高中英语语法精讲第3章虚拟语气

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高中英语语法精讲第3章虚拟语气

高中英语语法精讲第三章虚拟语气 ‎ ‎ 虚拟语气(the subjunctive mood),又称假设语气,是谓语动词的一种形式,表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反,在现实中并不存在,或实现的可能性很小。‎ ‎ 一、动词的语气 ‎ 语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气(mood)有三种,分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。‎ ‎ 1.陈述语气 ‎ 陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问,主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。‎ ‎ Where there is a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。‎ ‎ Can you help me carry the box upstairs你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗?‎ ‎ How I missed the life in the countryside! 我多么想念乡村的生活啊!‎ ‎ 2.祈使语气 ‎ 祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。‎ ‎ Come this way, please! 请这边走。‎ ‎ Don't make any noise, will you别吵,行吗?‎ ‎ Do be careful when crossing the street.过马路时一定要小心。‎ ‎ 3.虚拟语气 ‎ 虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。‎ ‎ If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。‎ ‎ I wish it were spring all the year round.但愿四季如春。‎ ‎ May good luck be yours! 祝你好运!‎ ‎ 二、条件句中的虚拟语气 ‎ 英语中条件从句有两类,一类是真实条件句,另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生,是真实条件句;如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。‎ ‎ A.真实条件句 ‎ 真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。‎ ‎ If he doesn't come at 8, we won't wait for him.如果他八点不来,我们就不等他了。‎ ‎ If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property. 过去发生洪水的话,常有很大的生命和财产损失。‎ ‎ We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow.如果明天不下雨,我们将去那里。‎ 12‎ ‎ I'll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean.如果你能保持车子干净,我就让你用我的自行车。‎ B.非真实条件句 ‎ 在含有非真实条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气,其构成有三种形式:‎ ‎ 与现在事实相反 if条件句的谓语:were did ‎ 主句的谓:would (could/should/might) + do ‎ 与过去事实相反 if条件句的谓语:had done ‎ 主句的谓:would(could/should/might) + have done ‎ 与将来事实相反 if条件句的谓语:did/were ‎ ‎ 主句的谓:should do would (could/should/might) + do were to do ‎ 1.表示与现在事实相反的条件 ‎ 条件从句用动词的过去式(be动词用were),主句用should(第一人称)或would(全部人称)+动词原形。可用情态动词could, might代替should, would表示情态。‎ ‎ If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends.明天要是星期天的话,我就去看望我的朋友。‎ ‎ If I were you, I should go and try.我要是你,我就去试试。‎ ‎ If wishes were horses, beggars might ride.‎ ‎ 如果幻想能成为马匹,叫花子都有了坐骑 ‎ I would go if they treated me like a slave.要是他们把我当奴隶对待,我就走。‎ ‎ 2.表示与过去事实相反的条件 ‎ 条件从句用动词的过去完成时,主句用should(第一人称)或would(全部人称)+have done,也可用could, might代替should, would。‎ ‎ If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you.如果昨天我知道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了。‎ ‎ If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping.今天早上要是没下雨,我就去买东西了。‎ ‎ The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs.倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库,洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。‎ ‎ 3.表示在将来不太可能实现的条件 ‎ 表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式:‎ ‎ ①were/did ‎ 条件从句用动词的过去式(be动词用were),主句用should(第一人称)或would(全部人称)+动词原形。也可用could, might代替should, would。‎ 12‎ ‎ If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him.明天如果他在这里的话,我就和他谈谈。‎ ‎ If you dropped the glass, it would break.你要是把杯子掉下来,会打碎的。‎ ‎ If she had time, she could help me.她要是有时间,就会帮我了。‎ ‎ ②should do ‎ 条件从句中不管什么人称都用should do,可表示有偶然实现的可能性。‎ ‎ If it should rain, the crops could be saved.假如下雨,庄稼可能就有救了。‎ ‎ We would trust him if he should be honest.如果他真是诚实的,那我们就相信他。‎ ‎ ③were to do ‎ 条件从句用were + to do。这种形式比较正式,常出现在书面语中,其假设成份很大,实现的可能性很小。‎ ‎ If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.要是我做这项工作,我就会以不同的方式去做。‎ ‎ If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him假如校长来了,我们对他说什么呢?‎ ‎ 对比:‎ ‎ 将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比 ‎ If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家里。‎ ‎ (常用形式)‎ ‎ If it should snow tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家里。‎ ‎ (可能性较小)‎ ‎ If it were to snow tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天要下雪的话,我就留在家里。(可能性最小)‎ C.省略if的条件句 ‎ 在书面语中,非真实条件句中有were, had, should时,可以省略if,而把were, had, should放在主语前,用倒装结构。‎ ‎ Were it necessary, I might go without delay.如果需要的话,我可以立即去。(= If it were necessary......)‎ ‎ Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.你要是听了我的建议,就不会考试不及格了。(= If you had taken my advice......)‎ ‎ Should I have time, I would call on her.要是有时间,我就去看她。(= If I should have time......)‎ D.错综条件句 ‎ 虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间不一致,这时主句和从句的谓语形式应按照各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。‎ 12‎ ‎ If you hadn't watched TV yesterday, you wouldn't be so sleepy now.如果你昨天不看电视,你现在也就不会这么困了。(从句yesterday说明过去,主句now说明现在)‎ ‎ If they had left home early this morning, they would arrive in half an hour.如果他们今天一早就离开家的话,再过半小时他们就该到了。(从句说明过去,主句说明将来。)‎ ‎ If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future.如果你此刻犹豫不决,你将来会吃苦头的。(从句说明现在,主句说明将来)‎ ‎ 注意:‎ ‎ 在很多情况下,我们也可以用was来代替当主语是第一人称或第三人称单数时的were。‎ ‎ If were here tomorrow... ‎ ‎ 也可以说成:If he was here tomorrow...‎ ‎ I wish I were a bird.‎ ‎ 也可以说成:I wish I was a bird.‎ ‎ 但倒装句型中的were不可被was来替换。‎ ‎ Were I in your position, I would not do it.如果我处在你的位置,我是不会干这件事的。‎ E.含蓄条件句 ‎ 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况:‎ ‎ 1.条件暗含在短语中 ‎ He would not get such a result without your help.没有你的帮助,他就不会有今天的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语without your help中)‎ ‎ But for you, I could not be recovered so soon.要不是有你,我就不会恢复得这么快。(条件暗含在But for you中)‎ ‎ This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster. 同样的事,如发生在过去,就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in the past中)‎ ‎ He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well. 他一定是去过那儿,否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(暗含条件是连词or)‎ ‎ 2.条件可根据上下文推理出 ‎ It would do you no good.这可能会对你没好处。(条件可能是if you should give up the job如果你放弃这项工作的话)‎ ‎ They could have won. 他们本来是会赢的。(条件可能是if they had been patient如果他们有耐心的话)‎ ‎ Such mistakes could have been avoided.这种错误完全能避免。(条件可能是if you had been more careful如果你更加小心一点的话)‎ ‎ Why didn't you tell me about it I should have helped 12‎ ‎ you.为什么你不告诉我?我会帮助你的。(条件可能是if you had told me about it如果你当时告诉我的话)‎ ‎ --- Did you go to see him yesterday你昨天去看他了吗?‎ ‎ --- I would have, but someone dropped over to my house for a visit.原想去的,但有人到我家来玩了。(条件是if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit如果没人到我家来玩的话)‎ ‎ 3.条件用其他形式来表示 ‎ She was ill, otherwise she would have been present at the meeting.她病了,否则的话就会出席会议了。(条件通过连词otherwise表示出来If she had not been ill...)‎ ‎ I told him to go there himself, but perhaps I should have gone together with him.我让他自己去那里,但也许我应该和他一道去。(连词but暗示条件)‎ ‎ Suppose you were in my shoes, what would you do假若你站在我的立场上,你会怎么办?(用suppose/supposing/providing等词表示if)‎ ‎ To talk with her, you would know she could not hear well.如果你同她交谈,你就会知道她的听力不好。(动词不定式带有假设的意思,相当于If you should talk with her...)‎ ‎ Left to himself, he could not have finished the work.要是放任他的话,他是不可能完成工作的。(动词的-ed形式表示条件If he had been left to himself...)‎ ‎ 提示: ‎ ‎ 在很多情况下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件。‎ ‎ You wouldn't know. 你不会知道。‎ ‎ I would like to go with you. 我愿意和你一起去。‎ 三、虚拟语气在各种从句中的用法 ‎ 虚拟语气除主要用于非真实条件句外,还可用在部分主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句之中。‎ ‎ A.名词性从句中的虚拟语气 ‎ 主句中的动词、名词、形容词如表示要求、建议、命令或愿望等含义,与其相关的名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。‎ ‎ 1.主语从句中的虚拟语气 ‎ 主语从句通常用于“It is +形容词名词动词的-ed形式+ that ...”结构。主语从句中是否用虚拟语气取决于所用的形容词或动词的-ed形式,其谓语动词常用“should +动词原形”(美国英语常省略should,只用动词原形)。‎ ‎ ①表示建议或命令 ‎ It is important that we (should) work out a study plan.重要的是我们要制订出一个学习计划。‎ ‎ It will be better that we (should) meet some other time.最好我们在另一个时间见面。‎ 12‎ ‎ It is suggested that each student (should) sing a song in English.有人建议每个学生都要唱一首英文歌曲。‎ ‎ It is demanded that he should leave at once.要求他立刻离开。‎ ‎ ②表示惊讶 ‎ It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings.真奇怪他竟看不到自己的缺点。‎ ‎ It is a pity that I should be at school instead of lying here in hospital.真可惜,我应当在学校而不是躺在医院里。‎ ‎ It is natural that you should forget it first.你起先记不住是很自然的。 ‎ ‎ 必背:‎ ‎ 常见的要接含有虚拟语气主语从句的词 ‎ 形容词:important, necessary, urgent, essential, vital, natural, strange, proper等 ‎ 动词的-ed形式:arranged, suggested, ordered, required, desired, demanded, proposed等 ‎ It is necessary that the program (should) be loaded into the computer.有必要把程序输入电脑。‎ ‎ It is strange that he should have learned so much in such a short time.很奇怪他竟然在如此短的时间内学了那么多的东西。‎ ‎ It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight.希望一切在今晚前准备就绪。‎ ‎ 2.宾语从句 ‎ 虚拟语气常用在表示要求、建议、命令或愿望的动词后的宾语从句中。‎ ‎ 常见的宾语从句中需用“should+动词原形”的动词有:‎ ‎ 一个坚持:insist ‎ 两个命令:order, command ‎ 三个建议:suggest, advise, propose ‎ 四个要求:demand, require, ask, desire ‎ ①在suggest(建议), order(命令), propose(建议), insist(坚持要做), command (命令),request(要求),advise(建议)等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should +动词原形(美国英语常省略should)。‎ ‎ The examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator.考官要求学生不要使用计算器。‎ ‎ The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent.工人们要求增加百分之十的工资。‎ ‎ They requested that he (should) sing a song.他们要求他唱一首歌。‎ ‎ 比较:‎ 12‎ ‎ 动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句,应根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。‎ ‎ suggest作“建议”解时,用虚拟语气,作“使想起、暗示”解时,用陈述语气。‎ ‎ His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。(暗示)‎ ‎ He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。(建议)‎ ‎ insist作“坚决要求”解时,用虚拟语气,作“坚持认为”解时,用陈述语气。‎ ‎ He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health.他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。(强调)‎ ‎ He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持每天都要做早操。(要求)‎ ‎ ②在动词wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气,表示不可能实现的愿望。‎ ‎ 一般过去时were/did 表示目前不可能实现的愿望 ‎ I wish I were a bird.但愿我是一只小鸟。‎ ‎ I wish I knew the answer.我要是知道答案就好了。‎ ‎ 过去完成时 had done 表示过去不可能实现的愿望 ‎ I wish she had taken my advice.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。‎ ‎ I wish that I had seen her yesterday.真希望我昨天见过她。‎ ‎ 过去将来时would/could do表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望 ‎ I wish you would stay an hour longer.我希望你再呆一个小时。‎ ‎ I wish it could stop raining.但愿雨能停。‎ ‎ 提示:‎ ‎ 由于wish和hope的汉语意思差不多,在使用上往往容易出错。wish一般表示“希望”、“但愿”,表示不可能实现的愿望,后接从句时要用虚拟语气;hope表示“希望”,指可以实现的希望,后接从句时用陈述语气。‎ ‎ The students hope that their football team will win the game.学生们希望他们的足球队获胜。(可能实现)‎ ‎ I wish I could see him now.我希望现在就能看到他。(不可能实现)‎ ‎3.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气 ‎ 在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中,谓语动词要用“should +动词原形”结构。‎ ‎ My advice is that you (should) practice speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。‎ ‎ The demand is that the composition (should) be written on one side only.按照要求作文必须单面誊写。‎ 12‎ ‎ It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year.我的愿望是所有家庭成员一年团圆一次。‎ ‎ The suggestion that education (should) be reformed is reasonable.教育要改革的建议是合理的。‎ 必背:‎ ‎ 表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词常见的有 ‎ advice 建议 ‎ demand 要求 ‎ desire 愿望 ‎ decision决定 ‎ idea 意见 ‎ motion 提议 ‎ order 命令 ‎ proposal提议 ‎ requirement要求 ‎ request 请求 ‎ regulation 规章 ‎ suggestion 建议 B.状语从句中的虚拟语气 ‎ ①方式状语从句 ‎ 由as if或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况,也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。‎ ‎ a.表示与现在事实不相符,用一般过去时 ‎ The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child.这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。(这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子)‎ ‎ b.表示与过去事实不相符,用过去完成时 ‎ I felt as though we had known each other for years.我感觉我们好像认识多年了。(其实并没有认识多年)‎ ‎ c.表示与将来事实不相符,用would/might/could ‎ It looks as if it might rain.天看上去好像要下雨。(不大可能下雨)‎ ‎ 对比:‎ ‎ He looks as if he is young.看样子他好像很年轻。(他就是年轻)‎ ‎ He looks as if he were young.看样子他好像很年轻。(实际上他不年轻)‎ ‎②目的状语从句 12‎ ‎ a.由in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句,动词用“should +动词原形”结构,表示忧虑或目的。‎ ‎ Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget.请你明天再提醒我这件事,以免我忘记。‎ ‎ She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forget.她一再强调这一点免得他忘记。‎ ‎ We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there ‎ should be any misunderstanding.‎ ‎ 我们开了一个会,面对面谈了这件事,以免发生任何误会.‎ ‎ b.在in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句中,往往用can(could)或may(might)。‎ ‎ I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget.我要把你的电话号码记下来,以免忘记。‎ ‎ They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time.为了能提前完成工作,他们比往常更加努力。‎ ‎ We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.我把真实情况告诉你,使你能自己作出判断。‎ ‎ ③让步状语从句 ‎ 让步状语从句指事实时,从句谓语动词用陈述语气。若从句内容表示现在和将来的假设情况,从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。‎ ‎ Though he (should) fail, there would still be hope.即使他失败了,仍有一线希望。‎ ‎ I should say the same thing even if he were here.即使他在这里,我还是要这么说。‎ ‎ Whether he (should) succeed or fail, we shall have to do our part.不管他成功还是失败,我们还是要做好自己的事。‎ ‎ However hard it might rain rains, we shall go there together.不管雨下得多么大,今晚我们还是要去那里。‎ ‎ No matter what his social position (might) be, a man is equal in the eye of the law.一个人不论其社会地位如何,在法律面前都是平等的。‎ ‎ C.定语从句中的虚拟语气 ‎ 在It is (high) time (that) ...结构中,定语从句的谓语动词用过去式,表示“到某人该做某事的时间了”。‎ ‎ It is time that the children went to bed.到孩子们睡觉的时间了。‎ ‎ It is high time that we began the meeting.正是我们开会的时间了。‎ ‎ 四、其他句型中的虚拟语气 ‎ A.If only......‎ ‎ If 12‎ ‎ only位于句首引起的感叹句用虚拟语气,动词用一般过去时表示目前的愿望,用过去完成时表示过去的愿望,用would或could表示将来。‎ ‎ If only he knew the answer.他要是知道答案就好了。(用过去时表示现在)‎ ‎ If only I could speak several foreign languages!我要是能讲几种外语就好了!(用would/could表示将来)‎ ‎ If only you had told me the truth before. 要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。(用过去完成时表示过去)‎ ‎ 注意:if only和wish的用法相同,表示的意愿也基本相同。‎ ‎ If only it would rain.但愿天能下点儿雨!= How I wish it would rain.‎ ‎ If only I had known her earlier! 要是我早点儿认识她就好了!= I wish I had known her earlier.‎ ‎ ‎ B.would rather ‎ would rather, would prefer, would sooner等后接从句,表示“宁愿”,动词用过去时表示当时和将来的情况,用过去完成时表示过去的情况。‎ ‎ I would rather you left today.我宁可你今天走。‎ ‎ I would prefer he didn't stay here too long.我倒希望他不要在这儿呆得太久。‎ ‎ I would rather I hadn't seen that film yesterday.我宁愿昨天没有看那场电影。‎ ‎ 提示:‎ ‎ would rather主要有两种用法。‎ ‎ 1.后接不带to的不定式 ‎ I'd rather play tennis than swim.我宁愿打网球,也不愿游泳。‎ ‎ I'd rather not go to the movies.我宁愿不去看电影。‎ ‎ Which would you rather have, tea or coffee你喜欢喝茶,还是咖啡 ‎ 2.后接不用连词的that从句 ‎ I'd rather you went home now.我希望你现在就回家。‎ ‎ I would rather my daughter attended a public school.我希望我的女儿能上公立学校。‎ ‎ C.表示愿望的感叹句 ‎ 在表示祝愿的感叹句中,用动词原形,表示愿望。‎ ‎ Long live the People's Republic of China! 中华人民共和国万岁!‎ ‎ May you be happy! 祝您快乐!‎ ‎ God bless you! 上帝保佑你!‎ ‎ Success attend you! 祝你成功!‎ ‎ The Lord save us! 愿主救我们!‎ ‎ D.情态动词用于虚拟语气 12‎ ‎ 部分情态动词的过去形式(could, might, should, would),可以用于非真实条件句以及其他结构中表示虚拟语气。‎ ‎ 1.表示想像或猜测 ‎ If I could speak French, I would teach you.如果我会说法语,我就能教你。(我不会,所以不能教你)‎ ‎ If you phoned him right now, you might get the matter settled.如果你现在给他打电话,你就可以把问题解决了。‎ ‎ There could be something wrong with the tape recorder.这台录音机可能出毛病了。‎ ‎ He might have said so.他可能这样说过。‎ ‎ Could he have done such a foolish thing他会做这样的傻事吗?‎ ‎ 2.表示委婉或客气 ‎ 虚拟语气(could, would, might +动词原形)可使说话者的口气变得委婉客气。 ‎ ‎ You could answer this email for me.你可以替我回这个电子邮件。‎ ‎ Could you leave me your telephone number and address你能将电话号码和地址留给我吗?‎ ‎ Would you mind opening the window劳驾把窗子打开,好吗?‎ ‎ You might as well put off the discussion till next week.你们不妨把讨论推迟到下个星期。‎ ‎ 比较:‎ ‎ would like to do ‎ 愿意,想要 ‎ would like to have done ‎ 本来想 ‎ I would like (to have) a word with you.我想和你谈一谈。(现在想)‎ ‎ I would like to have talked with you.我原本想和你谈一谈的。(没有谈成)‎ ‎ 3.表示惋惜或责备 ‎ Given more time, we could have done better.如果给我们更多时间,我们能够干得更好些。(我们并没有得到更多的时间)‎ ‎ You could have got up a little earlier!你完全可以早点儿起来!(实际上没有早起)‎ ‎ It was cold yesterday. I should have worn a heavy coat.昨天很冷,我该穿件厚外套的。(但我没穿)‎ ‎ This wall shouldn't have been pained blue.这墙不应该漆成蓝色。(但已漆了)‎ ‎ 提示:‎ ‎ 当代英语一个显著的变化就是虚拟语气的使用越来越少,许多该用虚拟语气的地方都用陈述语气代替。‎ ‎ He suggested that I went to the hospital at once.他建议我们立刻去医院。(原应用should go)‎ 12‎ ‎ We shall write down the address lest we forget.我们要把地址记下来,以免忘记。(原应用should forget)‎ ‎ Imagine you are an astronaut.设想你是个宇航员。(原应用were) 。‎ ‎ ‎ 12‎
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