2020届二轮复习从高考真题解读书面表达高分技巧

2020届二轮复习从高考真题解读书面表达高分技巧

‎2020届二轮复习从高考真题解读书面表达高分技巧 卷别 语用目的 语用对象 文体形式 提示类型 ‎2019·全国卷Ⅰ 申请做中国画展览的志愿者 当地美术馆负责人 申请信 提纲式半开放 ‎2019·全国卷Ⅱ 告知队友Chris球队近期将参加比赛 队友Chris 告知信 提纲式半开放 ‎2019·全国卷Ⅲ 邀请英国朋友Allen参加学校音乐节 英国朋友Allen 邀请信 提纲式半开放 ‎2018·全国卷Ⅰ Terry向李华询问中国做客习俗 新西兰朋友Terry 介绍类书信 提纲式半开放 ‎2018·全国卷Ⅱ 写一则观影通知 校宣传栏“英语天地”‎ 书面通知 提纲式半开放 ‎2018·全国卷Ⅲ 英国朋友Peter询问学生体育运动情况 英国朋友Peter 介绍类书信 提纲式半开放 ‎2017·全国卷Ⅰ 通知英国朋友Leslie下次上课的计划 英国朋友Leslie 告知信 提纲式半开放 ‎2017·全国卷Ⅱ 邀请外教Henry参观剪纸艺术展 外教Henry 邀请信 提纲式半开放 ‎2017·全国卷Ⅲ 邀请留学生朋友Eric加入校乒乓球队 留学生朋友Eric 邀请信 提纲式半开放 ‎1.语用目的——讲好中国故事，增强文化自信 高考书面表达的情境设置真实，任务要求符合考生能力水平，又自然融入了我国优秀传统文化的内容，能够引导考生在使用外语了解世界的同时，注重传承和发扬中华民族优秀文明成果，运用中国元素讲好中国故事，增强文化自信。‎ ‎2.文体形式——以应用文为主，主要考查书信/电子邮件 从近几年高考全国卷来看，书面表达主要考查应用文，其中以电子邮件为主，邀请信、告知信、介绍类书信考查较多，只有2018年全国卷Ⅱ考查了书面通知。电子邮件是生活中最常用的应用文体，近几年来，当仁不让地成为了命题专家的最爱，而这也符合了高考“重考查深度更重考查广度”、“贴近生活”的趋势特点。‎ ‎3.提示类型——以提纲作文为主，试题的开放性越来越强 近几年高考书面表达主要以提纲作文为主，但提示越来越简洁，试题的开放性逐渐增强。(半)开放性体现在试题既为考生提供了恰当的提示，又留有供其自由发挥的空间，既让低水平的考生有话可写，又让高水平考生有展现自己语言表达能力的机会，保证试卷的区分度。‎ ‎●普通作文VS高分作文——找出差距才能目标明确 普通作文常见问题 高分作文优秀特质 ‎1.内容方面：①审题有误　②要点不全　③过度发挥 ‎2.结构方面：①缺乏语篇设计　②段落安排不合理　③结构混乱 ‎3.语言方面 ‎(1)词汇方面 ‎①单词拼写错误　②词性误用　③词汇运用不准确 ‎(2)句子结构 ‎①基本句式错误，不会熟练运用五种基本句式 ‎②忽视英语句子特点，常用汉语式英语 ‎(3)语法方面 ‎①时态运用不准确　②动词形式错误　③从句使用错误 ‎4.书写方面 ‎①潦草，大小写不规范，字迹不工整，难识别。‎ ‎②自行在试卷上画横格线。‎ ‎1.要点完整 ‎①审题准确　②要点齐全　③发挥合理 ‎2.结构合理 ‎①段落层次合理　②条理清晰 ‎③很好地运用“三段式”作文法 ‎3.表达流畅 ‎①选词准确 ‎②能灵活运用高级词汇，语言功底深厚。‎ ‎③句式多变，长短句结合，能灵活运用非谓语动词、定语从句、倒装句和强调句等高级句式。‎ ‎4.书写美观 书写规范，卷面整洁，给人赏心悦目之感。‎ ‎●高考书面表达评分细则——各省可能根据情况稍有不同 ‎1.本题满分为25分，按5个档次给分。 如果是第四档(16-20分)，那么就给18分。好处是：阅卷教师们“没有风险”，怎么都说得过去。坏处是：低分下不去，高分上不来。‎ ‎2.评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。‎ ‎3.词数少于80和多于120的，从总分中减去2分。‎ ‎4.评分时应注意的主要内容为：内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的丰富性和准确性及上下文的连贯性。‎ ‎5.评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。‎ ‎6.如书写较差以致影响交际，可将其分数降低一个档次。‎ ‎●书面表达评价表——自我评价与同伴互评 写作训练时，教师评价和修改虽重要，但自我评价和同伴互评效果更佳，可以借鉴下表进行自我评价和同伴互评。‎ 评价项目 自我评价 同伴评价 修正与提高 ‎1.书写工整吗？有没有乱涂乱画？‎ ‎2.句子开头注意大小写了吗？‎ ‎3.有没有注意标点符号？‎ ‎4.将文章分段了吗？分成了几段？‎ ‎5.有单词拼写错误吗？几个？‎ ‎6.有时态错误吗？误用了哪种时态？‎ ‎7.注意主谓一致了吗？‎ ‎8.有没有使用关联词？使用得当吗？‎ ‎9.有没有词性的错误？哪一种？‎ ‎10.是否注意使用了复杂的句子结构？‎ ‎11.有没有用好词好句？用了哪些？‎ 第一讲　提升英语写作的“三板斧”‎ ‎——从“素颜”到“惊艳”‎ 微技能一　学会用词——准确·得体·亮眼 单词和短语是文章最基本的组成单位。用词是否准确、出彩在一定程度上决定了作文能否得高分。高考英语书面表达评分标准也鼓励考生使用高级词汇，但使用高级词汇并不等于使用一些偏难、古怪的词汇，而是使用一些表意准确、形象生动、语法正确且符合以英语为母语的人的习惯表达方式的词汇。在使用词汇时，我们可以尝试如下方法。‎ ‎1.无重复原则——求雅变异 写作时 应尽量避免重复使用相同的词语，要用贴切多样的词语来展示自己的词汇水平。用词不同、表达方式迥异，也是词汇高级用法的体现。恰当地使用同义词不仅可以体现雅致的文风，还有利于增强段落的统一性和连贯性。‎ By learning English I have broadened my mental horizons and increased my knowledge in different fields.‎ ‎→By learning English I have broadened my mental horizons and increased my knowledge in various fields.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)‎ 通过学英语我开阔了我的视野，增加了我在各领域的知识。‎ ‎2.具体化原则——生动贴切 所谓词义具体化原则是指，写作中尽量避免使用意义宽泛、模糊的词，而要根据语境使用具体生动的词。‎ So good do they look that I think you could be interested in them.‎ ‎→So attractive and alive do they look that I think you could be interested in them.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)‎ ‎3.晚词优先原则——新颖高级 为了表现自己的语言功底，吸引阅卷老师的眼球，尽量用高年级阶段学到的词汇代替低年级阶段学到的词汇。‎ Aimed to help us to know the importance of working，an activity themed “Working is the most beautiful” was held last week.‎ ‎→Aimed to help us to be aware of the importance of working，an activity themed “Working is the most beautiful” was held last week.(2019·北京卷满分作文)‎ 旨在帮助我们意识到劳动的重要性，上周举办了一次主题为“劳动最光荣”的活动。‎ ‎4.短语优先原则——凑词增色 用短语代替不仅会使文章增加亮点，而且如果关键时刻思维短路，用短语凑字是一个很好的选择。‎ ‎(1)形容词变短语的方法：of＋同根名词 形容词 对应短语 very important of great importance very useful of great use very valuable of great value very beneficial of great benefit very helpful of great help Working as a volunteer will be very beneficial to my oral English.‎ ‎→Working as a volunteer will be of great benefit to my oral English.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)‎ 做一名志愿者将会对我的口语很有益。‎ ‎(2)动词变短语的方法：同义短语替换 动词 对应短语 think ‎ hold the view ‎ know/realize be aware of use make use of/take advantage of 注意：更多短语替换参考P275“高级词汇添色彩”部分。‎ ‎①I like playing football in my spare time.‎ ‎→I’m fond of playing football in my spare time.‎ ‎→I’m interested in playing football in my spare time.‎ ‎→I’m crazy about playing football in my spare time.‎ ‎→I’m addicted to playing football in my spare time.‎ ‎②I sincerely hope that you will consider my suggestions.‎ ‎→I sincerely hope that you will take my suggestions into account/consideration.‎ 注意：并不是短语一定会比单词好，要根据具体情况，有时候贴切传神的单词要比短语更合适。例如：‎ ‎①We can look at this problem in many ways.‎ ‎→We can view this problem in many ways.(view比look at更有内涵)‎ ‎②We all live on one and the same planet.‎ ‎→We all share one and the same planet.(share比live on更有“味感”)‎ 很多考生作文裹足不前的一个重要原因是反复用初中学过的“第一反应词”，背了大量的靓词妙语而不用。建议大家在想到一个表达时，务必要想一想还有没有更好的表达方式，这就是我们平时常讲的“头脑风暴法”，例如：beautiful→attractive/charming，difficult→tough/challenging 注意：高级词汇一定要使用合理、得体，能够完成表达任务为目的，简单地不加分别地堆砌所谓的高级词汇不仅不能让你的作文增色添彩，而且会令阅卷者心生厌恶。‎ ‎【即时训练】　‎ Ⅰ.用高级词汇替换加黑词语 ‎1.He should have driven more slowly.‎ ‎→He is supposed to have driven more slowly.‎ ‎2.Because of the good weather，our journey was comfortable.‎ ‎→Thanks to the good weather，our journey was comfortable.‎ ‎3.Most of the students are short-sighted.‎ ‎→The majority of the students are short-sighted.‎ ‎4.The rain was heavy，and as a result the road was flooded.‎ ‎→The rain was heavy，and consequently the road was flooded.‎ ‎5.Jack is very clever，who often thinks of new ideas.‎ ‎→Jack is very clever，who often comes up with new ideas.‎ ‎6.Some students think that they should save some of their pocket money for books.‎ ‎→Some students think that they should set aside some of their pocket money for books.‎ ‎7.I’m very glad to learn that you are coming in September.‎ ‎→I’m more than glad to learn that you are coming in September.‎ ‎8.Would you please help me to turn down the radio?‎ ‎→Would you please do me the favor to turn down the radio?‎ Ⅱ.根据提示用高级词汇改写下列句子 ‎1.As a result，the plan was a failure.(turn)‎ ‎→The plan turned out to be a failure.‎ ‎2.I believe that our country will become stronger and stronger.(convince)‎ ‎→I am convinced that our country will become stronger and stronger.‎ ‎3.He spends all his spare time in reading.(devote)‎ ‎→He devotes all his spare time to reading.‎ ‎4.As soon as he arrived，he began his research.(介词短语作状语)‎ On his arrival，he began his research.‎ ‎5.The summer vacation is coming.(介词短语作表语)‎ The summer vacation is round the corner.‎ ‎6.Suddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house.(occur)‎ ‎→An idea occurred to me that/It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house.‎ ‎7.Developing a good habit is also important.(of＋n.)‎ ‎→Developing a good habit is also of importance/significance.‎ ‎8.The number of English learners is increasing.(介词短语作表语)‎ ‎→The number of English learners is on the rise.‎ ‎9.I sincerely hope that you will consider my suggestions.(take)‎ ‎→I sincerely hope that you will take my suggestions into account.‎ ‎10.More and more Americans are curious about Chinese culture.(number)‎ ‎→An increasing number of Americans are curious about Chinese culture.‎ 微技能二　学会写句——简洁·求异·高级 句式单一、缺乏生气的文章，哪怕无任何错误也不可能得高分。考生在写作文时应多运用一些高级句式和复合句，并注意句式的灵活多变，让文章读起来抑扬顿挫，让深厚的语言功底得以体现，让书面表达拽起来！运用多样句式有以下几种方式。‎ ‎●无重复原则——变异求新 句式无重复是指在同一篇文章中，不要过多地使用同一种句式。例如表达个人观点时不要通篇都是I think或In my opinion；表达建议时不要通篇都是You should....或者You’d better...。‎ ‎●长短句相间原则——错落有致 短句一般语气重，多在一个复杂的意思表达完成之后表示强调，富有力度；长句则适用于准确表达复杂的思想。运用长短句相间原则可以很好地发挥两种句子的优点。反之，如果只用长句或短句，则会使行文显得过于单调。所以，在写作中应该是长句和短句交替使用。‎ 请看下面考生范文：‎ Last Sunday morning I went to the park by bike.I was walking in the park when a couple stopped me and asked if I could help to take some photos of them.I offered my service willingly.With many thanks，they waved goodbye to me.However，a few minutes later，I found they had dropped a black handbag on the bench where they had sat.Believing they must return to look for the handbag，I decided to wait for them，with the handbag in my hand.Soon，they hurried back and I returned the handbag to them.They thanked me again and again.What a great pleasure it was to help others out!‎ 文章长短句相间，本文用了三个长句，分别是①when连接的并列句，其中含有一个if引导的宾语从句；②where引导的定语从句；③现在分词短语作状语。其余都是短句。文章张弛有度，错落有致。‎ ‎●高级句式原则 在写作中，恰当地运用2～3个高级句式是获得高分的必备条件。下面为考生推荐几种能有效提升写作档次的王牌句式，供大家选择使用，希望大家能够对它们烂熟于心，在考场上能信手拈来。在考前备考过程中，要有意识地把背诵过的句式尝试运用到写作中去，碰到一个句子时，要想一想有没有更好的表达句式。如把两个简单句合为定语从句，把一般句变为强调句等，更要看一下能否套用学过的句型，如“not...until...句型”，“so...that...句型”等。学会用英语思维，养成用英语高级句式写作的习惯。‎ 一、学会使用高级简单句 ‎1.运用介词短语 Instead of giving us answers immediately，he encourages us to think by ourselves.(介词短语作状语)‎ 他鼓励我们独立思考，而不是马上告诉我们答案。‎ ‎2.运用不定式短语 I feel much honored to have the chance to make my voice ‎ heard.(不定式短语作状语和定语)(2019·天津卷满分作文)‎ 我很荣幸有机会让大家倾听我的声音。‎ ‎3.运用分词短语 Knowing that you are fond of classical music，I’d like to invite you to participate in a Chinese classical music concert.(现在分词短语作状语)(2019·全国卷Ⅲ满分作文)‎ 了解到你喜欢古典音乐，我想邀请你参加一个中国古典音乐会。‎ Compared with letters and public phones，mobile phones and the Internet are faster and much more convenient.(过去分词短语作状语)‎ 与信件和公用电话相比，手机和网络更快，也更方便。‎ The Beijing Zoo，built in 1906，has a history of more than 100 years.(过去分词短语作定语)‎ 北京动物园，建于1906年，有100多年的历史了。‎ 二、学会使用高级复合句 ‎1.as和which引导的非限制性定语从句 定语从句有多种形式，引导词也有若干，但最容易掌握、最常运用的是as和which引导的非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎(1)表达“正如……”这一含义时，我们常用as引导的非限制性定语从句，它常放在主句之前，有时也可放在主句之中或主句之后。常见的句式有：‎ ‎·As we all know.../As is known to all...众所周知……‎ ‎·As he pointed out...正如他所指出的那样……‎ ‎·As the famous saying goes...正如名言所说……‎ As we all know，our friends lend us a helping hand when we need help and they help us get through difficult situations.‎ ‎(2)which 引导的非限制性定语从句 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时，可以指代某个单词，也可以代指整个主句，在从句中可以作主语或宾语。‎ Learning your keen interest in Chinese culture，I suggest you apply for Peking University，which is one of the best universities in China.(2018·北京卷满分作文)‎ 得知你对中国文化有兴趣，我建议你申请北京大学，它是中国最好的大学之一。‎ ‎2.what和that引导的名词性从句 名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。其中what，that所引导的名词性从句是写作中常见的高级表达方式。what在名词性从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语，而that在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用。‎ What you told me about your country broadened my horizons and aroused my interest in foreign culture.(主语从句)(2019·浙江卷满分作文)‎ 你告诉我的关于你的国家事情开阔了我的视野，激发了我对外国文化的兴趣。‎ In addition，what may interest you most (主语从句) is that I am really nervous and upset (表语从句) when taking the exam.‎ 另外，最使你感兴趣的是当考试的时候，我真的很紧张和难过。‎ 三、学会使用特殊句式 ‎1.强调句型 强调句型的使用是为了突出强调句子的某一部分，它是一种比较容易掌握的高级表达方式。其构成：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他。‎ We created a harmonious atmosphere with sincerity and faithfulness.‎ ‎→It was with sincerity and faithfulness that we created a harmonious atmosphere.‎ ‎2.倒装句 在写作中倒装句应用比较广泛，涉及的句型也比较多，包括部分倒装和全部倒装。常见的有：‎ ‎(1)“only＋状语”置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。‎ People from all over the world can only in this way communicate easily and effectively.‎ ‎→Only in this way can people from all over the world communicate easily and effectively.‎ ‎(2)none，neither，nor，not，never，hardly，little，seldom等否定词，以及由no构成的否定短语，如at no time，by no means等置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。‎ By the means of controlled release，I only need to deliver books to other participants，books are not only shared but it can build up a bridge connecting readers from different parts of the world as well.‎ ‎→By the means of controlled release，I only need to deliver books to other participants，not only are books shared but it can build up a bridge connecting readers from different parts of the world as well.‎ ‎(3)在so/such...that...结构中，当so/such...位于句首时，其后的句子用部分倒装。‎ I was so excited that I couldn’t wait to try my hand at riding it.However，it was harder than expected.‎ ‎→So excited was I that I couldn’t wait to try my hand at riding it.However，it was harder than expected.‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ Ⅰ.用高级句式升级下列句子 ‎1.I realized the importance of English when I entered senior high school.(强调句)‎ It was when I entered senior high school that I realized the importance of English.‎ ‎2.We can live a happy life only by this means.(倒装)‎ Only by this means can we live a happy life.‎ ‎3.We should pay more attention to the elderly who had devoted their youth and energy to our country.(被动语态)‎ More attention should be paid to the elderly who had devoted their youth and energy to our country.‎ ‎4.The environment will never improve until everybody takes care of it.(倒装)‎ Not until everybody takes care of it will the environment improve.‎ ‎5.The girl is spoken highly of.Her composition was well written.(定语从句)‎ The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of.‎ ‎6.After we had practiced playing basketball for almost two months，we strongly desired to be the winner.(分词作状语)‎ Having practiced playing basketball for almost two months，we strongly desired to be the winner.‎ ‎7.There are a lot of trees and flowers in our school and our school looks like a big garden.(with复合结构)‎ With a lot of trees and flowers in our school，our school looks like a big garden.‎ ‎8.They didn’t realize the importance of environmental protection until all the fish in the river died out.‎ Not until all the fish in the river died out did they realize the importance of environmental protection.(倒装句)‎ It was not until all the fish in the river died out that they realized the importance of environmental protection.(强调句)‎ Ⅱ.用高级句式翻译下列句子 ‎1.我们发现河水太脏无法钓鱼。(so...that句型)‎ We found the water was so dirty that we could not catch fish in it.‎ ‎2.我们到了一座山，山脚下有一条小河在流淌。(定语从句)‎ We arrived at a hill，at the foot of which there flows a small river.‎ ‎3.通过做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。(By＋doing)‎ By taking exercise，we can always stay healthy.‎ ‎4.一听到这个出乎意料的消息，他惊讶到说不出话来。(Upon/On doing) ‎ Upon/On hearing of the unexpected news，he was so surprised that he couldn’t say a word.‎ ‎5.毫无疑问，你有困难时，会得到别人的帮助。(There is no doubt that...)‎ There is no doubt that you will be helped by others if you have any difficulties.‎ ‎6.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。(The reason why...is that...)‎ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.‎ ‎7.如果你方便的话，咱们8：30校门口见吧！(if)‎ If it’s convenient for you，let’s meet at 8：30 outside the school gate.‎ ‎8.只要我们有强大的信念，就能够克服任何困难。(as long as)‎ As long as we have a strong will，we’ll be able to get over any difficulty.‎ 微技能三　学会谋篇——赏心·悦目·高效 近几年全国卷高考书面表达考查的基本上都是书信，一般为半开放提纲作文。在试题“注意”中有明确规定“可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯”。对于这类作文，考生不能离开情景和要求自行立意、选材，随意发挥；但考生可以根据需要进行适当的发挥，因而有较大的灵活性。‎ ‎1.最赏心悦目的布局——3段结构 高考作文最好采用三段式，不仅在行文上符合总—分—总的逻辑结构，而且在视觉上更加美观，吸引阅卷老师的眼球。以2019年全国卷Ⅰ为例：‎ ‎[示例]　假定你是李华，暑期在伦敦学习，得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展览。请写一封信申请做志愿者，内容包括：‎ ‎1.写信目的；2.个人优势；3.能做的事情。‎ 注意：1.词数100左右；‎ ‎2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；‎ ‎3.结束语已为你写好。‎ ‎　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ ‎　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ ‎　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ Yours，‎ Li Hua ‎【考生佳作】‎ Dear Sir/Madam，‎ My name is Li Hua.I’m a Chinese student who is taking a summer course in London now.I’m glad to learn that your gallery will hold a Chinese painting exhibition.I would like to do some voluntary work for the exhibition.So I am writing this letter asking to be a volunteer.‎ I am good at English and familiar with Chinese paintings.I would like to volunteer to help visitors, introduce Chinese paintings, spread Chinese culture, and strengthen ‎ world cultural exchanges.My aim is to let China go to the world and let the world understand China.I would appreciate it if you could agree to my request.‎ Looking forward to your early reply.‎ Yours，‎ Li Hua ‎2.最有效的拓展成文法——5大方法 ‎(1)列举具体的实例进行补充说明 ‎①我要花一些时间和父母在一起。‎ I’ll spend some time staying with my parents.‎ ‎→I’ll spend some time staying with my parents，chatting with them and doing some housework.‎ ‎②我看到了一些不良行为。‎ I found some bad behaviour.‎ ‎→I found some bad behaviour.Some people scribbled on the wall; some played on the lawn and some threw rubbish everywhere.‎ ‎(2)增添相关信息的时间、地点等内容 我要去购物。‎ I’m going to do some shopping.‎ ‎→I’m going to do some shopping in the supermarket and won’t be back until 5：00 o’clock in the afternoon.‎ ‎(3)增添事件的原因、结果、条件、让步、手段、目的等内容 ‎①我将参加一些社会活动。‎ I will take part in some social activities.‎ ‎→If possible，I will take part in some social activities so that I can know more about society.(条件，结果)‎ ‎②我需要好好休息，我要做些阅读。‎ I need a good rest.I’ll do some reading.‎ ‎→I need a good rest because I do feel tired after the hard work of all these years.I’ll do some reading for fun，as well as for knowledge.(原因，目的)‎ ‎③这部电影主要关于学校的发展。‎ The film is mainly related to the development of our school.‎ ‎→The film is mainly related to the development of our school，which will greatly help us students know the school’s history better and appeal to us to make contributions to our school’s development.(结果)‎ ‎(4)追加附加成分 在要点基础上适当增加合乎逻辑的附加成分，如定语(从句)、状语(从句)、非谓语动词、独立主格结构等。不仅增加了词数，而且使表达更清晰、准确，主题更突出。‎ 我建议老师应该多选择英语电影。‎ I suggest that the teacher should choose more English films.‎ ‎→As a young student，I suggest that the teacher should choose more English films that appeal to us teenagers，thus making English learning more interesting.‎ ‎(5)结尾适当发挥，写出个人感受、评价、愿望、倡议等 ‎①Although I was very tired this summer holiday，I felt very happy for what I did.(个人感受)‎ 尽管我这个暑假很累，但是我为我做的感到高兴。‎ ‎②I think such activities are necessary and meaningful.(评价)我认为这样的活动很有必要，也很有意义。‎ ‎③I sincerely hope my advice can be helpful to you and that you can enjoy your new school life.(愿望)‎ 我衷心希望我的建议能够对你有所帮助，你能够享受你在新学校的生活。‎ ‎④It is a duty for us students to protect our school environment and make it clean.(倡议)‎ 作为学生，保护我们校园的环境并使之干净是我们的职责。‎ ‎3.最有用的语篇粘合剂——4类衔接过渡 根据行文或段落需要，在句与句或段与段之间适当增加过渡词语，甚至过渡句，可以使文章浑然一体，同时能充实文章。考生应掌握的连接性词语如下：‎ ‎(1)表示“首先”的词语 表示“首先”‎ 的词汇常用在主题段落的开头，用于开篇引出扩展句。常见的词汇有：first，firstly，first of all，to begin/start with等。‎ First of all，we must make full use of every 45-minute lesson.‎ To begin with，smoking should be banned in public areas.‎ ‎(2)表示“其次”的词语 表示“其次”的词汇常用于承接主题句或第一个扩展句。常见的词汇有：second/secondly，besides，in addition，what’s more，furthermore，moreover等。‎ Secondly，we should get up early to memorize idioms and useful expressions.‎ What’s more，good books can help us to develop good characters.‎ ‎(3)表示“最后”的词语 表示“最后”的词汇常用于承接最后一个扩展句。常见的词汇有：last/ lastly，last but not least，most importantly等。‎ Last but not least，health is also very significant for us students.‎ ‎(4)表示“总之”的词语 表示“总之”的词汇常用于小结段落中上文的内容，引导最后一个扩展句或引导结尾句表示段落的结束。常见的词汇有：in short，in brief，in conclusion，in a/one word，to sum up，all in all，on the whole，in general等。‎ In a word，success is important，and so is failure，because it’s the mother of success.‎ ‎【即时训练】‎ ‎(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Peter来信询问你校学生体育运动情况。请给他回信，内容包括：‎ ‎1.学校的体育场馆；‎ ‎2.主要的运动项目；‎ ‎3.你喜欢的项目。‎ 注意：1.词数100左右；‎ ‎2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ ‎[写作步骤]‎ 第一步：细审题，列提纲 文章结构要点 ‎①首段：点明原因(回复上封信件中关于你校体育运动情况)‎ ‎②中段：体育场馆、运动项目、自己喜欢的项目 ‎③尾段：表达期望之情 第二步：据提纲，扩句子 要点一：学校的体育场馆 A new stadium has been built up.‎ ‎→A new stadium has been built up，which has become the new landmark in our school(它成为了我校的新地标).‎ 要点二：主要的运动项目 ‎①随着体育馆的建立，各种各样的体育赛事得以举行。‎ With the stadium set up，a wide range of sports events are able to be held.‎ ‎②乒乓球、足球和赛跑很受欢迎。‎ Pingpong，football as well as running competitions enjoy great popularity.‎ 要点三：你喜欢的项目 I’m interested in basketball.‎ ‎→I’m interested in basketball because it has been giving me strength to face the challenges in my life(因为它在一直给我勇气来面对生活中的挑战).‎ 第三步：添过渡，终成篇 Dear Peter，‎ I am exceedingly delighted to hear from you.You asked me in your last letter about the physical exercise in our school and the following information may give you a rough sketch.‎ To begin with，a new stadium has been built up，which has become the new landmark in our school.Moreover，with the stadium set up，a wide range of sports events are able to be held，of which Pingpong，football as well as running competitions enjoy great popularity.As for me，I’m interested in basketball because it has been giving me strength to face the challenges in my life.‎ All in all，I sincerely invite you to come to our school and see for yourself.‎ Yours，‎ Li Hua