2020届人教版高考英语大一轮复习专用讲义：专题六非谓语动词

2020届人教版高考英语大一轮复习专用讲义：专题六非谓语动词

专题六非谓语动词 非谓语动词作状语 ‎1．分词作状语 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语；一般在句中作时间、原因、方式、条件、伴随等状语。‎ ‎(1)现在分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是由句子主语执行的，它们之间是主动关系。‎ Hearing the news, they got excited.‎ 听到这个消息，他们很兴奋。‎ ‎(2)过去分词作状语时，分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系。‎ Given the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.‎ 如果给予正确的训练，这些青少年足球运动员有一天也许会成为国际明星。‎ ‎2．动词不定式作状语 ‎(1)动词不定式作状语主要用来表示目的，有时也可以表示结果、原因等。‎ She was surprised to see George walk in.‎ 看到乔治进来，她很惊讶。‎ ‎(2)动词不定式作目的状语时，常位于句首或句中，形式上可用in order to do, so as to do, to do等，但so as to do不能置于句首。‎ In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.‎ 为了通过考试，他努力学习。‎ ‎(3)作目的状语的动词不定式动作必须是主语发出的。‎ To learn English well, his father bought him a dictionary.(×)‎ ‎[命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You don't have to run fast or for long________ (see) the benefit.‎ 解析：to see　此处意为：你不必跑很快或很久就能看到它的好处。分析句子结构可知，此处应该使用不定式形式作目的状语。‎ ‎②(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ______ (improve) water quality.‎ 解析：to improve　“改善水质”是“政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不种植水稻”的目的，故此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。‎ ‎③(2017·浙江6月高考)Sixteen years earlier, Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring __________(cook) a meal.‎ 解析：to cook　分析句子结构可知，句中已经有了谓语动词removed，所以此处要用动词不定式作目的状语。‎ ‎④(2016·浙江10月高考) Soon after, I was on my way to the show, ________ (carry) a fancy black handbag and a happy smile.‎ 解析：carrying　空处为伴随状语，且与逻辑主语I是主谓关系，故用carrying。‎ ‎⑤(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years.People probably cooked their food in large pots，________(use) twigs (树枝) to remove it.‎ 解析：using　第二句句中已有谓语cooked，且无其他连接词，use与主句主语之间存在主动关系，故填现在分词形式作方式状语。‎ 非谓语动词作定语 ‎1．动词不定式作定语 动词不定式作定语，通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后，与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓、动宾或同位关系。‎ She is always the first to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)‎ 她总是第一个到，最后一个离开。‎ Have you got a letter to write？(动宾关系)‎ 你有一封信要写吗？‎ Do you have the ability to read and write in English?‎ ‎(同位关系)‎ 你有用英语读写的能力吗？‎ ‎2．分词作定语 ‎(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式为doing, being done和done。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用doing；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作正在进行时，用being done；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作已完成时，用done。‎ I have never seen a more moving film.‎ 我没看过比这部更令人感动的电影。‎ The houses being built are for the teachers.‎ 正在建的房子是给老师的。‎ The broken glass is Tom's.‎ 这个打破了的杯子是汤姆的。‎ ‎(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为doing和done, doing表示正在进行；done表示已经完成。‎ boiling water　正沸腾的水　　boiled water开水 ‎3．动名词作定语 动名词可置于名词前作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能。‎ a walking stick ＝ a stick for walking　 手杖 a sleeping car ＝ a car for sleeping 卧铺车 ‎[命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①(2018·浙江11月高考)Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem ________ (call) caffeinism.‎ 解析：called　problem与call之间是被动关系，故用过去分词called作problem的后置定语。‎ ‎②(2017·浙江6月高考)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a ________ (shine) object.‎ 解析：shining　空处作object的前置定语，故填shining。‎ ‎③(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter________(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.‎ 解析：permitted　因为句中已有谓语动词was，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。因permit与reporter之间为逻辑上的被动关系，所以用过去分词形式作后置定语。‎ 非谓语动词作补语 ‎1．后接动词不定式作补语的动词及动词短语 ‎(1)有些动词或动词短语后接动词不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语＋宾语＋to do”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：‎ advise建议　 　　allow允许　　　 　ask询问；要求 beg恳求 cause导致 encourage鼓励 permit准许 forbid禁止 force强迫 intend打算 invite邀请 order命令；要求 persuade说服 prefer更喜欢 require需要；要求 teach教 remind提醒 tell告诉 want想要 warn警告 wish希望；想要 wait for等待 call on号召；要求 depend on依靠 She patiently explained all the rules to the students and required everyone to follow ‎ them.‎ 她耐心地向学生解释了所有的规则，并要求每个人都遵循这些规则。‎ He depends on you to help him with his English.‎ 他指望你帮助他学英语。‎ ‎(2)下列动词接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语：‎ 一感 (feel)，二听(hear, listen to)，三让(let，have, make)，五看 (see, notice, observe, watch, look at)，半帮助 (help)，但在变为被动语态时需加to。‎ Nobody saw him come in.(主动语态)没人看见他进来。‎ The thief was observed to enter the bank.(被动语态)‎ 有人看见小偷进了银行。‎ ‎(3)下列句型中常用动词不定式作主语补足语，它们是：‎ sb. be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋to do/to have done/to be done/to be doing/to have been done sth.‎ He is said to have been cheated in the street.‎ 据说，他在大街上被骗了。‎ The accident is reported to have killed two people.‎ 据报道，那次事故中有两人丧生。‎ ‎2．非谓语动词作感官动词(短语)、使役动词的宾补 ‎(1)感官动词(短语)see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel的宾语补足语有四种形式， 以see为例：‎ I saw him leave a few minutes ago.‎ 我看见他几分钟前离开了。‎ As I got closer, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.‎ 当我走近时，我看见他的腿在空中乱踢，并且呼吸沉重。‎ I'd like to see the plan carried out.‎ 我想看到这个计划被执行。‎ ‎(2)使役动词make, let, have, get后接复合宾语的情况：‎ ‎①make＋宾语＋ The teacher made some students stay in the classroom after school.老师让一些学生放学后待在教室里。‎ He tried to make himself understood.‎ 他尽量把自己的意思表达清楚了。‎ ‎②let＋宾语＋ Don't let your child play with matches.‎ 别让你的孩子玩火柴。‎ Let the work be done immediately.‎ 工作要马上去做。‎ He had the computer working all the night.‎ 他让电脑工作了一夜。‎ He had his wallet stolen on his way home.‎ 在回家的路上，他的钱包被偷了。‎ She got her bike running very fast.‎ 她把自行车骑得飞快。‎ I'll get my bike repaired tomorrow.‎ 我明天要(请人)修一下我的自行车。‎ ‎3．动词leave, keep, find, catch后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况 ‎(2)keep ‎(3)find ‎(4)catch sb. doing sth.　　 　 撞见某人正在做某事 ‎ [命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)They are required________ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.‎ 解析：to process　require sb.to do sth.“需要某人做某事”。‎ ‎②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends ________ (camp), I would have laughed heartily.‎ 解析：camping　spend ...doing“花费……做”，此处为现在分词作宾补。‎ 非谓语动词作宾语 ‎1．动词不定式作宾语 ‎(1)跟不定式作宾语的动词：‎ 决心学会想希望，‎ 拒绝设法愿假装 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; ‎ refuse, manage, care, pretend 主动答应选计划，‎ 同意请求帮一帮 offer, promise, choose, plan; ‎ agree, ask/beg, help ‎(2)动词tell, show, understand, know, explain, teach, learn, advise等常接“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语。‎ Please tell me when to start the project.‎ 请告诉我何时开始这个项目。‎ ‎(3)在某些动词如find, think, consider, feel, make, believe后，常用it作形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。‎ We think it our duty to protect the environment.‎ 我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。‎ ‎2．动名词作宾语 ‎(1)常跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)：‎ 考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想 consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy 避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏 avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准避免 forbid/avoid, imagine, risk; can't help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape ‎(2)由“动词＋介词”构成的短语，其后跟动名词作宾语，常见的有be/get used to ‎ (习惯于), feel like (想要), insist on (坚持), get down to (开始认真做某事), devote ... to ... (致力于……), object to (反对), stick to (坚持), give up (放弃)等。‎ It's time I got down to thinking about that essay.‎ 我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。‎ ‎(3)下列动词或短语既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别：‎ ‎[命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ________ (die) early by running.‎ 解析：dying　此处作介词of的宾语，故填动词die的动名词形式dying。‎ ‎②(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ________ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged. ‎ 解析：looking　avoid后接动名词形式作宾语，故填looking。‎ ‎③(2018·浙江6月高考)I still remember ________ (visit) a friend who'd lived here for five years.‎ 解析：visiting　visiting 作remember的宾语，表示曾经去拜访过一个朋友。‎ ‎④(2017·全国卷Ⅰ) Fast food is full of fat and salt; by______ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.‎ 解析：eating　by在此处表示“通过”，是介词，后面接动名词形式作宾语。‎ ‎⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road，______ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.‎ 解析：laying　laying和句中的“digging up” “building”并列作included的宾语。‎ ‎⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅲ) But unlike her school friends, 16yearold Sarah is not spending halfterm _________(rest)．‎ 解析：resting　spend time (in) doing sth.为固定搭配。‎ ‎⑦(2016·浙江高考)He would ask who we were and pretend not ________ (know) us.‎ 解析：to know　pretend后面接不定式作宾语，此处是否定式pretend not to do sth. “假装不做某事”。‎ ‎⑧(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My ambassadorial duties will include________(introduce) British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.‎ 解析：introducing　include后需跟动名词作宾语。‎ 非谓语动词作主语、表语及其他 ‎1．动词不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语，即动词不定式移到句子的后面。‎ It's a great pleasure to talk with you.‎ 和你交谈是一种很大的乐趣。‎ ‎[名师指津]　在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb. to do sth.”结构中：若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind, nice, foolish, generous等词，且sb.与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。‎ It is generous of him to contribute so much.‎ 他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。‎ It was important for us to live a lowcarbon life.‎ 过低碳生活对我们来说很重要。‎ ‎2．动名词作主语 动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作。下列句型中常用动名词作主语：‎ ‎(1)It is/was a waste (of ...)/no use/no good doing sth.‎ ‎(2)There is/was no sense/no point (in) doing sth.‎ It is no good coming before that.‎ 在那之前来没有用。‎ There is no sense (in) worrying about it now.‎ 现在大可不必为那件事忧虑。‎ ‎3．动词不定式与动名词作表语 动词不定式作表语表示某一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作，而动名词作表语表示通常的情况。‎ My dream is to enter Beijing University.‎ 我的梦想是考入北京大学。‎ My job is teaching you English.‎ 我的工作是教你们英语。‎ ‎4．分词作表语 表示事物的特征或性质时，表语用现在分词；表示人的内心感受时，表语用过去分词。‎ Please describe a dog that is frightening.‎ 请描述一只令人害怕的狗。‎ Please describe a dog that is frightened.‎ 请描述一只惊恐的狗。‎ ‎[命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎① (2018·江苏高考改编)________ (develop) the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which calls for a clear road map and timetable.‎ 解析：Developing　空处作主语，应用动名词形式。‎ ‎②(2016·浙江高考)It was both ________ (excite) and frightening to be up there!‎ 解析：exciting　句中It作形式主语，真正的主语是“to be up there”，主语是物的时候，表语应该用现在分词形式的形容词。故填exciting，且由and后的并列成分frightening的形式也可知答案。‎ 独立主格结构 独立主格结构的几种形式：‎ ‎1．名词/代词(主格)＋非谓语动词 Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow. (permit的逻辑主语是Weather而非we)‎ 明天如果天气好，我们就进行比赛。‎ He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.(fix的逻辑主语是his eyes而非he)‎ 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。‎ Many trees to be planted, our newlybuilt school will look even more beautiful. (plant的逻辑主语是Many trees而非our newlybuilt school)‎ 种上许多的树后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。‎ ‎2．名词/代词(主格)＋形容词/副词/介词短语 The students were having a discussion, their faces (being) red with excitement.‎ 学生们正在讨论，因为激动，他们的脸都红了。‎ The boy came in, sword in hand.‎ 男孩走进来，手里握着剑。‎ ‎[名师指津]　为使句子简洁、明快，独立主格结构中的冠词或代词也常省略。‎ ‎3．with/without＋宾语(名词/代词)＋宾语补足语(形容词/副词/介词短语/非谓语动词)‎ 几乎所有的独立主格结构都可在其逻辑主语前加上with/without，构成with/without复合结构。‎ Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.‎ 没有人注意，我偷偷地溜进了屋。‎ 非谓语动词的时态和语态 ‎1．动词不定式的时态和语态 时态形式 意义 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生或在谓语动词的动作之后发生 to do to be done 进行式 在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行 to be ‎ doing 完成式 在谓语动词的动作之前发生 to have done to have been done 完成进 行式 发生在谓语动词的动作之前并且持续到谓语动词的动作发生时仍在进行 to have been doing The boy pretended to be studying hard when his teacher came in.‎ 当老师进来的时候，那个男孩假装正在努力学习。‎ The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.‎ 明天要举行的会议很重要。‎ ‎2．动名词和现在分词的时态和语态 时态形式 意义 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 与谓语动词的动作同时或稍后发生 doing being done 完成式 先于谓语动词的动作完成 having done having been done Do you like playing chess?‎ 你喜欢下棋吗？‎ Having finished his homework, he went to bed.‎ 完成作业后，他上床睡觉了。‎ ‎3．非谓语动词的主动语态表示被动意义 ‎(1)动词不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。‎ This book is difficult to understand.‎ 这本书很难理解。‎ ‎(2)动词need, want, require作“需要”讲时，后跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，也可跟不定式的被动结构；be worth后也用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。‎ Your paper needs checking/to be checked again.‎ 你的试卷需要再检查一遍。‎ ‎[专题过关训练] ‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2018·浙江6月高考)The easiest way to_accomplish (accomplish) this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should.‎ ‎2．The tunnels provide a place for the turtles to_slip (slip) into and protect them.‎ ‎3．In contrast to many other countries, lunch here is not a quick snack consumed (consume) in front of the computer or on the way to a meeting.‎ ‎4．People with positive attitude are more likely _to_succeed (succeed) than those with negative attitude.‎ ‎5．From then on, his fear of talking before a big audience disappeared. Actually Jack had his confidence built (build) up. Now he turns out to be a good speaker.‎ ‎6．The applause grew louder and louder and he kept staying (stay)．‎ ‎7．And we also gave him the boiled (boil) rice and water.‎ ‎8．The TOEFL test is an important step of your journey to_study (study) in an Englishspeaking country.‎ ‎9．Besides, having (have) enough sleep can make us full of energy and make it possible for us to perform well in the exam.‎ ‎10．All of us are looking forward to living (live) in a harmonious society.‎ ‎11．When asked (ask) about famous writers in China, I will list many names.‎ ‎12．First, congratulations. I'm glad you got accepted (accept). ‎ ‎13．As far as I'm concerned (concern), I should set a good example to reduce waste.‎ ‎14．Learning this news, I am really willing to_travel (travel) with you and introduce Xi'an to you.‎ ‎15．And I often hear birds singing (sing) in the morning.‎ Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句 ‎1．掌握基本的急救技能将有助于你在遇到紧急情况时迅速做出反应。(know, respond to)‎ Knowing_basic_firstaid_techniques_will_help_you_respond_quickly_to_emergencies.‎ ‎2．现在辍学不是个好主意，你以后会后悔的。(drop out of school, regret)‎ To_drop_out_of_school_now_is_not_a_good_idea,_for_which_you_will_regret_in_the_future.‎ ‎3．我的爱好是听音乐和踢足球。(hobby)‎ My_hobbies_are_listening_to_music_and_playing_football.‎ ‎4．如果能快点收到你的回复，我将不胜感激。(appreciate, receive)‎ I_would_appreciate_receiving_your_reply_soon./I_would_appreciate_it_if_I_could_receive_your_reply_soon.‎ ‎5．解决这个问题的最好办法是依靠你自己。(solve, depend on)‎ The_best_way_to_solve_the_problem_is_to_depend_on_yourself.‎ ‎6．他这次考试考得非常好，在班级排第一名。(rank first)‎ He_did_very_well_in_the_exam,_ranking_first_in_his_class.‎ Ⅲ.语法填空 ‎(2019·威海高三模拟)Each year __1__ (thousand) of tourists visit the polar regions of the Arctic and Antarctica. But the increasing number of people travelling to the ends of the Earth can have __2__ negative effect on fragile ecosystems. Should tourists __3__ (allow) to visit polar regions?‎ About 40,000 tourists visit Antarctica each year. More than five million travel to the Arctic and subArctic. Transporting tourists to the regions __4__ (increase) ship and airplane traffic, adding to the risk of pollution, oil spoils, and other __5__ (environment) damage. Because the places where wildlife is accessible __6__ (be) few in number, tourist traffic can become concentrated in specific areas, __7__ (put) Arctic vegetation at risk. ‎ Others say that the access ___8__ these very special parts of the world should not be restricted to only researchers and scientists. Polar tourism allows people to develop deep __9__ (person) connections with polar regions. “Those __10__ travel to the Arctic or Antarctica often become cheerleaders for supporting those places.” Jim Sano, vice president for travel and conservation at World Wildlife Fund, told TFK.‎ 语篇解读：越来越多的人喜欢去极地旅游，而这对南、北极的生态环境产生了很大影响。到底该不该去极地旅游呢？‎ ‎1．thousands　thousands of“成千上万的”。‎ ‎2．a　have a(n) ... effect on“对……有影响”，negative的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。‎ ‎3．be allowed　allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”，句中sb.作主语，因此此处用被动语态。‎ ‎4．increases　动名词短语作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎5．environmental　修饰名词应用形容词形式。‎ ‎6．are　此处叙述的是客观情况，用一般现在时，主语为places，故应用are。‎ ‎7．putting　此处为现在分词短语作结果状语。‎ ‎8．to　access to为固定短语，意为“接近，有权使用”。‎ ‎9．personal　修饰名词connections，应用形容词形式。‎ ‎10．who　先行词为Those，在定语从句中关系代词作主语，故用who。‎