【英语】2018届二轮复习：冠词学案（8页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习：冠词学案（8页）

‎2018届二轮复习 冠词 冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。用语中冠词有三种：不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词。‎ 一. 不定冠词的基本用法 ‎1. 表示数量“一”，与one相近。如There’s a book on the desk.‎ ‎2. 用在首次提到的人或物之前，表泛指。如He is working in a factory.‎ ‎3. 不定冠词用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或事物。如A plane is a machine that can fly.‎ ‎4. 不定冠词a或an用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，表示“每一”之意，”相当于every或one，但概念上没它们那么强烈。如He works ten hours a day. ‎ ‎ The train is running eithty miles an hour.‎ ‎5. 用在物质名词、抽象名词之前，表示“一阵，一场，一种……”，也可以表示引起某种情绪的事，即抽象名词具体化使用。如It was a wonderful tea.‎ ‎6. 用于专有名词前。如I remember he came here on a Sunday.A John called during your absence.‎ ‎7. 不定冠词用于be of a（an）+ n.结构中，表示“相同……的”。如Tom ‎ and his sister are of a height. These sweaters are of a size.‎ ‎8. 用于某些固定词组中。如have a swim / walk / talk / dance / look / quarrel = swim / walk / talk / dance / look / quarrel； have a cold; have a good time; keep a diary; in a hurry; once in a while; at a loss; for a while; once upon a time; all of a sudden; tell a lie; do sb a favor; get an education; at a mouthful; at a distance； what / such / quite / rather / a / an + 单数可数名词；too / as / so / how / however + adj. + a / an + 单数可数名词；many a / an + 单数可数名词：许多；not a / an + 单数可数名词：不止一个； half a / an + 单数可数名词：一半 ‎9. 不可数名词前加不定冠词 ‎ 不可数名词，如education, history, knowledge, population, time, world等，在表述其某一部分或某一方面的内容、概念时，前面常加不定冠词。如have a long history, receive a good education, have a population of 1 billion, a long time / while 易错误区：one与a / an的用法辨析：one表示明确的数量“一”，而a / an往往有特殊的含义。如---Can I use a pen? ---Sorry, you’ll have to use a pencil.‎ ‎ ---Is one pen enough? ---No, at least two.‎ 二. 不定冠词的位置 ‎ 不定冠词一般放在名词之前，名词之前若有形容词，不定冠词放在形容词之前，下列情况例外：‎ ‎1. 放在quite, many, such, what等词之后。如quite an interesting story; many a book; such a clever boy; What a nice present!‎ ‎2. 用于so / as / too / how + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词。如It’s too difficult a problem.‎ ‎ It’s so good a film that all the students will go to see it. How wonderful a story it is!‎ ‎3. rather可位于不定冠词前或后。如a rather cold day = rather a cold day ‎4. half可位于不定冠词之前，也可位于其后。如half an hour = a hald hour 三. 定冠词的基本用法 ‎ 定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“这 / 那个”之意，但语气较弱，可以和名词连用，表示某个或某些特定的人或物。‎ ‎1. 一般情况 特指人或事物。如The man on the left is my brother.‎ 叙述上文提到过的特定的事物或上文未提到，但听话者一定知其所指。如I saw a little girl. The girl is my aunt’s daughter. Shut the windows before you leave the lab.‎ 用于序数词、形容词的比较级、最高级以及形容词only，very，same之前。如I live on the second floor. Which one is the better of the two?‎ ‎ 温馨提示：序数词前面也可用不定冠词，但意义与用定冠词不同。如I have failed twice, but I’ll try a third time.(强调再一次) March is the third month of a year.(强调次序)‎ 用于表示地球、宇宙中的独一无二的事物尤指各种天体或世界上比较有影响的物体名词前。如Man traveled to the moon scores of years ago.‎ 用于表示具体的地点、方位，具体的时间或某天的一部分等。如in the world, in the east, ‎ ‎ in / at the beginning, in the morning ‎ 用于表示乐器的名词之前。如She plays the piano.‎ 用于表示山川、河流、海洋、群岛、报纸、杂志、朝代的专有名词及由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如the Pacific Ocean, the Great Wall, the United States ‎2. 特殊情况 He hit him in the face. beat sb on the nose, take sb by the arm, pat sb on the head the rich the poor the wonded the elder of the two the more beautiful of the two The sooner, the better.‎ He got paid by the hour. by the yard / the dozen / the month / the year … by weight in the 1950s in the 1870s the Smiths / the Whites in the water / field / light / shade / distance / middle / country / rain tell the truth / on the other hand / on the way home 当抽象名词表示某一特定内容，特别是当它有有限定性修饰语时，它与定冠词连用。如She is fond of music. He is playing the music written by Beethoven. ‎ ‎ Good advice is beyond price. I’m sorry not to have taken the advice he gave.‎ 四. 定冠词的位置 ‎1. 在名词词组中，定冠词the一般放在最前面。如the lovely little girl the last few days ‎2. 名词词组如有exactly, just, half, double, twice, all,‎ ‎ both等修饰时，定冠词要置于它们后面。如exactly the same color just the right place double the amount both the brothers 五. 零冠词的用法 ‎ 零冠词即在名词之前不加任何冠词，它适用于以下几种情况：‎ ‎1. 表示泛指的复数名词前不加冠词。如They are workers.‎ ‎2. 季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动以及学科名词前一般不加冠词。如March, May Day, National Day, Children’s Day, play chess Have you had supper? Spring is the best season of the year.‎ ‎ 温馨提示：如果此类名词有自己的修饰语，就要加上定冠词。如The story happened in the winter of 1972.‎ ‎3. 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前， 一般不加冠词。如China, Tom, Air is matter.‎ ‎ 温馨提示： 当一个抽象名词或物质名词被限定时，其前要用定冠词the。如The water in the bottle is clean.‎ ‎ 当抽象名词或物质名词被具体化使用时，表示“一种 / 一类 / 一次……”等时，须用不定冠词。如It’s a pleasure to talk with you.‎ ‎4. 可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。‎ 如This dictionary is mine.‎ ‎5. 称呼语及表示头衔、职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，其前一般不加冠词。‎ 如We made hime our monitor. What’s this, father?‎ ‎6. 当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词。如I can’t write without pen or pencil.‎ ‎7. 在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。如by car, by bus , by bike, by air / water / land ‎8. 有些个体名词前不用冠词，如school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, table, class, town, church, court等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。如go to hospital ‎ 易错误区：下列短语中冠词的使用不一样，意义差别很大，注意区别。如at table, at the table ‎ at school, at the school by day, by the day in hospital / prison, in the hospital / prison ‎ in charge of, in the charge of in future, in the futrue in place, in the place of ‎ in front of, in the front of in office, in the office out of question, out of the question ‎ take place, take the place of have a word with, have words with ‎ a number of, the number of go to church / college, go to the church / college ‎ ‎9. 在as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词前不加冠词。如Child as he is, he knows a lot of English.‎ ‎10. 在单数名词 + after + 同一单数名词（表示“一个接一个”）结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。如She did experiment after experiment.‎ ‎11. 形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。‎ “most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时，前面不用定冠词。如Oh, it’s most nice.‎ 当形容词最高级作表语，不表示与其他人或物相比时，其前不用定冠词。‎ 如The market in the country is busiest in winter.‎ 当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。‎ 如She is the tallest and fattest girl in our class.‎ 形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不能用定冠词。‎ 如A wolf in a sheep’s skin is our most dangerous enemy.‎ ‎ 温馨提示：序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第……之意”，但在second，third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一，再一”之意。如Why you took a second arrow?‎ ‎ 在下句中的“a first”则表示“冠军、第一名”。‎ 如He was a top student in the class; he often got a first in English.‎ ‎12. no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后面的名词不用冠词。‎ 如No such thing has ever happened in this village.‎ ‎13. never，ever置于作主语的名词前，这些名词前不用冠词。如Never did student study so hard.‎ ‎14. 有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力，或为了引起注意，省去a（n）或the，这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报或书名等。如Conference opens.‎ ‎15. 在下列专有名词前不加冠词。‎ 街名。如Nanjing Road Wang Fu Jing Street 广场名。如Tian’anmen Square 公园名。如Beihai Park 车站、机场、桥梁名。如Golden Gate Bridge 大学名。如Yale University 节日名。如May Day New Year’s Day 易错误区：与festival有关的节日往往加定冠词the。如the Spring Festival ‎ the Mid-autumn Festival