2020届二轮复习阅读理解分类训练医学篇

2020届二轮复习阅读理解分类训练医学篇

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解分类训练医学篇 ‎(1)‎ Northern Europeans spend a lot of time in their cold and cloudy winters planning their summer holidays. They are proud of their healthy color when they return home after the holiday. But they also know that a certain amount of sunshine is good for their bodies and general health. ‎ In ancient Greece people knew about the healing(治疗) powers of the sun, but this knowledge was lost. At the end of the nineteenth century a Danish doctor, Niels Finsen, began to study the effect of sunlight on certain diseases, especially diseases of the skin. He was interested not only in natural sunlight but also in artificially (人造地) produced rays. Sunlight began to play a more important part in curing sick people. ‎ A Swiss doctor, Auguste Rollier, made full use of the sun in his hospital at Lysine. Lysine is a small village high up in the Alps. The position is important: the rays of the sun with the greatest healing power are the infra-red (红外线的) and ultra-violet (紫外线的) rays; but ultra-violet rays are too easily lost in fog and the polluted air near industrial towns. Dr. Roller found that sunlight, fresh air and good food cure a great many diseases. He was particularly successful in curing certain forms of tuberculosis with his “sun-cure”. ‎ There were a large number of children in Dr. Roller’s hospital. He decided to start a school where sick children could be cured and at the same time continue to learn. It was not long before his school was full. ‎ In winter, wearing only shorts, socks and boots, the children put on their skis after breakfast and left the hospital. They carried small desks and chairs as well as their school books. Their teacher led them over the snow until they reached a slope which faced the sun and was free from cold winds. There they set out their desks and chairs, and school began. ‎ Although they wore hardly any clothes, Roller’s pupils were very seldom cold. That was because their bodies were full of energy which they got from the sun. But the doctor knew that sunshine can also be dangerous. If, for example, tuberculosis is attacking the lungs, unwise sunbathing may do great harm. ‎ Today there is not just one school in the sun. There are several in Switzerland, and since Switzerland is not the only country which has the right conditions, there are similar schools in other places. ‎ ‎1. According to the passage, when did sunlight begin to play a more important part in the treatment of disease? ‎ A. From ancient times. B. At the end of the nineteenth century. ‎ C. Not until this century. D. Only very recently. ‎ ‎2. Why are a Danish doctor and a Swiss doctor mentioned in the second and third paragraphs?‎ A. Because they both made use of sunlight to treat illness.‎ B. Because they were the first people who used sunlight for treatment. ‎ C. Because they were both famous European doctors. ‎ D. Because they used sunlight in very different ways. ‎ ‎3. Dr Roller set up a “sun-cure” school probably for the reason that _______. ‎ A. most children could stay in his hospital B. children could study while being treated C. the school was expected to be full of pupils D. the school was high up in the mountains ‎4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage?‎ A. “Sun-cure” schools are becoming popular everywhere. ‎ B. Switzerland is the only country where “sun-cure” schools are popular. ‎ C. Proper conditions are necessary for the running of a “sun-cure” school. ‎ D. “Sun-cure” schools are found in countries where there is a lot of sunshine. ‎ ‎(1—4 BABC)‎ ‎【答案与解析】本文介绍了利用日光治病的历史与发展。‎ ‎1. B。细节题。根据文章第 2 段第 2 句 At the end of the nineteenth century a Danish doctor, Niels Finsen, began to study the effect of sunlight on certain diseases… 可推知此题答案为 B。‎ ‎2. A。推断题。根据文章第二、三段可推知此题答案为 A。‎ ‎3. B。推断题。根据文章第 4 段第 2 句 …where sick children could be cured and at the same time continue to learn 可推知此题答案为 B。‎ ‎4. C。推断题。根据文章最后一句 Switzerland is not the only country which has the right conditions… 可推知此题答案为 C。‎ ‎(2)‎ The common cold is the world’s most widespread illness, which is plagues(疫病) that flesh receives.‎ The most widespread fallacy(谬误) of all is that colds caused by cold. They are not. They are caused by viruses(病毒) passing on from person to person. You catch a cold by coming into contact, directly or indirectly, with someone who already has one. If cold causes colds, it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them forever. But they do not. And in isolated arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes. ‎ During the First World War soldiers who spent long periods in the trenches(战壕), cold and wet, showed no increased tendency to catch colds.‎ In the Second World War prisoners at the notorious Auschwitz concentration camp(奥斯维辛集中营), naked and starving, were astonished to find that they seldom had colds. At the Common Cold Research Unit in England, volunteers took part in Experiments in which they gave themselves to the discomforts of being cold and wet for long stretches of time. After taking hot baths, they put on bathing suits, allowed themselves to be with cold water, and then stood about dripping wet in drafty room. Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion. Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose.‎ If, then, cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds, why are they more frequent in the winter？Despite the most pains-taking research, no one has yet found the answer. One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other times, and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on. ‎ No one has yet found a cure for the cold. There are drugs and pain suppressors(止痛片) such as aspirin, but all they do is relieve the symptoms(症状). ‎ ‎1. The writer offered _______ examples to support his argument.‎ A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 3‎ ‎2. Which of the following does not agree with the chosen passage?‎ A. The Eskimos do not suffer from colds all the time.‎ B. Colds are not caused by cold. ‎ C. People suffer from colds just because they like to stay indoors.‎ D. A person may catch a cold by touching someone who already has one.‎ ‎3. Arctic explorers may catch colds when _______.‎ A. they are working in the isolated arctic regions B. they are writing reports in terribly cold weather C. they are free from work in the isolated arctic regions D. they are coming into touch again with the outside world ‎4. Volunteers taking part in the experiments in the Common Cold Research Unit _______.‎ A. suffered a lot B. never caught colds C. often caught colds D. became very strong ‎5. The passage mainly discusses _______.‎ A. the experiments on the common cold B. the fallacy about the common cold C. the reason and the way people catch colds D. the continued spread of common colds ‎【答案解析】本文通过大量事例证明感冒不是由寒冷引起的， 而是由病毒感染引起的。‎ ‎1. B。细节题。根据由第 2 段的两个例子、第 3 段的 1 个例子和第 4 段的两个例子可知 B 为正确选项。‎ ‎2. C。细节题。 根据 One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other times, and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on 可知人们得感冒不是因为喜欢呆在家里，而是因为经常呆在一起病毒更容易感染，故选 C。‎ ‎3. D。细节题。根据 And in isolated arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes 可知北极地区探险者是因为与外界接触后才得感冒的，故选 D。‎ ‎4. A。细节题。根据 After taking hot baths, they put on bathing suits, allowed themselves to be with cold water, and then stood about dripping wet in drafty room. Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion 可知志愿者要遭受极大的痛苦，故选 A。‎ ‎5. C。主旨题。阅读全文可知本文首先用大量事例从不同的侧面分析感冒不是由寒冷引起的，最后提出冬天得感冒的可能原因。由此可知 C 为正确答案。‎ 二十、其他类 ‎ ‎(1)‎ Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive(认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that ‎ rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.‎ The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary(金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.‎ ‎“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.” A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.‎ In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.‎ ‎1. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward______.‎ A. the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards B. the amount of monetary rewards for students’ creativity C. the study of relationship between actions and their consequences ‎ D. the effects of external rewards on students’ performance ‎2. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?‎ A. They have no doubts about them. B. They have doubts about them.‎ C. They approve them. D. They avoid talking about them.‎ ‎3. Which of the following can best raise students’ creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?‎ A. Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.‎ B. Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.‎ C. Giving them rewards they really deserve.‎ D. Giving them rewards they anticipate.‎ ‎4. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _________.‎ A. rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students B. punishment is more effective than rewarding ‎ C. failing uninspired students help improve their overall academic standards D. discouraging the students’ anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency ‎5. The phrase underlined “token economies” probably refers to _________.‎ A. ways to develop economy B. systems of rewarding students C. approaches to solving problems D. methods of improving performance ‎ ‎【答案解析】文章讨论了人们关于奖励的两种不同观点。‎ ‎1. D。细节题。根据文章第一句Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation, and creativity. 可知D为最佳答案。‎ ‎2. B。推理判断题。首先在文章的第一段作者提出了关于外部奖赏的两种观点。其中第二种观点是认知学家的研究者们认为这种奖赏通常会使得人们对别人的赞同和奖励形成依赖性，从而破坏人们的创造力，而文章的第二段接着说许多教育家们赞同这种观点，也就是持怀疑态度，由此可知B是正确答案。‎ ‎3. C。推理判断题。短文第三段提到孩子们是为了获得奖赏而从事一项具有挑战性的工作创造力最强，而如果对那些效果很差的行为也给予奖赏则会扼杀创造力，可见他们观点是应该给孩子们他们确实应该得到的奖赏。‎ ‎4. A。推理判断题。短文第三段提到如果一个老师对很一般的表现也给予奖赏就会导致学生缺乏创造力，可见A为最佳答案。‎ ‎5. B。词义猜测题。根据下面的解释in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards,可知B为最佳答案。‎ ‎(4)(高三适用) 说理类（高利平）‎ Doomed beauties such as Cleopatra and Manilyn Monroe were far from alone in their misery. Very attractive people tend to form partnerships that are less stable and satisfying than those enjoyed by plain Janes.‎ According to research by Dr John Blaine of the University of Southern California, relationships between people whose professions largely depend on their appearances, such as models or actors, tend to end much faster than those between lawyers, doctors or students.‎ Blaine said the beautiful felt different from childhood. They are treated as special, which may create both arrogance(傲慢) and insecurity. All too often, beauty can be used as an alternative to education. Often they are pushed out of their class or town, told to go off and make their fortune in Hollywood or London and, when the majority fail, they have few talents(才能) to make a living.‎ Blaine added that beautiful people score poorly on the “big five” — the key factors American experts consider when helping distressed couples. These are neuroticism(神经过敏), including anger and anxiety; extroversion(性格外向); openness to new experiences; agreeableness; and conscientiousness, or sticking by agreements they have made. Attractive people often see no reason to try to change until their looks start to fade.‎ Krista Sutherland, of the University of California Los Angeles, said partnerships that appeared to be perfect from the outside, such as the former “dream teams” of Nicole Kidman and Tom Cruise or Hugh Grant and Elizabeth Hurley, where backgrounds and aspirations(抱负) are often shared, did not necessarily lead to happiness.‎ ‎1. What does the underlined sentence “Doomed beauties such as Cleopatra and Manilyn ‎ Monroe were far from alone in their misery. ” means?‎ A. Beautiful women always felt lonely.‎ B. Beautiful women always were alone.‎ C. Many beautiful women didn’t end up with a happy life.‎ D. Beautiful women always lived a happy life. ‎ ‎2. The underlined phrase “plain Janes” in the passage refer to ________. ‎ A. ordinary-looking women B. women called Jane C. common people D. attractive women ‎ ‎3. We can infer in the passage that ________.‎ A. Hugh Grant and Elizabeth Hurley were a couple B. Nicole Kidman and Tom Cruise were very satisfied with their life C. When they fail in Hollywood, the beautiful have little trouble in making a living D. The marriage of the beautiful often last long ‎ ‎4. Which of the following is the best title?‎ A. Five key factors affecting the partnership B. Beauties are doomed to fail in love C. Beauties or common? D. The beautiful are different. ‎ ‎【答案解析】本文为议论文，作者论证了这样一个观点：美女婚姻并非美满。‎ ‎1. C。句意理解题。这句话的意思是“像克莱奥帕特拉和玛丽莲·梦露般美丽的女人却命运悲惨，而且这种情况并不罕见。”故选C。‎ ‎2. A。猜测词义题。Jane在英语当中是一个非常普通常见的女性名词，在此用复数形式指代相貌一般的女性。‎ ‎3. A。推测判断题。partnerships一般指的是伙伴或伴侣关系，再结合短文主题可知 partnerships that appeared to be perfect from the outside 中的 partnerships 在此表示肯定是“伴侣关系”。文章后面马上列举了 Hugh Grant and Elizabeth Hurley的例子，来说明作者“在外人看来完美无缺的伴侣关系却未必带来幸福快乐”的观点。故 Hugh Grant 和 Elizabeth ‎ Hurley 是夫妻关系。‎ ‎4. B。主旨大意题。短文第一段的最后一句Very attractive people tend to form partnerships that are less stable and satisfying than those enjoyed by plain Janes. 是全文的主题句。这句话的意思是：美艳绝伦的女人比起容貌一般的女人更易遭受既不称心又不稳定的情侣关系。故B项(美貌女人注定要情场失意)为最佳标题。‎ ‎(21) 其他类 ‎ About a hundred yards along the path we came to a deep valley, on the far side of which the path led into some very thick bushes, rather than push through up again and rejoin the path on the far side of the bushes.‎ As I climbed down into the valley a bird flew off a rock on which I had put my hand. On looking at the spot from which the bird had risen I saw two eggs. They were a kind that I did not have in my collection, so I placed them carefully in my bag, wrapped in a little dry grass.‎ As we went further down the valley the sides became steeper(陡峭) and not far from where I had entered it came to drop of about twelve to fourteen feet. The water that rushed down all these small valleys in the rainy season had worn the rock as glass. As it was too deep to climb down, I handed my gun to one of them and slid down it. My feet had hardly touched the sandy bottom when the two men jumped down, one on each side of me. They quickly gave me the gun and asked me if I had heard the tiger. In fact, I had heard nothing, possibly because of the noise I made sliding down the rock. The men said they had heard a tiger growling somewhere nearby, but they did not know from which direction the noise had come.‎ ‎1. According to the passage we know that _______.‎ A. the writer decided to push through the thick bushes B. the writer decided to walk along the valley C. the writer wanted to stop climbing D. the writer tried to find two eggs ‎2. When the writer found the eggs, he _______.‎ A. wrapped them in dry grass and went on B. wrapped them in dry grass and took them with him ‎ C. tried to find the bird D. made the bird fly off ‎3. The reason why the rock was hard to get down was that _______.‎ A. it had been worn smooth B. there was no grass on it ‎ C. it was wet and slippery (滑) D. it was soft and sandy ‎4. At the end of the story, the writer knew that _______.‎ A. a tiger had run away B. a tiger was close to them C. the men had seen a tiger D. a tiger had seen them ‎ ‎【答案与解析】本文记述了与朋友一起去山谷的经历。‎ ‎1. B。细节题。根据第1段第1句可推知此题答案为 B。‎ ‎2. B。细节题。根据第2段最后一句 So I placed them carefully in my bag, wrapped in a little dry grass 可推知此题答案为 B。‎ ‎3. A。细节题。根据第3段第2句 …had worn the rock as glass 可推知此题答案为 A。‎ ‎4. B。细节题。根据文章最后一句they had heard a tiger growling somewhere nearby可推知此题答案为B。‎ ‎(2) 适合高三 其他类 When several different people look at the same person, it is not unusual for each of them to see different things; when you alone observe one behavior or one person at two different times, you may see different things. The following are only some of the factors that lead to these varying perceptions(感知, 认知):‎ ‎(1) Each person’s perceptions of others are formed by his or her own cultural conditioning education and personal experiences.‎ ‎(2) Sometimes perceptions differ because of what we choose to observe and how we deal with what we’ve observed. It is not necessarily true that a person's perception is based on observations of a particular person. Your observations may be totally controlled by what others have told you about this person, or you may focus(聚焦) primarily on the situation or role relationship. Most people do not use the same standard to measure their parents, their friends and strangers.‎ ‎(3) Sometimes we see only what we want to see or don’t see what may be obvious to others because of our own needs, desires, or temporary emotional states. This is a process known as selective perception. Selective perception is obviously more difficult when contradictory(矛盾的) information is particularly obvious, but it can be done. We can ignore(忽视) the misdeed — “He’s basically a good boy so what I saw was not shoplifting(入店行窃).” We can reduce the importance of the contradictory information— “All kids are naughty. Taking a book from the bookstore isn’t such a big deal.” We can change the meaning of the contradictory information — “It wasn’t shoplifting because he was going to pay for it later.” …‎ ‎1. The first factor given by the author that affects our perception is _______.‎ A. what we see and what we hear B. cultural background and personal experiences C. experiences one learns from others D. critical measures taken by other people ‎2. While one observes a particular person, _______.‎ A. he is likely to take everything into consideration B. he pays more attention to the person's advantages C. children often differ from grown-ups in perception D. his perception may be affected by other people's opinions ‎3. Observation of the same person by two people at the same time may differ because _______.‎ A. their measuring standards are not the same B. either of them may be slow to catch information C. the time for observation is not long enough D. each of them uses different languages to express his / her impressions ‎4. The worst thing in selective perception is that ________.‎ A. perceived information runs against your desire B. it contains some private feelings that may be wrong C. importance of the contradictory information can be praised D. the same information may not be dealt with in the same way ‎【答案与解析】人们对事物的看法和观点是不同的，因为人们有不同的文化背景、不同的个人经历以及不同的个人目的等。‎ ‎1. B。语义理解题。根据文章第2段Each person’s perceptions of others are formed by his ‎ or her own cultural conditioning education, and personal experiences.可以做出正确判断。‎ ‎2. D。细节题。根据It is not necessarily true that a person's perception is based on observations of a particular person. Your observations may be totally controlled by what others have told you about this person, …可推知答案为D。‎ ‎3. A。语义理解题。根据第1段第1句When several different people look at the same person, it is not unusual for each of them to see different things 以及第3段的最后一句 Most people do not use the same standard to measure their parents, their friends and strangers 可知答案为A。‎ ‎4. B。推断题。根据第4段第1句 Sometimes we see only what we want to see or don’t see what may be obvious to others because of our own needs, desires, …可推知答案为B。‎ ‎　　 ‎ ‎ (38) S3 经历描述 Out on the road the jeep already waiting. As I got on beside him, he sat up and started the engine. In a few minutes we were out of the town and heading with great speed in the direction of Bacalar. My hat blew away but when I asked him to stop, he refused. We were being followed by spies and it was necessary to drive fast to throw them off.‎ The hard and unsmooth surface of the road made the jeep weave. To the danger of being shot off the bank was added the discomfort, the cold, for at the speed we were travelling the air cut through my cotton shirt and trousers. I asked the driver to go slower, adding as an excuse that I wanted to look out for wild animals. He replied that the faster we drove the better our chance of coming up with them before they could run away. He had hardly spoken when the jeep struck a rain-filled pit, which splashed a sheet of muddy water over the windscreen. Blinded, he stopped the jeep with one wheel over the bank. When we got going again it was at a speed little faster than a walking pace.‎ ‎1. While they were driving towards Bacalar the author _______.‎ A. asked the driver to drive fast because they were being followed by spies ‎ B. threw off his hat　　　　‎ C. refused to stop because they were being followed by spies D. asked the driver to stop for his hat ‎2. The author asked the driver to go slower because ________.‎ A. he wanted to look for wild animals B. he was frightened that they might have an accident C. his shirt and trousers had blown away　　　　　　‎ D. he had cut himself ‎3. They continued at a speed little faster than a walking pace because ______.‎ A. the driver had been blinded　　　　　　　　‎ B. the jeep had struck a pit C. one of the wheels had fallen over the bank D. they had barely avoided an accident ‎4. “He had hardly spoken.” means ______.‎ A. he had shouted B. he had spoken very softly C. he had just finished speaking D. he had only said a few words ‎【答案与解析】本文记述了作者为了摆脱特务的跟踪，而冒险驱车的经历。‎ ‎1.D。细节题。根据文章第1段第4句：我的帽子掉了，我叫他停车，可推知：作者叫司机停车是为了捡帽，此题答案为D。‎ ‎2.B。细节题。根据第2段第2句To the danger of being shot off the bank was added the discomfort, the cold… 可推知此题答案为B。‎ ‎3.D。细节题。根据最后一段倒数第2句：由于看不见，他把车停下来，一只轮胎已离开河岸，可知：差一点儿出了车祸，可推知此题答案为D。‎ ‎4.C。理解题。短语hardly … when 的意思是“一…就…”，由此可推知此题答案为C。‎