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2020届二轮复习如何根据短文中信息进行理解主旨要义课件(28张)
2020届二轮复习如何根据短文中信息进行理解主旨要义 阅读理解在高考英语中 所占分值最大 ,可以说 “ 得阅读者得高考 ” 。因此,在考前复习中,阅读理解能力的培养和训练依然是 重中之重 。本部分从高考阅读理解命题入手,剖析高考阅读理解的命题特点,并结合高考真题对高考常考题型进行解题指导,从而有效地提高解题的速度和准度。 表一:高考阅读的题材与体裁 ( 以近三年全国卷 Ⅰ 为例 ) 篇目 语篇类型 主题语境 2019 A 应用文 人与自我 —— 暑期工作公告 B 记叙文 人与自我 —— 增强自信 C 说明文 人与社会 —— 智能键盘 D 说明文 人与社会 —— 青少年心理健康 2018 A 应用文 人与社会 —— 参观指南 B 记叙文 人与自我 —— 省钱做美食 C 说明文 人与社会 —— 语言的消亡 D 说明文 人与社会 —— 新电器节能 2017 A 应用文 人与社会 —— 参观指南 B 记叙文 人与自然 —— 救助猫头鹰 C 说明文 人与社会 —— 爵士乐 D 说明文 人与社会 —— 太阳能蒸馏器 表二:高考阅读理解的题型分布 题型与题 量 卷 别 细节 理解题 推理 判断题 主旨 大意题 词义 猜测题 2019 卷 Ⅰ 6 6 2 1 卷 Ⅱ 6 5 2 2 卷 Ⅲ 7 6 1 1 2018 卷 Ⅰ 7 5 2 1 卷 Ⅱ 9 3 2 1 卷 Ⅲ 9 3 2 1 2017 卷 Ⅰ 7 6 1 1 卷 Ⅱ 5 6 2 2 卷 Ⅲ 6 6 2 1 文章题材丰富 从近几年的高考来看,高考语篇注重立德树人,突出文化品格,英语试卷中所有语篇围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题,题材涉及故事、科普、人文、社会现象、文化活动等。 短文体裁广泛 短文体裁包括记叙文 ( 主要是人物或故事 ) 、说明文 ( 主要是最新研究成果或调查发现等科普类文章 ) 、议论文 ( 特别是社会现象和热点问题 ) 、应用文 ( 信息类或广告类文章 ) 等。 题型分布不均 从整体来看,高考阅读理解的细节理解题占多数,推理判断题其次,然后是主旨大意题和词义猜测题,突出考查考生理解和运用语言解决问题的基本能力。 语篇特点鲜明 1. 原汁原味:高考语篇一般选自各大主流英文报刊和媒体网站,新材料尽量原汁原味。 2. 词汇量大:高考语篇词汇量丰富,含有大量的派生词、词性转换词、熟词生义词以及英语短语和习语。 3. 长难句多:高考语篇含有大量的长句和难句,句子结构复杂。 4. 结构典型:高考语篇的文章多为总分或分总结构。 第一讲 理解主旨要义 —— 攻克 4 类主旨大意题 主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一,主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章大意、概括段落大意、选择标题以及判断作者写作目的等形式出现。 一、文章大意题 —— 突破文章主旨 3 法 1 . 主题句法 解答主旨大意题,找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。 (1) 根据不同文体的写作方法来定位主题句 ① 议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点,往往采用 “ 总 — 分 ” 或 “ 总 — 分 — 总 ” 的模式,所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段。 ② 说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程,主题句一般在首段。 ③ 记叙文一般没有明显的主题句,需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意,但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子,则这个句子为主题句。 (2) 根据行文标志来定位主题句 ① 在文中尤其是在首段出现表示转折的词,如 but , however , in fact , actually 等时,其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。 ② 在文中出现表示总结的词,如 therefore , thus , in short , conclude 等,其后的内容往往是文章的主题。 ③ 若首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。 [ 示例 ] (2018· 全国卷 Ⅰ 阅读 C) Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years , but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going .When the world was still populated by hunter—gatherers , small , tightly knit ( 联系 ) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10 , 000 years ago , when the world had just five to ten million people , they spoke perhaps 12 , 000 languages between them. ... 31.What is the main idea of the text? A.New languages will be created. B.People’s lifestyles are reflected in languages. C.Human development results in fewer languages. D.Geography determines language evolution. 分析: 选 C 。本文为议论文,文章为 “ 总 — 分 ” 结构,根据第一段第一句中的 “ but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going ” 和后文可知,随着人类社会的发展,使得语言的种类越来越少。故 C 项最符合原文主旨。 2 . 高频词法 全文中无明显主题句时,我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的,因此,有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词,即高频词,也叫做主题词。抓住了它,便容易抓住文章的中心。 3 . 逆向思维法 在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时,试着从选项出发,想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容,然后把它与文章的内容比较,接近的即为正确选项。 二、标题归纳题 —— 3 大特点与 3 大技巧 1 . 文章标题的 3 大特点 概括性 准确而又简短 针对性 标题外延正好与文章内容相符 醒目性 能引发读者的阅读欲望 2. 解题的 3 大技巧 (1) 正面肯定法: 在理解文章主旨的基础上,揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 (2) 反面否定法: 撇开原文,拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的 “ 文章 ” 将是什么内容,然后和原文对照,一一排除荒谬者。 (3) 研究备选项: 研究备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括力等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特,易激发读者的好奇心,吸引读者注意力。 [ 示例 ] (2019· 全国卷 Ⅱ 阅读 D) Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts.The microorganisms ( 微生物 ) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms , like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York. HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution ( 解决方案 ). “ We don’t give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers , ” says Florence Gold, a project manager. “ There are no tests , ” Gordon says. “ There is no graded homework.There almost are no grades, other than ‘ Are you working towards your goal ? ’ Basically, it’s ‘ I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA. ’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review , and...it’s not a very nice thing at times.It’s a hard business review of your product. ” Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact ( 影响 ) on college admissions and practical life skills. “ These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back.I don’t teach. ” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem , readying a workable solution to test in space. 35.What is the best title for the text? A.NASA : The Home of Astronauts B.Space : The Final Homework Frontier C.Nature : An Outdoor Classroom D.HUNCH : A College Admission Reform 分析: 选 D 。本题为标题归纳题。本文为说明文,主要介绍了一个项目:把高中的教室教学与太空的研究联系起来,使学生们得到 NASA 工程师们的指导。因此在选标题时既要有太空,还要有学生,选项 B 将其完美地结合了起来,故答案为 B 。 三、段落大意题 —— 根据段落结构精准定位主题句 段落大意题跟文章大意题一样,要先找出主题句,对于没有明确主题句的段落,要结合全段的意思归纳大意。段落的组织结构和主题句的位置主要有以下几种: 类型 位置 总 — 分 ( ) 主题句在段首 分—总 ( ▲ ) 主题句在段尾 分 — 总 — 分 ( ◆ ) 主题句在段中 平铺型 ( ■ ) 无明确主题句 [ 示例 ] (2019· 全国卷 Ⅰ 阅读 D). .. Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology.Mitch Prinstein , a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories : the likable and the status seekers.The likables ’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work.Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence : status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. 33.What is the second paragraph mainly about? A.The classification of the popular. B.The characteristics of adolescents. C.The importance of interpersonal skills. D.The causes of dishonorable behavior. 分析: 选 A 。本题为段落大意题。本段为 “ 总 — 分 ” 结构。根据本段内容以及第二句的句式特点 ( 句中有冒号 ) ,可断定第二句是本段的主旨句。而第三句和第四句分别用 The likables ’. .. 和 Then there ’ s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence... 引出后文内容,恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人:讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时我们发现本段第二句中的关键词 sort...into...( 把 …… 分成 …… ) 与 A 项中的 classification 相呼应,所以 A 项可以概括本段大意。 四、写作意图题 —— 体裁不同写作目的不同 一般来说,写作意图题也是主旨大意题的一种 ( 也有人把它归为推理判断题 ) ,写作目的可以是段落的写作目的,也可以是文章的写作目的,对于文章写作目的而言,主要有以下几种: 广告 推销某种产品或某种服务,或是通过影片、图书、电视节目、旅游景点等的介绍以吸引更多的观众、读者或游客等 说明文 向人们展示某物的用途或制作过程 议论文 论述一个道理或表达一个观点 记叙文 向人们分享经历、叙述一件事情或表达情感等 [ 示例 ] (2018· 浙江卷阅读 A) In 1812 , the year Charles Dickens was born , there were 66 novels published in Britain.People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally.The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy( 识字 )rate in England was under 50%.Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors , often with something like “By a lady” . Novels , for the most part , were looked upon as silly , immoral or just plain bad. In 1870 , when Dickens died , the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher , famous and beloved , who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters—from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim—were held up as moral touchstones.Today Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged.Removing him from the pantheon ( 名人堂 ) of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa . How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories , literature is a numbers game , and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass.Some 60 , 000 novels were published during the Victorian age , from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them.It’s partly true that Dickens’style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life.It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social , political and scientific progress.But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center.No one will ever know what mix of talent , ambition , energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches , it is possible—and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one. 23.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A.To remember a great writer. B.To introduce an English novel. C.To encourage studies on culture. D.To promote values of the Victorian age. 分析: 选 A 。本题为写作意图题。本文为夹叙夹议文,根据文中对查尔斯 · 狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的介绍,和文章最后一句可知,本文写于查尔斯 · 狄更斯诞辰 200 周年前夕,由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念查尔斯·狄更斯这位伟大的作家。查看更多