2019届二轮复习构词法课件（40张）

2019届二轮复习构词法课件（40张）

2019 届二轮复习第十二 讲 构词法 01 02 转化法 1. 动词 转化为 名词 | 2. 名词转化为 动词 | 3. 形容词 转化为 动词 | 4. 形容词 转化为名词 派生法 1. 前缀 | 2. 后缀 I. 单句语法填空 | II. 单句改错 | III. 翻译句子 | IV. 语法填空 | V. 短文 改错 合成法 1. 合成名词 | 2. 合成形容词 | 3. 合成动词 | 4. 合成 副词 其他法 1. 截 短 法 | 2. 混合法 | 3. 首 字母缩略 法 05 针对训练 03 04 转化法 英语 中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种 把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变 的方法叫做 转化法 。 一、 转化法 一、 转化法 动词 转化为 名词 1 (1) 很多动词可以转化为名词，大多数情况下，意思没有多大的变化。 Let's go out for a walk . 我们 到外面去散散步吧。 (2) 有时意思有一定变化。 He is a man of strong build . 他 是一个体格健壮的人。 (3) 有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作。 Let's have a swim . 咱们 游泳吧。 一、 转化法 名词 转化为 动词 2 Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗？ Please hand me the book . 请 把那本书递给我。 She nursed her husband back to health. 她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。 一、 转化法 形容词 转化为 动词 3 We will try our best to better our living conditions. 我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。 一、 转化法 形容词 转化为 名词 4 (1) 表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词。 You should be dressed in black at the funeral. 你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。 (2) 某些形容词如 old ， young ， poor ， rich ， wounded ， injured 等与 the 连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数。 The old in our village are living a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。 派生法 二、派生法 在 词根前面加前缀 或在 词根后面加后缀 构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作 派生法 。除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，很少引起词义的变化。 二、派生法 前缀 (1) 表示否定意义的前缀 常见的有 dis ， un- ， im- ， in- ， il ， ir ， mis ， non 等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。 appear 出 现 → disappear 消失 correct 正确 的 → incorrect 不正确的 lead 带 领 → mislead 误导 stop 停 下 → nonstop 直达的 1 二、派生法 前缀 (2) 表示其他意义的前缀 常见的有 a-( 多构成表语形容词 ) ， anti- ( 反对；抵抗 ) ， auto- ( 自动 ) ， co ( 共同 ) ， en- ( 使 ) ， inter ( 互相 ) ， re- ( 再；又 ) ， sub ( 下面的；次；小 ) ， tele ( 强调距离 ) 等。 alone 单独的　　　　 antigas 防毒气的 cooperate 合作 enlarge 扩大 Internet 互联网 reuse 再用 subway 地铁 telephone 电话 1 二、派生法 后缀 (1) 构成名词的后缀常用的有 ence ， ( e)r / or ( 从事某事的人 ) ， -ese ( 某地人 ) ， -ess ( 雌性 ) ， -ful ( 一 ······) ， -ian ( 精 通 ······ 的 人 ) ， -ist ( 专业人员 ) ， ment ( 性质；状态 ) ， -ness ( 性质；状态 ) ， -tion ( 动作；过程 ) 等。 例如： differ 不同 于 → difference 区别 write 写 → writer 作家 Japan 日本 → Japanese 日本人 act 表演 → actress 女演员 mouth 口 → mouthful 一口 music 音乐 → musician 音乐家 2 二、派生法 后缀 (2) 构成动词的后缀常用的有 en ( 多用于形容词之后 ) ， fy ( 使 ······ 化 ) ， ize ( 使 ······ 成 为 ) 。 例如： wide → widen 加宽 beauty → beautify 美化 pure → purify 提纯 real → realize 意识到 organ → organize 组织 2 二、派生法 后缀 (3) 构成形容词的后缀 常用的有 al ， -able ( 有能力的 ) ， -an ( 某国人的 ) ， en ( 多用于表示材料的名词后 ) ， ern ( 方向的 ) ， ese( 某国人的 ) ， ful ， -( ic)al ， ish ， ive ， less ( 表示否定 ) ， -like ( 像 ······ 的 ) ， ly ， ous ， some ， y 等。 nature 自然 → natural 自然的 reason 道理 → reasonable 有道理的 America 美国 → American 美国的 China 中国 → Chinese 中国人的 gold 金子 → golden 金的 east 东 → eastern 东方的 child 孩子 → childish 孩子气的 snow 雪 → snowy 有雪的 2 二、派生法 后缀 (4) 构成副词的常用后缀有 ly ( 主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度 ) ， ward(s) ( 主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向 ) 。 angry 生气 的 → angrily 生气地 to 到 → towards 朝 ······ ，向 ······ east 东方 → eastward 向东 2 二、派生法 后缀 (5) 构成数词的后缀有 teen ( 十几 ) ， ty ( 几十 ) ， th ( 构成序数词 ) 。 six 六 → sixteen 十六 → sixteenth 第十六 four 四 → forty 四十 → fortieth 第四十 2 合成法 三、合成法 合成名词 1 构成方式 例词 名词＋名词 weekend 周末 名词＋动词 daybreak 黎明 名词＋动名词 handwriting 书法 名词＋介词＋名词 e ditor - in - chief 总编辑 动词＋名词 typewriter 打印机 三、合成法 合成名词 1 构成方式 例词 动名词＋名词 reading - room 阅览室 现在分词＋名词 flying - fish 飞鱼 形容词＋名词 gentleman 绅士 副词＋动词 outbreak 爆发 介词＋名词 afternoon 下午 三、合成法 合成形容词 2 构成方式 例词 名词＋形容词 snowwhite 雪白的 名词＋现在分词 Englishspeaking 讲英语的 名词＋ to ＋名词 face - toface 面对面的 名词＋过去分词 man - made 人造的 数词＋名词 oneway 单行的 三、合成法 合成形容词 2 构成方式 例词 数词＋名词＋形容词 two - year - old 两岁的 数词＋名词＋ ed fivestoreyed 五层的 形容词＋名词 highclass 高级的 形容词＋名词＋ ed nobleminded 高尚的 形容词＋形容词 light - blue 浅蓝色的 三、合成法 合成形容词 2 构成方式 例词 形容词＋现在分词 goodlooking 相貌好看的 副词＋形容词 evergreen 常青的 副词＋现在分词 hard-working 勤劳的 副词＋过去分词 wellknown 著名的 副词＋名词 fast-food 提供快餐服务的 介词＋名词 downhill 下坡的 三、合成法 合成动词 3 构成方式 例词 名词＋动词 sleep - walk 梦游 形容词＋动词 whitewash 粉刷 副词＋动词 overthrow 推翻 三、合成法 合成副词 4 构成方式 例词 形容词＋名词 hotfoot 匆忙地 形容词＋副词 everywhere 到处 副词＋副词 however 尽管如此 介词＋名词 beforehand 事先 介词＋副词 forever 永远 其他法 三 、其他法 截短法 1 截短法 又称缩略法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。 1 ．截头 telephone→phone 　　　 aeroplane →plane 2 ．去尾 mathematics→math examination →exam kilogram→kilo laboratory →lab 3 ．截头去尾 influenza→flu refrigerator →fridge 三 、其他法 混合法 2 混合法 又叫混成法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。 news broadcast → newscast 新闻广播 smoke and fog → smog 烟雾 三 、其他法 首 字母缩略 法 3 首字母缩略法 ，即用两个或两个以上的单词的首字母组成一个新词。 very important person → VIP 　要人；大人物 television → TV 　电视 Testing of English as a Foreign Language → TOEFL 　托福 Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 1 ． Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ______________ (regular) ． (2016· 全国卷 Ⅱ) 2 ． In addition to their simple beauty ， what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ______________ (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.(2015· 全国卷 Ⅱ) 3 ． The river was so polluted that it ______________ (actual) caught fire and burned.(2014· 全国卷 Ⅰ) 4 ． There were many people waiting at the bus stop ， and some of them looked very anxious and ______________ (disappoint) ． (2014· 全国卷 Ⅱ) 5 ． ______________ (obvious) ， the story is not true ， but the festival is interesting. regularly ability actually disappointed Obviously Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 6 ． When Bob was still young ， his parents' ______________ (marry) ended in divorce. 7 ． Not knowing how to operate the computer is one of the ______________ (advantage) in finding jobs. 8 ． ______________ (thank) ， I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end. 9 ． Letting that animal escape was no accident ； you did it ______________ (intend) ． 10 ． The Great Wall is more than 6,000 li in ______________ (long) ． marriage disadvantages Thankfully intentionally length Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 11 ． The black people were against slavery and fought for their ______________ (free) bravely. 12 ． What you said sounded ______________ (reason) but in fact it was untrue. 13 ． We have to learn ______________ (advance) technology from other countries. 14 ． You'd better give up smoking if you want to keep ______________ (health) ． 15 ． Without ______________ (hesitate) ， I decided to follow them and we did have lots of fun that day. freedom reasonable advanced healthy hesitation Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 16 ． My English improved a lot ； more importantly ， I gained much ______________ (confident) ． 17 ． Do you want to get to the classroom earlier to make some ______________ (prepare)? 18 ． Several days later ， out of my ______________ (expect) ， I saw it quietly stand in a corner of the house where I worked . I was extremely glad to regain it. 19 ． Not only the teachers but also the students find the website ______________ (benefit) ． 20 ． It snowed ______________ (heavy) last night and now the streets are covered with snow. confidence preparations expectation beneficial heavily Ⅱ . 单句 改错 1 ． In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday ， I took driving lessons . ( 2017· 全国卷 Ⅰ ) 2 ． Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem . 3 ． The teachers here are kind and helpfully . They are not only our teachers but also our friends . 4 ． The fruits are small in size ， but juicy and taste . 5 ． We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost ！ eighteenth serious helpful tasty wonderful Ⅱ . 单句 改错 6 ． It is a good way for us to memorize new words by seeing them repeated . 7 ． Her disappointing look showed that she failed the exam again . 8 ． The child looked sad at his brother who was badly wounded . 9 ． I must be getting fat—I can hard do my trousers up . 10 ． The five-yearsold boy can sing the song very well . repeatedly disappointed sadly hardly five-year-old Ⅲ . 翻译 句子 1 ．这个士兵因为救那个男孩而牺牲，他的死重于泰山 。 2 ． 令大家满意的是，这个女孩工作完成得很好。 3 ． 在我去上海之前，她帮我提前预定了一个房间。 4 ．拉塞尔 · 威斯布鲁克 (Russell Westbrook) 当选为 20162017 赛季最有价值球员 。 The soldier died for saving the child ， so his death is heavier than Mount Tai . To everyone's satisfaction ， the girl finished the job quite well . She booked a room for me in advance before I went to Shanghai . Russell Westbrook was elected to be MVP in the 20162017 season . Ⅲ . 翻译 句子 5 ．这次会议被认为很成功，但结果失败了。 6 ． 我对他的第一印象是他是一个友好而又考虑周到的年轻人 。 The meeting supposed to be successful turned out to be a failure in the end . My first impression of him was that he was a friendly and thoughtful young man . Ⅳ . 语法 填空 Even though his name is often connected with Cubism ( 立体派 ) ， Picasso did in fact produce a wide 1.________ (vary) of works throughout his long life. Acknowledged as being the most gifted painter of 2.________ twentieth century ， he also displayed a talent for sculpture and poetry. Few painters have been as productive as Picasso ， 3.________ produced over 13 ， 000 paintings and drawings in his lifetime! variety the who Ⅳ . 语法 填空 In spite of this enormous output ， Picasso was able to avoid 4.________ (repeat) his old work by changing his style . It seems that each change represented things 5.________ which he was being influenced at that particular time . The sad character of the artist's paintings during his “Blue Period” reflected people's 6.________ (suffer) he saw on the streets of Paris . When he began to paint circus scenes ， he used 7.________ (main) pink tones . This was known as his “Rose Period” ． Next came Cubism . This was a(n) 8.________ (usual) style of painting which Picasso developed with Braque ， a fellow artist . In the beginning ， the paintings had little or no colour ； only later 9.________ the artists experiment with colour. The style was perfected through a process of trial and error ， and Cubism—as we know it today—10.________ (bear) ． repeating by suffering(s) mainly unusual did was born Ⅴ . 短文 改错 I'm not on the habit of keeping things neat . Sometimes I worry about be so disorganized ， but I never feel like doing anything about it . My bedroom is always mess ， so I can hardly find everything . Last Friday evening ， I finished doing my homework and then starting to make dinner with my mother . Unfortunate ， I couldn't find my assignment anywhere the next morning ， so I have to redo it . What terrible it was ！ My mother told me that I should learn to keep my things in the order . I really want to change my badly habit ， but I don't know where to start. in being messy 或 mess 前加 a anything started Unfortunately had How bad