【英语】2018届二轮复习介词考点练与析学案（20页word版）

【英语】2018届二轮复习介词考点练与析学案（20页word版）

‎2018届二轮复习 介词考点练与析 ‎【基础回顾】‎ 考点归纳： ‎ 介词是英语中比较活跃的词，考纲词汇表中列出的必学的基本介词有50多个：about，above，according to，across，after，against，along，among，around，at，before，behind，below，beside，besides，between，beyond，but，by，down，during，except，except for，for，from，in，inside，into，like，near，of，off，on，onto，opposite，outside，over，past，since，through，throughout，till，until ，to，toward(s)，under，up，upon，with，within，without。常见的介词的考查主要有：‎ ‎1.介词的意义，尤其是一些介词的特定含义。‎ ‎2.介词的近义词的用法区别，主要包括：示时间的介词；表示空间、方位的介词；表示手段、工具的介词；表示原因、目的的介词等等。‎ ‎3.介词的固定用法。‎ ‎4. with的复合结构。单独列出来是因为with的这一用法非常重要，尤其是在语法填空题和短文改错题中考到。‎ 基础必读：‎ 一、介词的句法功能 ‎ 介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。‎ ‎1、作定语：The book on the table is mine.‎ ‎2、作状语：We have breakfast at seven.（表时间）；They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）；They started the machine by pressing the button.（表方法）‎ ‎3、作表语：My dictionary is in the bag.‎ ‎4、作宾语补足语：I found him in the office.‎ 二. 常用介词的用法 ‎1. 表示时间的介词 ‎（1）at, in, on和by A. at的用法：‎ a. 时间的一点、时刻等，e.g. at 12:00, at noon, at night, at midnight, at dawn, at daybreak b. 较短暂的一段时间，可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子，e.g. at Christmas, ‎ at New Year, at the Spring Festival B. in的用法：‎ a. 表示在某个较长的时间内（如世纪、朝代、年代、月及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等），‎ e.g. in the 1980s, in Qing Dynasty, in October, in the morning b. 表示在一段时间之后，e.g. I’ll be back in an hour.‎ C. on的用法：‎ a. 用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间，如某日、某节日、星期几等。e.g. on October 1st,‎ ‎ on a rainy day, on National Day b. 用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上。e.g. on the eve of victory (胜利前夕)，on the morning of January 3rd, on the afternoon of his arrival c. 准时、按时on time D. by的用法：‎ a. 表示“不迟于，在（某时）前”，e.g. He must have arrived there by now. ‎ b. 表示“在……间”“在……时间”，e.g. He worked by day and slept by night.‎ ‎ 温馨提示：当时间名词前被this，that，last，next，some，every等词限定时，通常不用任何介词。‎ ‎（2） after与in ‎ 二词均可表示在某一段时间后，但该时段的起点不同。‎ A. in的用法：‎ in表示以此刻为起点的将来一个时段之后，常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。‎ e.g. My father will be back from abroad in three days.‎ B. after的用法：‎ a. 与表示一段时间的词连用，常与过去时态的谓语动词连用，这时相当于“一段时间 + later”‎ e.g. He left home and went to the front after two days / two days later.‎ b. 与表示时间点的词连用，常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。‎ e.g. I’ll go and see her after three o’clock.‎ ‎ 易错误区：“in the past”意为“在过去”，与过去时态的谓语动词连用。如In the past, no villagers dared do that； “in the past / last + 时间段”意为“在过去的……中 / 内”，表示从现在算起过去的一段时间，包括此时此刻在内，常与现在完成时态连用。如In the past / last few years, great changes have taken place in this village.‎ ‎（3）during, for, from和since ‎ during除具备in表时间段的用法外，还可指在某一活动过程中，e.g. during the night，during the fire，during the meeting。for后接时间段的名词词组，表示行为状态持续了多久，e.g. I have lived in this city for more than 10 years. from接时间点的名词词组，表示行为或状态的起始点，而不涉及其持续时间的长短，e.g. My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five. since接时间点的名词词组，不仅表示行为或状态的起始点，而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到此时此刻，因而与延续性动词的现在完成时连用，e.g. I have been working in this factory since I graduated in 1993.‎ ‎2. 表示空间和方位的介词 ‎（1）above, over, on, below, under, beneath A. above侧重于相对水平高度，不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。‎ e.g. The sun is above the mountain in the east. The position he pointed to was below the sea level.‎ B. over侧重于垂直高度，即位于正上方，其反义词是under。‎ e.g.Be careful, there is a heavy box over your head. The little mouse is under the table, so it is not easy to find it.‎ C. on侧重于与物体表面接触，其反义词是beneath。‎ e.g.There are some stamps on the desk.‎ ‎（2） across, over, through, past ‎ 四个词都与表示运动的动词有关。across意为“横穿，穿越”，表示运动发生在物体的表面；over意为“跨过，越过”，表示运动发生在物体的上方；through意为“穿过，通过”，表示运动发生在某物的空间；past意为“从旁边经过”，表示运动发生在某物旁边。‎ e.g. The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea.‎ After the meeting, I went past the past office straight to my home.‎ ‎（3） at, in, on 三者均表示地点，“在……处”‎ A. at a. 用于指较小的地方，e.g. We’ll meet each other at the park.‎ b. 用于门牌号码前，e.g. My grandparents live at 105 Beijing Road.‎ B. in 用于指较大的地方，e.g. She lived in Hong Kong for 20 years.‎ C. on 一般指与面或线接触，e.g. Put the pictures on the wall.‎ ‎（4） near, by, beside, at 四个词都表示“在……附近”，但侧重点不同。‎ A. near表示相对的“近”，而实际距离可能并不近。‎ e.g. A new hospital is being built near our school.‎ B. by和beside都表示“靠近”，但beside比by更具体地表示出“在……旁边”的意思。‎ e.g. I planted an apple tree by the river. The girl was sitting beside her mother.‎ C. at表示“在……旁边”之意，但多表示有目的的和所处的位置，而by和beside仅表示位置关系。‎ e.g. We are sitting at the desks listening to our teacher.‎ ‎（5） to, for, toward(s)‎ ‎ 用于表示来往行动动词之后，表示行动的方向，多用to，e.g. go，come， walk，run，dash，rush，move，fly，return，lead，take等；用于表示“起程，出发，离开”的动词之后，多用for，e.g. leave，start，set off等；用于表示“朝……方向”时，to和towards是同义词，不表到达，而to不仅表方向，还表到达。‎ e.g. After the soldiers got well prepared, they set off for the front. ‎ The plane is flying towards the north, but it’s difficult to decide which area it’s flying to.‎ ‎（6）in, on, to在方位名词前的区别，三词都可表示两地之间的位置关系。‎ ‎ in表示在范围之内，e.g. Shandong Province is / lies in the east of China.；to表示在某范围之外的地方，e.g. Japan is / lies to east of China.；on表示“毗邻、接壤”，e.g. Mongolia is / lies on the north of China.。‎ ‎（7） between，among 二词均表示“在……中间，在……之间”。‎ ‎ between表示在二者之间，有时between之后也可能出现三个或三个以上的宾语，但这时所强调的仍然是其中每两者之间的相互关系，e.g. This secret is only between you and me. 而among指在三者或三者以上之间，e.g. We’ll visit a town among the mountains.‎ 温馨提示：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，如果强调的是两两相互间接关系，适用于between。‎ e.g.：Agreements were made between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时用between。e.g.：The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时，总是用between。e.g.：They don’t know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.‎ ‎（8） in，on二词均可表示“在……上”，描写两个物体的接触情况。‎ ‎ in侧重于接触的深度，e.g. We found a square hole in the west wall. ‎ ‎ on侧重于表面接触，e.g. There is a map of the world on the wall.‎ ‎ 温馨提示：‎ ‎①英语中若打击某人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时，用in，e.g. They hit the boy in the face and then ran away.而打击头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时，用on，e.g. The teacher patted the boy on the head and comforted him.‎ ‎ ②表示植物本身生长出来的叶、花、果等，用on，e.g. There are lots of apples on the tree.‎ ‎ ③表示植物本身以外的人或动物“在树上”，用in the tree，意指被枝叶遮掩其中。‎ ‎ e.g. Birds often play in the tree.‎ ‎（9）after，behind二词表示“在……之后”。‎ ‎ after多指动作顺序的先后，behind表示静态位置的前后。二者表示位置时常可通用。‎ ‎ e.g. Winter comes after autumn. Behind the hospital stood a school.‎ ‎ Shut the door after / behind you.‎ ‎3. 表示工具、手段、方式的介词 ‎（1） by，in，on三词都表示旅行的方式 A. by a. 不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不带冠词，e.g. by sea, by water, by land, by rail b. 涉及交通工具的名词时用by，但名词须用单数，其前面不加冠词或任何修饰语，e.g. by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship / boat, by train, by spaceship B. 当旅行方式涉及到确定特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语，e.g. travel to New York in this plane; leave on an early train; go to school on my bike ‎ 温馨提示：步行、骑马等均可用on，如on foot, on horseback, on a horse, on the camel ‎（2） with，by，in三词均译为“用”，表示行为的工具、手段或方式。‎ A. with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官等，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。‎ 如They are digging with a pick / spade. ‎ We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.‎ B. by，in，on，over，through等多用于无形的工具或方式手段。‎ 如by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope ‎ 温馨提示：‎ ‎①使用语言、原料、材料时用in表示，e.g. in English / Japanese, in blue ink ‎ ②表达“用……方法 / 式”时，所用介词分别为：in this / that / the ‎ same … way;‎ ‎ by this / that … means, by means of …; with this / that … method ‎4. 表示原因的介词 ‎（1）at，for，with三词均可组成介词短语，表示行为或状态的原因、动机或理由。‎ A. at常与表示感情色彩的动词、形容词或过去分词搭配，后接表示具体事物的名词。‎ e.g. We were excited / happy / frightened at the news. I was angry at her words.‎ B. for和with后接表示感情的抽象名词，其中with侧重于随着心理变化而发生的感情变化。‎ e.g. She often hangs down her head for shame. He went red with anger.‎ ‎（2）because of，due to，thanks to三个词组均意为“由于，因为”‎ A. because of“因为，由于”，通常作状语，位于句首或句尾。‎ e.g. The sports meet will be put off till next Saturday because of the heavy rain.‎ B. due to“因为，由于”，通常作表语。‎ e.g. His illness was due to smoking and drinking.‎ C. thanks to“幸亏，多亏”，既可用于褒义，又可用于贬义，多位于句首。‎ e.g. Thanks to the Party’s good policy, the farmers are now living a happy and rich life.‎ 三、常考的一些易混介词归纳。‎ ‎1.about，on，of表示“关于”‎ A. about侧重于与人或事物有关的事迹或情况。‎ e.g. The Red Army man told us a story about Chairman Mao.‎ B. on侧重于阐述或论及相对重大或深奥的理论、学术等问题。‎ e.g. Who made the report on the situation in the Middle East?‎ C. of在与tell，read，know，think等动词连用时，侧重于粗略涉及，而about涉及的情况则详细得多。‎ e.g. ---Do you know about that man over there?---No, I know little of him.‎ ‎2. in和of表示比较范围，均可引出一个可供比较的范围，适用于形容词和副词的最高级，指三者或三者以上的人或事物的比较。‎ A. in表示限定在某个范围内的最高级。e.g. Mary sings best in my ‎ class.‎ B. of表示同一类人或事物中的最高级；用于同类两者之间的比较，但比较级前须加定冠词 the。e.g. Of all the boys, Tom runs the fastest.‎ ‎3.表示“包括、排除”的介词的区别：besides，except，but，other than，except for，except than / when A. 用于否定句时，besides，except与but可相互替换。如No other students passed the difficult maths exam except / beside / but Lin Tao and Wu Dong.‎ B. 用于肯定句时的用法 a. except意为“除……之外”（不再有），e.g. We all passed the exam except Tom.‎ b. besides意为“除……之外”（还有……），e.g. We all passed the exam besides Tom.‎ ‎ 温馨提示：besides在句中的位置较灵活，可放在句首，亦可放在句中；而except多放在句中。此外，except前几乎总有all，any，every，no及其复合词等；而besides前可用，也可不用，依句意而定。‎ E.g. He answered all the questions except the last one. I have a few friends besides you.‎ c. except for意为“除了因为……”，表示除去整体中的一部分，它所叙述的事实或细节部分地修正句子的主要意思。‎ E.g. The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.‎ C. except和but / other than都可接名词、代词、动名词、动词原形，可以互换；但except后接副词、介词短语、when从句等时，but / other than不可替换except。‎ e.g. He has always been in high spirits except recently. ‎ The window is never opened except in summer.‎ D. but，except后都可接that 从句作宾语，二者可互换。‎ e.g. I asked nothing from him but / except that he should write to me every other week.‎ E. 以上比较了except，besides，but作介词的区别，另外，besides还可用作副词，意为“而且，还有”。‎ e.g. I don’t want to go; besides, I am too tired. This is my best suit; I have two other besides.‎ ‎4.表示时间的at, in, on：‎ at表示片刻的时间，e.g.：at 8 o’clock ，常用词组有：at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的时间，e.g.：in the ‎ morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on总是跟日子有关，on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning等。‎ ‎5.表示时间的since和from：‎ since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。‎ e.g.：I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.‎ ‎6.表示时间的in和after：‎ 两者都表示“在（某个时间）之后”，区别在于in表示“在（一段时间）之后”，而after则表示“在（某一具体时间点之后）”，in短语和将来时态连用，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。‎ e.g.：We’ll be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?‎ 温馨提示：after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后（常用在过去时里）。e.g.：After two months he returned.‎ ‎7、as, like：‎ as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。e.g.：Let me speak to you as a father.（事实是父亲）；like作“象……一样”解。e.g.：Let me speak to you like a father.（事实上不是父亲）。‎ ‎8、in, into：‎ into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。e.g.：We walked into the park.；in通常表示位置。e.g.：We walked in the park；in和drop, fall, put, throw, break等终止性动词连用时，也可以表示动向。e.g.：I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬币放进衣袋 ‎【技能方法】‎ 介词知识是高考中的必考内容，也是教学的重点和难点。‎ 解答此类试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：‎ ‎1.应重点掌握介词的基本用法；‎ ‎2.注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法；‎ ‎3.注意与同形的连词或者副词的区别；‎ ‎4.着重记住用法相似的介词。‎ ‎【基础达标】‎ ‎1．The conference has been held to discuss the effects of tourism ________ the wildlife in the area.‎ ‎【答案】on ‎2．Little Tom cured himself ______ the habit of lying.‎ ‎【答案】of ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：考查固定搭配。句意：小汤姆改正了自己说谎的毛病。cure sb. of sth.“改正某人的不良行为”。‎ ‎3．Andrew was very tired ________ shopping for a whole afternoon but his wife still wanted to go to another shop.‎ ‎【答案】from ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：考查固定搭配。be tired from因……感到累。句意：Andrew因为整个下午购物而感到很累，但是他的妻子仍然想要去另一家商店。故选B。‎ ‎【知识归纳】‎ be tired of对……厌烦；be tired from因……感到累。‎ ‎4．If you are not familiar ________ the topic, you may write something that is familiar ________ you.‎ ‎【答案】with; to ‎5．He was warned ________ the dangers he would have to face.‎ ‎【答案】of ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：考查固定短语。warn sb. of sth.警告某人某事。句意：他收到了他将不得不面对的危险的警告。‎ ‎【能力提升】‎ ‎1．—Are you sure you’re ready for the test?‎ ‎—No problem. I’m well prepared ________ it.‎ ‎【答案】for ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：句意：——你确定你准备好考试了吗？——没问题。我已经做好准备了。 be prepared for 为……做好了准备。学科网 ‎2．That young man is honest，cooperative，always there when you need his help.________ short，he’s reliable.‎ ‎【答案】in ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：句意：这个年轻人是诚实的，有合作精神的，当你需要他的帮助的时候，总是在那里。简言之，他是可靠的。in short简言之。‎ ‎3.The dictionary is out________ date: many words have been added to the language since it was published.‎ ‎【答案】of ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：句意：这本字典过时了：自从它被出版，很多单词被增加到这个语言中。考查介词短语。out of date过时的。‎ ‎4. Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because________the calcium content，which helps people to relax.‎ ‎【答案】of ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：句意：最新研究显示牛奶对睡眠非常好，因为牛奶钙的含量高，这有助于人们放松。because of后接名词the calcium content作宾语。‎ ‎5.One well of the oil field was still burning with huge fire twisting crazily ________ the night sky.‎ ‎【答案】against ‎6. In the final，we narrowly won the game. ________ be honest，I didn’t expect we had a chance of winning at first.‎ ‎【答案】To ‎【解析】‎ 试题分析：考查介词。句意：最后，我们勉强赢了比赛。说实话，最初我没想到我们有赢得比赛的机会。To be honest说实话。‎ ‎【终极闯关】‎ ‎1. 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词) 或括号内单词的正确形式。‎ The giant panda__1__(love) by people throughout the world. Chinese scientists __2__(recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby. She was a very __3__(care)mother. For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find something __4__(eat)！She would not let any other pandas come near. She licked the baby constantly to keep it clean. Any smell might attract natural __5__(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda. The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does.__6__it cried，she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats. The mother continued to care for the young panda __7__more than two years. By that time，the panda no longer needed __8__(it)mother for food. However，it stayed with her and learned about the ways of the forest. Then，after two and a half years，the mother __9__(drive)the young panda away. It was time for her to have a new ‎ baby，__10__it was also time for the young panda to be independent.‎ ‎【答案】1．is loved 2．recently 3．caring/careful　4．to eat　5．enemies　‎ ‎6．When/If　7．for　8．its　9．drove　10．and　‎ 部分解析 ‎3．caring/careful　考查形容词。作定语应用形容词形式。caring体贴人的，careful细心的。‎ ‎4．to eat　考查动词不定式。不定式作定语。‎ ‎5．enemies　考查名词单复数问题。前面没有限定词，因此本空应填名词复数形式。‎ ‎6．When/If　考查连词。如果小熊猫哭了，她来回摇晃它，给它安慰。when既可表示时间也可表示条件。‎ ‎7．for　考查介词。妈妈继续照顾年轻的熊猫两年多的时间。for＋一段时间。‎ ‎8．its　考查代词。这里指熊猫的妈妈， 作定语，用物主代词形式。‎ ‎9．drove　考查时态。文章主要时态为一般过去时。两年半之后，母亲把小熊猫赶走。‎ ‎10．and　考查连词。上下句之间为并列关系。是她有一个新宝宝的时候了，也是小熊猫独立的时候了。‎ 考点：考查语法填空 ‎2. 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中 共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。‎ ‎ 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(),并在其下面写出该加的词。‎ ‎ 删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。‎ ‎ 修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。‎ ‎ 注意：1.每处错误及修改均仅限一词。‎ ‎ 2．只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。‎ ‎ During my second month of nursing school, our professors gave us a quiz. I had smoothly finished the others' questions when I got stuck on the last one: "What’s the first name of the woman who clean the school ?" I had seen, many times, the woman, tall and in her fifty, but how could I know her name? I handed in my paper, leave the last question blankly. After a class ended, one student asked for the answer for the question. The professor said, "As you know, that in your careers you will meet many people. You ‎ should respect them and care about them, even you just smile and say ‎ 'hello' to them. J,‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎1. professors改为professor ‎2. others'改为other ‎3. clean改为cleans ‎4. fifty改为fifties ‎5. leave改为leaving ‎6. blankly改为blank ‎7. a改为the ‎8. for改为to ‎9. that去掉 ‎10.even后加if/though 部分解析 ‎4. fifty改为fifties考查数词。此处为固定用法，in one’s fifties:某人50 多岁。‎ ‎5. leave改为leaving考查非谓语。此处由于不是句子，须把动词leave 变成非谓语，它的逻辑主语是I，两者之间是主动关系，故变成leaving。‎ ‎6. blankly改为blank考查固定结构。此处为leave 的固定结构，leave+宾语+宾补，此处需用形容词做宾补，故改为blank。‎ ‎7. a改为the考查冠词。此处为特指上的这节课，用定冠词the。‎ ‎8. for改为to考查介词。此处为固定用法，answer to a questions：问题的答案，故用介词to。‎ ‎9. that去掉 考查连词。此处是主句，无需加连词，故去掉that。‎ ‎10.even后加if/though考查固定搭配。此处意为即使，尽管，用even if/though。‎