代词的不同形式。‎ 数 ‎ 人称 单数 复数 第一人称 myself ourselves 第二人称 yourself yourselves 第三人称 himself herself itself ‎ themselves ‎2、反身代词的具体用法 ‎①反身代词一般用作宾语、状语或同位语，作同位语时表示强调。如：‎ Please help yourself to some tea.‎ He hurt himself seriously in the accident.‎ The skillful man finished the work himself.‎ You yourself can do it.‎ ‎②反身代词常同以下及物动词连用作宾语，常见的有：behave、absent、adapt、help、enjoy、hurt、conduct、blame、pride、provide、make、speak to kill、content、reproach、teach、praise、express、support、hide、engage等。如：‎ After the failure in business, he killed himself.‎ Please help yourself to some meat.‎ We enjoyed ourselves in the party.‎ Don’t blame yourself on this.‎ 注意，某些动词后的反身代词常可省略。如：‎ The boy hid (himself) in the bush.‎ She dressed quickly and went out.‎ The river empties (itself) into the sea.‎ He qualified (himself) for the office.‎ ‎③verb+oneself+补语结构，在这种结构中，反身代词后的补语表示某一动作引起的后果。如：‎ The little boy cried himself hoarse.‎ She worked herself ill.‎ He drank himself under the table.‎ 注意，有些“动词+反身代词”结构可以同被动语态结构互换，前者强调动作，后者强调状态。如：‎ He lost himself in the wood.‎ He got/was lost in the wood.‎ ‎④反身代词还可以作表语，表示身体状况等。如：‎ I’m not quite myself today.‎ You will be yourself in no time.‎ ‎⑤可代替人称代词，表示比较，用在like、than、so、as后。如：‎ He is much taller than myself.‎ The photo is not like yourself.‎ He is the same height as herself.‎ ‎⑥反身代词构成的惯用语。‎ ‎（1）between ourselves表示“你我两人私下谈，不告诉别人”，相当于between you and me。‎ What I said is between ourselves, don’t tell anyone else.‎ ‎（2）to oneself表示“独占、独有”。‎ The little boy always keeps the toys to himself and never shares with other children.‎ We shouldn’t keep ourselves to ourselves, we should deal with others.‎ ‎（3）for oneself表示“为自己，亲自”。‎ If you want to know what happened, you should go to have a look for yourself.‎ You have the right to decide for yourself.‎ ‎（4）of oneself表示“自动地、自愿地”。‎ The door opened of itself.‎ He offered to help others of himself.‎ ‎（5）by oneself表示“单独地，独自地”，前面可加all表示强调，同时by也可省略。如：‎ Can you finish it all by yourself?‎ He did it himself.‎ ‎（6）in oneself表示“本身、本性”。‎ He is a kind man in himself.‎ The book is of great use to us in itself.‎ ‎⑦反身代词用作主语 反身代词可以作独立主格结构中的逻辑主语，在口语中，也可借助or、nor、and等连词同其他名词一起作主语，也可用于省略结构中作主语，相当于主格。如：‎ Herself in poor health, she still carried on the experiment.‎ Himself and his parents will go to the concert.‎ Who did it? Myself.‎ 应注意，反身代词一般情况下不能作主语，只有在上述情况下方可作主语。‎ ‎⑧不用反身代词的情况 ‎（1）作主语时，不用反身代词。如：‎ Herself called me up last night. （误）‎ She called me up last night.（正）‎ My classmates and myself agreed on going to the seaside this summer.（误）‎ My classmates and I agreed on going to the seaside this summer.（正）‎ ‎（2）反身代词作为并列宾语中的一个时，如果其他词为名词或非反身代词，此时不能出现反身代词。如：‎ The tickets are for you, Mr Wang and myself.（误）‎ The tickets are for you, Mr Wang and me.（正）‎ The speaker invited my wife and myself to the meeting.（误）‎ The speaker invited my wife and me to the meeting.（正）‎ ‎（3）如果介词表示“位置或场所”，其宾语虽然和主语指同一个对象，但也不能用反身代词。如：‎ Will you take your daughter with yourself?（误）‎ Will you take your daughter with you? （正）‎ I looked about myself, hoping to find the lost keys.（误）‎ I looked about me, hoping to find the lost keys.（正）‎ ‎⑨itself当作强调词使用 ‎（1）当itself用在表语的抽象名词后面起强调程度作用，意思是“很、非常”。如：‎ She is deligence itself. =she is very delight.‎ He is kindness itself. =he is very kind.‎ ‎（2）当itself放在具体名词后面，常含有“即使、即便、基本”的意思。如：‎ A good thing itself may become harmful by its abuse.‎ ‎（3）当放在句末尾时，起强调作用意思是“确实、的确、实际上”。如：‎ Where is he itself?‎ You are hard on your mother itself.‎ ‎（4）itself与soon连用，将itself放在句尾，有“彻底康复”的意思。如：‎ I fed the little creature milk and it was soon itself.‎ 相互代词 ‎1、相互代词是表示互相关系的代词，它们形式如下：‎ 宾格 属格 each other each other’s one another one another’s ‎2、each other通常用于两个人或物的场合，one another通过用于超过两个人或物的场合，不过在当代英语中，两者在此没有多少差别，常可通用。相互代词有下列用法。‎ ‎①用作宾语。如：‎ You and I understood each other perfectly.‎ They have been separated from one another a long time.‎ ‎②用其属格作定语。如：‎ They looked into each other’s eyes for a silent moment.‎ 有时也可用each others’（与each other’s无区别）。如：‎ Last year, we visit each others’ capitals.‎ 但应注意，each other’s和one another’s和其后的名词组不能作主语。‎ ‎③each other可以分开使用，这时，each常作主语或同位语，the other常作宾语。如：‎ Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home.‎ They each helped the other.‎ ‎④each other也可表示三个或三个以上人或物之间的关系，用作宾语或状语有时相当于among或between themselves。如：‎ The three applicants looked at each other.‎ The dogs fought each other for the food.‎ ‎⑤one after another在句中常作宾语或状语，也可作主语，作主语时谓语动词用单数或复数均可。‎ They went out one after another.‎ One after another has/have gone on the train.‎ 不定代词 ‎1、不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫作不定代词，它们有：some、somebody、someone、something、any、anybody、anyone、anything、no、nobody、no one、nothing、all、both、neither、none、either、each、every、everybody、everyone、everything、other、another、much、many、few、a few、little、a little one等。‎ ‎2、英语中的不定代词很多，下面我们将对比较重要的不定代词用法进行阐述。‎ all的用法 all用于三者或三者以上接可数名词，也可接不可数名词，且定冠词the只能放在all的后面。‎ ‎（1）作形容词用，意为“所有的，一切的”，和复数可数名词或不可数名词连用。如：‎ All men are created equal.‎ All the students like their English teacher.‎ ‎（2）all可同复数名词连用，表示“任何”。如：‎ He would go to school on time in all weathers. (=in any weather)‎ The old woman begged money from all passers-by. (=from any passer-by)‎ ‎（3）作形容词表示集体或整体概念（接this、that或单数名词，动词用单数）。如：‎ He waited for her in all the afternoon.‎ The manager worked all day all night.‎ All this/that is madness.‎ ‎（4）作形容词接抽象名词或单数名词，意为any、every、the great possible。如：‎ The car ran with all speed.‎ It is beyond all question.‎ He refused all praise.‎ all manner of goods 注意：for all/with all +抽象名词，表示“尽管”。如：‎ For all/with all his wealth, he didn’t live happily.‎ ‎（5）all可以同复数名词或抽象名词连用，表示“非常”。如：‎ all ears倾听者 all eyes目不转睛 all heart非常诚恳 all attention注意力非常集中 ‎（6）all可以同复数名词或抽象名词连用，表示“仅有的，唯一的”。如：‎ That is all the news I learn.‎ Life is not all pleasure.‎ ‎（7）用于of all或out of all结构中，意为“这么多…中偏偏，这么多…中最”，表示某种情绪，如惊奇、困惑或厌恶等。如：‎ I like the book of all books.‎ Did you, of all things, love this girl?‎ He of all persons, hurt her most.‎ ‎（8）作副词可以修饰形容词、副词、介词，常同over、along、round、around、about、through、by等一起连用，表示强调，表示“全部都”。如：‎ The girl got him all happy.‎ They are all for starting early.‎ The old machine is all useless.‎ 注意：all but表示“几乎、差点”，相当于almost。如：‎ He all but died in the traffic accident.‎ I all but believe what he said.‎ ‎（9）作代词，意为the whole number，谓语动词用单数或复数视情况而定。如：‎ All of the oil has been used up.‎ All of the goods are shoes.‎ I ate all of the apple.‎ 注意：all后有时可跟两个同位语。如：‎ All we soldiers should try our best to protect our motherland.‎ Our teacher loves all us students.‎ ‎（10）作代词时既可指人也可指物，指人相当于all people，接复数动词，指物相当于everything，接单数动词。如：‎ All have been present, let’s begin our meeting.‎ All was very quiet in the dead of the night.‎ ‎（11）作名词相当于everything用于所有格代替之后。如：‎ The leader gave him all to win the independence of his country.‎ That’s her little all.‎ 对此要特别注意下面这个句子的结构及句法分析。‎ He did all he could to help others.‎ 有些人可能比较困惑，为什么情态动词后面紧跟动词不定式而不是动词原形，是因为没有真正弄清这个句子的句法结构，实际上，could后面为了避免重复省略了实义动词do，而“he could （do）”部分是用来修饰all的定语从句，而“to help others”是动词不定式的目的状语。‎ ‎（12）作同位语。如：‎ We all agree on this.‎ They are all for the decision.‎ ‎（13）all位于行为动词前be动词后，但all不可紧放在代词前，且be动词位于句尾时，all要移到be之前。如：‎ They were all very sad at the bad news.‎ They all start to work.‎ What fun it all was!‎ ‎（14）all构成的习惯用语 at all根本 all in all总之，一切的，一切，完全地 after all毕竟 all in疲倦 in all总共 all at once突然 all the same to一样 all alone独自地 all gone无…留下 once and for all只此一次 for good and all永远 ‎（15）all和whole之间的比较 ‎①在单数可数名词和不可数名词之前多用whole，在复数可数名词之前多用all。如：‎ the whole family、the whole truth、the whole thing all the students、all the desks、all the papers ‎②在表示时间、季节及月份等名词前，用whole和all均可，但结构不同。如：‎ all（the）week all（the）summer all the family the whole week the whole summer the whole family 但是，hour和century只可用whole修饰，不可用all修饰。如：‎ the whole hour（正） the whole century（正）‎ a hour hour（正） a whole century（正）‎ all the hour（误） all the century（误）‎ ‎③在“数词+时间名词”前，可用all或whole。如：‎ all six months all two years the whole six months the whole two years ‎④物主名词前常用all。如：‎ Not all bread can be looked like this.（不可说the whole bread）‎ He put all the money into the investment.（不可说the whole money）‎ 但有些物质名词亦可用whole，但有其特殊含义，如：whole milk全脂肪、whole flour纯面粉。‎ ‎⑤有些抽象名词前用all或whole均可。如：‎ all the time all his life all her energy the whole time his whole life her whole energy ‎⑥all可以同名词或形容词构成复合词，表示“最…”。如：‎ all-important头等重要的 all-knowing无所不知的 all-wise绝顶聪明的 all-powerful强大无比的 all-maker全能的上帝 both的用法 ‎①both表示“两者都”，常和and连用，谓语动词用复数形式。Both在句中可用作主语、宾语、定语和同位语，both位于be动词之后，行为动词之前。如：‎ Both of us choose English as our major in college.‎ Their parents love both of the twins.‎ Both of the plans should be thought over.‎ We both love our villages.‎ ‎②both和alike不可连用，both和as well as不可连用，可说both（at once、equally）…and或both…and连接两个平行对等成分。如：‎ He can drive both car and bus.‎ She both looked at the blackboard and took notes of what she heard.‎ ‎③both只能放在my、the、these、those等之前，不可放在其后。如：‎ Those both pictures are beautiful.（误）‎ Both those pictures are beautiful.（正）‎ ‎④both不能放在代词前，但可这样说：both of+人称代词（宾格）。如：‎ Both they come from the USA.（误）‎ They both come from the USA.（正）‎ Both of them come from the USA.（正）‎ ‎⑤both还可作副词用。如：‎ She can sing and dance both.‎ either的用法 ‎①either表示“两者中任何一个都…”，可作主语、定语、宾语或状语。如：‎ The came up with two ways to solve the problem, either will do.‎ Either one of the decisions can be made.‎ ‎②either还可表示“两边、两头”等义。如：‎ There are many big trees on either side of the road.‎ At either end of the street, there is a bridge.‎ 注意：both也可表示“两边，两头”，不过side和end要用复数。Both强调整体，而either强调每一个。‎ ‎③either常和or连用，表示“既…又…，或…或…”，也可表示“要么，要么”，作主语时谓语动词要和or后面的主语保持一致。如：‎ A good man should be either gentle or modest.‎ Either you or he makes the mistake.‎ You may either leave or remain.‎ ‎④either只用于两者，each用于两者或两者以上。如：‎ There are only three apples left; either of you three may take one.（误）‎ There are only three apples left; each of you three may take one.（正）‎ ‎⑤either表示“两者”，any表示“三者以上”。如：‎ I don’t like either of them.（只有两个人）‎ any和some的用法 ‎（1）any用作代词（常用在疑问句、否定句和条件句中）。如：‎ Can any of you do it?‎ He got a lot of flowers from the park. But I don’t have any.‎ ‎（2）any用作副词，表示程度，常用于条件句、否定句和疑问句中。如：‎ He can’t do any better than you.‎ Sometimes, because of pain, the old man doesn’t sleep any at night.‎ ‎（3）any用作形容词表示“任何一个”。如：‎ Any person, whether poor or rich, should have the equal right.‎ ‎（4）any有时表示“极大的、极多的、极好的”等含义。如：‎ You can find any book in the library.‎ There is any food in the shop.‎ ‎（5）any不可用在否定词之前。如：‎ Any trouble can hardly prevent him.（误）‎ Hardly any trouble can prevent him.（正）‎ ‎（6）any指“三种或三种以上中的任何一个”，谓语动词用单数形式。Any修饰主语或any的复合词作主语时，其谓语动词只能用肯定形式，不能用否定形式。如：‎ Any of the crowd didn’t have the courage to save the drowning girl.（误）‎ None of the crowd had the courage to save the drowning girl.（正）‎ Anybody can’t enter without permission.（误）‎ Nobody can enter without permission.（正）‎ ‎（7）一般说来，any作代词和形容词时用于疑问句、否定句和条件句，some用于肯定句，但是，如果以询问的方式向对方提出要求或邀请或期望对方作出肯定的答复，要用some，而不用any。如：‎ Would you like some coffee?‎ Will you lend some money to me?‎ 注意：some和any构成的复合代词的区别同some和any的区别一样。‎ ‎（8）在if引导的从句中用some或any均可。如：‎ If you need some/any help, please turn to me.‎ ‎（9）some有时表示“相当程度的，相当数量的”等用作形容词（不需和冠词连用）。如：‎ He is some teacher. (=a wonderful)‎ That is some case. (=a important)‎ I waited at the gate for some time. (=a long)‎ ‎（10）some有时用作副词，表示“非常、有点儿”。如：‎ I love my mother some.‎ His illness becomes some better.‎ ‎（11）some用作副词还可表示“左右、大约”。如：‎ Now it is some four o’clock.‎ The old man is some ninety.‎ ‎（12）肯定句中any并不总是作“任何”解，当any表示数量或与表示数量的名词连用时，表示偏高的含义，相当于a large number of或a great amount of等或表示偏低的含义，相当于the smallest or least possible amount or degree of。如：‎ There are any number of flowers here.‎ Any amount of water is poured into the fields.‎ There isn’t any hope of saving his life.‎ ‎（13）and then some表示“至少，远远不止”，相当于and a lot more常放在句尾。如：‎ She is a kind lady and then some.‎ anything的用法及固定搭配 ‎（1）anything作代词常用在疑问句、否定句和条件句中。如：‎ Is there anything left unfinished?‎ He didn’t eat anything in the morning.‎ If you have anything in your heart, please speak it out.‎ ‎（2）like anything表示“拼命地”。如：‎ When the thief saw the police, he ran out like anything.‎ ‎（3）if anything表示“要说有什么两样的话（甚至还）”。如：‎ He is, if anything, a better father than husband.‎ ‎（4）for anything表示“说什么也”，用于否定句。如：‎ I wouldn’t help a bad person for anything.‎ ‎（5）or anything表示“或是其他别的东西”。如：‎ He gave me a pen or anything.‎ ‎（6）be as… as anything…表示“不得了”。如：‎ He is as a good manager as anything.‎ ‎（7）be anything of a/an+单数可数名词用于条件句、否定句和疑问句中。如：‎ He isn’t anything of a poet.‎ ‎（8）anything but+单数可数名词（形容词），表示“一点…也不”，单独使用表示“绝不”，相当于not at all。如：‎ He is anything but a good doctor.‎ nothing的用法及习惯搭配 ‎（1）next to nothing表示“几乎没有”。如：‎ Most of us knew next to nothing about the plan.‎ ‎（2）make nothing of表示“不把…当一回事”。如：‎ Most young people just waste their life and make nothing of their future.‎ ‎（3）go for nothing表示“白费”。如：‎ All his efforts go for nothing in the end.‎ ‎（4）for nothing表示“免费，白白地”。如：‎ The volunteers do the job for nothing.‎ ‎（5）nothing like表示“没有…能比得上”。如：‎ I think there’s nothing like taking a walk as a means of keeping fit.‎ ‎（6）be nothing to表示“不能与…相比”。如：‎ My achievements are nothing to yours.‎ ‎（7）be noting if not表示“非常”。如：‎ The girl is nothing if not beautiful.‎ ‎（8）nothing but表示“只是、只有”。如：‎ It’s nothing but a joke.‎ ‎（9）have nothing in sb表示“毫无优点”。如：‎ As a dean of the college, he has nothing in him.‎ ‎（10）have nothing on表示“不比某人强”。如：‎ John had nothing on Tom in English.‎ ‎（11）think nothing of表示“认为…没什么”。如：‎ He thinks nothing of winning the game.‎ ‎（12）nothing of a/an表示“算不上，作为…不称职”。如：‎ He is nothing/little of a doctor, but much of (quite) a quack.‎ ‎（13）nothing有时意为“微不足道的人或物”。如：‎ He is really nothing.‎ something的用法 ‎1、something用作不定代词 ‎（1）something表示“聊以自慰的事，有价值的事”。如：‎ It’s something to have a job at all these days.‎ At last, we didn’t lose any money, that’s something.‎ ‎（2）表示“令人不愉快的事”。如：‎ She must be up to something.‎ There is something in the world.‎ ‎（3）表示“模糊概念”。如：‎ The bag was six pounds something.‎ Our train gets in at two something.‎ ‎（4）something相当于somebody，表示“重要人物”。如：‎ She thinks she’s something since she won the beauty contest.‎ She was something since she won the first prize.‎ ‎（5）something表示“重要事物”。如：‎ These paintings were really something.‎ I think you may have something there.‎ ‎（6）表示“少量一些，一部分”。如：‎ There is something of her mother in her smile.‎ ‎2、something作副词 ‎（1）表示“几分，有点，稍微，大约”。如：‎ The book coats something over 3 dollars.‎ ‎（2）something like表示“有点像，几分像，大约”。如：‎ The building looks something like a church.‎ He earns something like 3500 dollars.‎ ‎3、something的固定搭配表特殊含义 ‎（1）make something of表示“使…有用处，使有所作为”或“把…当做了不起的事”。如：‎ I wish he would get married. A wife might make something of him when girls see another girl with a boy, they often try to make something of it.‎ 对此想补充一下关于“make A B与make B of A结构：‎ ‎①make A B相当于make B of A，表示“使A成为B”，B是成为后的事物，而A是被成为前的原事物，要特别注意分清两种结构中A与B的先后位置。如：‎ His parents want to make him a doctor in the future.（相当于His parents want to him make a doctor of him.）‎ ‎②要牢记上面的两种结构，很多关于make的短语都可运用上述两种结构及含义去进行分析，对于make somethingof这个短语，从上述something作不定代词用法中我们知道，something可表示“重要的人或物”，再结合make B of 这种基本结构的含义便可理解此短语的含义“使…成为有用的有作为的人”。‎ ‎（2）make something of oneself表示“获得成功、有所作为“。如：‎ He’s a clever boy. I hope he’ll make something of himself.‎ ‎（3）make something out of表示“因…而挑起对抗”。如：‎ Do you want to make something out of it?‎ ‎（4）or something表示“诸如此类的”。如：‎ Her name is Jalia or Ubiet or something.‎ ‎（5）quite/really something表示“值得注意的”。如：‎ The party is quite something.‎ ‎（6）see something of表示“不时看到某人”。如：‎ If you are going to London next year, perhaps we may see something of each other.‎ ‎（7）something of a/an表示“可说是一个”。如：‎ He is something of a book collector.‎ ‎（8）something of the kind/sort表示“诸如此类的人或物”。如：‎ He is an enginner or something of the kind.‎ ‎（9）something or other表示“一件…的东西”。如：‎ I’m glad to get something or other.‎ ‎（10）something tells me表示“我认为”。如：‎ Something tells me my teacher is very good.‎ ‎（11）something to write home about表示“非常出色的事”。如：‎ The concert was something to write hime about.‎ ‎（12）something有时用作副词，表示“在某种程度上”。如：‎ It something hit me.‎ I felt something worried.‎ My book is something better than yours.‎ ‎（13）something和somebody还可表示某个说不出确切名字的人或物。如：‎ I met Tom, John and somebody.‎ You may turn to Jack something for help.‎ He is gentle, handsome and something.‎ everything的用法 ‎（1）everything表示“最重要的人或物”。如：‎ Money is everything to some mean people.‎ Reputation is everything to a company.‎ The evidence means everything to the police.‎ 比较：‎ Speed is something but economical benefit is everything.‎ Money is something but health is everything.‎ We should know something of everything and everything of something.表示“通百艺而专一长”‎ ‎（2）everything同否定词连用，表示部分否定，表示“并不是所有的…”。‎ The machine can’t do everything.‎ 注意：somebody、everybody、anybody和anyone均表示“大人物，重要人物”，反义词为nobody表示“小人物”。‎ one的用法 ‎（1）one相应的物主代词是one’s或his，不用her或your之类的，反身代词是oneself或himself。‎ ‎（2）相对于it指同一个事物，而one指同一类事物。如：‎ Yestoday I bought a pen but unfortunately I lost it. At the moment, I want to buy one again.‎ ‎（3）one可用the、this、that、any、some、each、every、which和形容词修饰，但一般不可用序数词或某些指示词修饰，通常不说these ones、those ones、 either one、neither one、all ones、both ones、six ones，也不可用所有格修饰，如不可说my ones、brother’s ones，但one或ones前有形容词时则又可说，如：these black ones、some better ones、both long ones、six strong ones、my brother’s black one。‎ ‎（4）one只可替代可数名词，不可代替不可数名词。如：‎ My father prefers green tea to black (tea).（不可说black one）‎ ‎（5）one同the连用，表示特定的人或物。如：‎ Which one do you like? –The one on the table.‎ Of all the books, I picked the one written by Mao Zedong.‎ ‎（6）one of+可数名词复数在定语从句中出现时，且在定语从句中充当先行词，当one前没有任何修饰语时，先行词为of后的名词复数，当one前有the、the only、the very、just等词修饰时，先行词为one，所以前者定语从句谓语动词应用复数，后者用单数。如：‎ He is one of the students that are praised in the meeting.‎ He is the one of the students that is praised in the meeting.‎ ‎（7）有时one表示“某一个”相对于a。如：‎ One Smith wants to see you.‎ other的用法和结构 ‎（1）other作代词常和the连用，指两者中的一个，相对于the second of two，常与one并用于句中，构成one…the other。如：‎ I have two notebooks. One is about grammer, the other one is about phrase.‎ ‎（2）the others表示“所有其余的人”，指的是一定数目中的另一些，相对于the ‎ rest。Others相对于other people是不定数目中的另一些，常同some连用，构成some…others结构。如：‎ We shouldn’t care what others think of us in some situations.‎ Some visitors go hiking and others go boating.‎ ‎（3）作形容词后接复数名词。如：‎ He knew a lot about other cultures.‎ ‎（4）作形容词在every other、no other、any other后的名词用单数形式。如：‎ He was taking to no other than manager.‎ He would visit his parents every other month.‎ He is taller than any other student in his class.‎ ‎（5）如果other与数词并用，前面无the时，数词要位于other之前，前面有the时，数词位于other前后均可。如：‎ She lent me two other books.‎ Please pass me the other two balls.或Please pass me the two other balls.‎ ‎（6）other构成的习惯用语 ‎①none（no）other than表示“不是…正是…”。如：‎ He was none other than his father.‎ He plays basketball with no other purpose than to build up his body.‎ ‎②other than表示“除了…之外，只能是…”（可分开为other…than），常用在否定句中，后接副词、形容词或从句。如：‎ I didn’t tell the secret to anybody else other than my best friend,John.‎ There was no other noise than the traffic.‎ She can hardly be other than grateful to you.她对你只能是感激。‎ At the bad news, she can do no other cry.‎ Don’t give her other than she really needs badly.‎ He looked through the plan other than quickly.‎ ‎③among others表示“除了别人外，同别人一样”。如：‎ Doctor Li, among others, is very kind to his patients.‎ ‎④among other things表示“除了别的以外还…”。如：‎ We learn, among other things, history and literature.‎ ‎⑤every other表示“每隔一”。如：‎ Please take this medicine every other day.‎ ‎⑥some+单数名词（或somebody等复合不定代词）+or+other表示“某一个，哪一个（表示不肯定）”，somewhere or other表示“某处”，somehow or other表示“以某种方式”。如：‎ I will go to see you some other day.‎ Something or other must be done immediately.‎ Some one of us or other should be responsible for this.‎ ‎⑦otherwise than相对于not。如：‎ His health condition is otherwise than correct.‎ another的用法和结构 another是由an+other构成的，所以后面只能接单数名词。既然another本身已含有不定冠词an，故其前面不可再用any，不能说any another，但可说any other。‎ ‎（1）在“another+数词+名词”结构中，another作“再”解时，该名词须是复数名词。如：‎ Please give me another two apples.‎ 上例中的another two apples也可说two more apples或two apples more。但要注意，more要谓语数词和名词直间或位于名词之后，不可放在数词之前。‎ ‎（2）作形容词表示“有一个、另一个”。如：‎ When this plan was made, he got another.‎ ‎（3）作形容词，表示“别的，另外的”，相对于some other。如：‎ You should try another way to solve the problem.‎ ‎（4）作形容词，意为“类似的”，相对于a similar。如：‎ He palys basketball very well, I hope he will become another Yao Ming.‎ ‎（5）作形容词，意为“完全不同的，另外…”，相当于a different。如：‎ After returning from overseas, the girl seems another person than what he used to be.（用than不可用from）‎ That’s another problem. It has nothing to do with what we are discussing.‎ ‎（6）another构成的惯用词组 ‎①one…another表示“一个…又（另）一个…”。如：‎ The bird flied from one tree to another.‎ ‎②one…or another表示“这样或那样的”。如：‎ He did it for me purpose or another.‎ 上面以分别阐述了one、other和another的用法，现在看看这三个词连用的现象。‎ ‎1、one、other和another如何表示数目。‎ 两者中的另一个是the other，构成“one…the other”结构；不定数目中的另一个是another，但不可说one…another。如：‎ The old woman has two children, one is daughter and the other is son.‎ I don’t llike this picture. Please give me another.‎ ‎2、one、other和another如何表示对比。‎ 表示两件事情对比时，用one and…another结构，表示“…是一回事，…是另一回事”，其中的another不可改用the other。如：‎ To say is one thing, but to do is another.‎ ‎3、one、other和another如何表示三者、四者。‎ ‎①表示三者有以下两种结构 One…another…and the other One…a second…and a third ‎②表示四者用one…another …a third…and the fourth(the other)。‎ 这里用a second，不可用the second。‎ The company has three managers, one managing the whole company, another dealing with other companies and the other promoting products.‎ The company has three managers,one managing the whole company,a second dealing with other companies and a third promoting products.‎ Most的用法和结构 ‎（1）作形容词 ‎①most+复数名词，意为“大多数的…”，most前不用冠词。如：‎ Most people in the world hold the opinion that Tai Wan is part of China.‎ ‎②most+单数名词，表示“最多的”，most前不用冠词。如：‎ This palce of interest attracts most attention.‎ The happiest person isn’t a person who has most money.‎ ‎③在“most+复数名词（单数名词）”结构中，most和名词之间不能插入形容词性物主代词或this、that、these、those等，否则必须接of才可这样表达。在most of…结构中，名词前必须有限定词，如定冠词、指示代词、名词所有格、形容词性物主代词等，且most前不可有定冠词the。如：‎ most of my teachers most of the students ‎④most+名词，表示泛指，most of the+名词，表示特指。如：‎ Most girls like beautiful clothes.‎ Most of the girls here like beautiful clothes.‎ ‎（2）作副词 ‎①作“非常”解时，相当于very。Most作此意解时，不能用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。此种用法要和多音节形容词或副词前most用法区分开来。如：‎ That’s a most beautiful skirt.‎ The meeting isn’t a most important one.‎ Is the meeting a most important one?‎ If the meeting is a most important one, we should attend on time.‎ 以上三句表达都是错的，应将most改为very。‎ ‎②most不同于mostly，前者表示“非常”，后者表示“大部分”。如：‎ What he did was mostly beneficial to his cpmpany.‎ ‎（3）作名词或代词 ‎①most单独使用时，前不加the，但有后置定语时，应加the。如：‎ Most agreed to the plan.‎ He had done the most that he could to change his situation.‎ ‎②most+of+人称代词宾格，most前不用the。如：‎ Most of them want to go out for an outing.‎ ‎③most +of+the+复数名词，意为“大多数”；most of+the+单数名词，意为“大部分”，most前不用the，谓语应和of后中心名词保持一致。如：‎ Most of the foreigners want to know about our Chinese culture.‎ Most of the water in the rivers powers in the sea.‎ 比较：‎ most of the films大多数电影 most of the film这部电影的大部分 ‎（4）most构成的惯用短语 ‎①at（the）most至多，充其量。如：‎ There are at most two people remaining in the room.‎ ‎②for the most part多半，大部分，大多数情况下。如：‎ For the most part, they get along well with each other.‎ such的用法和结构 ‎1、such作定语 Such作定语可构成许多句型句式，下面将一一逐层阐述。‎ ‎①such a/an+单数可数名词，如：such a flower。‎ ‎②such a/an+形容词+单数可数名词，如：such a beautiful flower。‎ ‎③such+形容词+复数可数名词，如：such beautiful flowers。‎ ‎④such+形容词+不可数名词，如：such good weather。‎ ‎⑤such a/an+单数可数名词+as从句，如：such a girls as the boy loves（as作宾语）、such a girl as loves the boy（as作主语）。‎ ‎⑥such+复数可数名词+as从句，如：such girls as the boys love（as作宾语）、such girls as love the boys（as作主语）‎ ‎⑦such+不可数名词+as从句，如：such music as excites him（as作主语）、such music as he is excited at（as作宾语）。‎ ‎⑧可数名词单数+such as+单词或句子，如：a girl such as she、a girl such as the boy loves、a girl such as loves the boy。‎ ‎⑨复数名词+such as+单词或句子，如：girls such as they、girls such as love the boys、girls such as the boys love。‎ ‎⑩不可数名词+such as+单词或句子，如：music such as his、music such as he plays、music such as is played by him。‎ 注意：⑴不能说no such a…，因为no=not a或not any已包括不定冠词a。such应放在a/an之前，而放在one、some、any、no、many、several、every、all、few之后。⑵such a/an+形容词+单数可数名词，相当于so+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词 ‎ Such+形容词+可数名词复数，相当于so+形容词+可数名词单数 ‎ Such+形容词+不可数名词，相当于so+形容词+不可数名词 ‎2、such作主语。如：‎ Such is life.‎ Such as respect others will beget respects from others.‎ ‎3、such作宾语。如：‎ There are so many apples on the tree. You can pick such.‎ ‎4、such作表语或补语，作表语时经常采用完全倒装结构。如：‎ Such is my personality.‎ The problem isn’t such as can be solved for the moment.‎ His illness is such as to worry his family a lot.‎ Just make your hairstyle such, it looks fine.‎ ‎5、such用于感叹句中。如：‎ Such a bad boy!‎ Such a good day!‎ ‎6、such…as to do sth表示“那样…以至于…”。如：‎ He isn’t such a bad boy as to tell lies.‎ His achievements are such as to be admired by others.‎ ‎7、such修饰名词等，表示不指名的人或物。如：‎ The student gives such and such reasons for being late.‎ ‎8、such as表示“例如”时，后面不要再用etc或省略号，且完全例举时，要用that is，不用such as。‎ ‎9、as such表示“作为…，身为…，本身”。如：‎ As a soldier he should protect our country as such.‎ He is not for the plan as such.‎ A useful book should be thought as such. ‎ 从上面诸多例子不难看出，在定语中，无论such作先行词还是用来修饰先行词，定语从句的引导词一般用as。‎ same的用法和结构 ‎1、same的前面通常应有the，the same可作主语、表语、宾语或定语及状语。如：‎ The same goes for the situation.‎ It’s the same to me.‎ I just did the same as our teacher did.‎ They are in the same class.‎ ‎2、same的惯用结构 ‎①the same…as接从句，从句谓语常省略。如：‎ He live in the same flat as I (lived in/did).‎ ‎②the same…with（接宾语），表示“同…一样”。如：‎ It’s the same with the foreign countries.‎ ‎③the same…that（接从句，从句谓语动词一般不省略）。如：‎ I had the same pen that he had.‎ ‎④in the same way that（接从句，亦可用as）。如：‎ Treat others in the same way that/as you want to be treated.‎ ‎⑤at the same+地点+where（接从句，亦可用that）。如：‎ He once lived in the same flat where (that) she lived.‎ ‎⑥at the same time when（接从句，亦可用that）。如：‎ He went to college at the same time when/that I did.‎ 注意：1、若as、that、when、where所引导的从句省略了谓语等，则只能用the same…as…结构，这时的as表示“同一个”或“同样的”两种意义，这种as仍为关系代词，不是介词。如：‎ He attends the same college that/as she does.‎ He attends the same college as she.（不用that）‎ She studies in the same school where/that he studies.‎ She studies in the same school as he.（不用that）‎ ‎2、the same…that表示“同一个”，the same…as表示“同一类”。‎ ‎3、the same表示“同一个”时，the可用this、that、these、those代替。如：this same school。‎ ‎4、same as表示just as正像，same为副词。如：‎ I did it same as she was told.‎ many、much和a lot（of）‎ many和much多用于否定句中和疑问句中，a lot （of）用于肯定句。如：‎ We didn’t have much money in the pocket.‎ Do you have many brothers or sistrs?‎ The shop is filled with a lot of books.‎ several的用法 ‎（1）several意为“three or more”，不超过四五个，a few同several近义，但a few表示a small number（of），意为“少数”，所表示的数目或数量要比several多一些。一周的时间可以说a few days，但不能说several days，several一般不和of连用，several单独作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。如：‎ Several remains in the classroom.‎ ‎（2）several表示“不同的，各自的”时，可修饰单数名词或复数名词。如：‎ Each has his several idea.‎ We both have several tasks to finish.‎ none的用法 ‎（1）用作代词，指代人或物（复数名词或不可数名词）。如：‎ Do you drink any beer in the party?—No, I have none.‎ Have you got any letters from the post office?—No, I have got none.‎ None can work it out.‎ None should be done about it.‎ ‎（2）none of+名词或代词是常用结构。如：‎ None of us listen to his his opinion.‎ He is none of those thieves.‎ ‎（3）none but和none better than相当于nobody/none except。如：‎ None but John knows the secret.‎ I gave the gift to none other than Tom.‎ ‎（4）用作副词none+the+比较级+because或for，表示“并不因为…就…”。如：‎ The man is none the happier for her wealth.‎ The wan is none the happier because she is wealthy.‎ 相反地，all+the+比较级+because或for，表示“因…而更加”。如：‎ He has all the more famous for his book.‎ He was all the more famous because he had written a book.‎ ‎（5）none too和none so相当于not very。如：‎ The book is none too easy.（=very difficult）‎ The car is none so expensive.（=not very）‎ 上面阐述了一些比较常见的不定代词，但有些不定代词在使用的过程中容易混淆，分类介绍每一种代词的用法后，下面将比较一些不定代词的用法。‎ every和each的比较 ‎（1）用法比较：‎ 代词 区别点 意义 在句中充当成分 用法 与of搭配 each 个体中的每个 主语、宾语、定语、同位语 两者或两者以上 可 every 整体中的每个 只能作主语 三者或三者以上 不可 如：‎ They both came on time but each left ahead of time.‎ Tokyo and London are two large cities, I really love each.‎ Every teacher needs to be careful with their students.‎ Each of us hopes to have free weekends.‎ ‎（2）every可用于否定句中，而each通常不可。如：‎ Not every student can pass the exam.‎ ‎（3）可以说every…but，但不可说each…but。如：‎ Every one of us attends the meeting but Tom.‎ ‎（4）every可同almost等强调副词连用，each则不可。如：‎ He examined almost every piece of the document.‎ ‎（5）在下列短语或句子中只可用every：every other day、every fourth week、every six days、every few weeks、in every way、every now and then、enjoy every minute of the party、show every concern for sb、wish sb every success、one out of every tea。‎ ‎（6）在下列短语或句子中只可用each：on each side of the road（street）、each is better than the one before。‎ ‎（7）every one of+人称代词宾格，可以作同位语。如：‎ You should protect the young, every one of them.‎ ‎（8）every可修饰抽象名词或不可数名词，表示强调。如：‎ He has every confidence in his skill.‎ I wish you every success.‎ Every drop of water is precious.‎ ‎（9）every…not和not…every是部分否定结构，其中every不可换为each。如：‎ Every person can’t be right all the time.‎ Not every visitor loves this place of interest.‎ anyone和any one的比较 anyone是不定代词，只能指人，其后不可接of短语。any one意为“每个”，既可指人，也可指物，后面一般要接of短语，类似用法如：someone和some one、everyone和every one都属此类。比较：‎ Anyone can enter the park.‎ Any one of us can enter the park.‎ Any one of the flowers is fresh.‎ Everyone is present.‎ Every one of us is present.‎ Every one of the games is interesting.‎ one、it和that的比较 ‎（1）one（ones）只能代替可数名词，that可以代替可数名词或不可数名词，it所指的名词就是前面提到的同一物，that所指的名词与前面提到的为一类，但非同一物。It和that为特指用法，one所指的名词与前面提到的为同一类，但非同一物，是同类中的任何一个，为泛指。如：‎ I don’t like blue. Would you please show me a white one.‎ The area of the place is bigger than that of another.‎ He bought a watch from the shop. It is made in Japan.‎ ‎（2）如果所代替的是指物的单数可数名词，可以用that或the one。如：‎ Ha preferred the room in the first floor to that in the high-story floor.相当于 He preferred the room in the first floor to the one in the high-story floor.‎ ‎（3）one可以指代人或物，it一般指代一个具体的事物，that只能代替物，不能代替人。‎ ‎（4）one可以同定冠词或不定冠词连用，可以有前置定语或后置定语，that不可有前置定语，但必须有后置定语。如：‎ The radio is a good one.‎ The meeting this evening is more important than that to be held.‎ ‎（5）在such…as和too…to结构中，可以用a one这样的形式。如：‎ The room is such a big one.‎ The boy is too young a one to go to school.‎ ‎（6）one可以被a修饰，这时one表示“大胆的人，古怪的人，爱好者，1号尺码”等。如：‎ She is a one for song.‎ You should wear a one in coat.‎ on one和none的比较 ‎（1）no one相当于nobody，no one后可跟of短语，但只能说no one of sb，不能说no one of sth。‎ ‎（2）no one一般用来回答以who提出的问题，而none用以回答how many/much提出的问题。如：‎ Who is making noise in the room? —No one.‎ How many people are still there? —None.‎ 以上是较典型的指示代词之间的辨析，有些指示代词的辨析已经暗含在单个指示代词用法中，将单个指示代词的用法同以上若干指示代词的比较有机结合，全面把握指示代词的用法。‎ 关系代词 ‎1、关系代词是用以引导定语从句，作为定语从句的连接词并在定语从句中充当成分（如主语、宾语、表语）的一种代词。关系代词有that、who、which、whose、whom、as等。‎ ‎2、因为关系代词依附定语从句而存在，也只有在定语从句中才能发挥作用，所以在本章中我们不具体介绍关系代词的用法，将在第十四章“从句法”的定语从句部分予以阐述。‎