2018届二轮复习短文改错考纲解读及解题指导课件（45张）

2018届二轮复习短文改错考纲解读及解题指导课件（45张）

2018 届二轮复习 短文改错考纲解读及解题指导 短文改错考查发现和纠正错误的能力。它是测试写作能力的一种客观方式。这种题型不仅要求能够牢固掌握一定的词汇和语法知识，还要求具有一定的阅读理解和逻辑推理能力。考生在平时写作中常出现的错误是短文改错考查的重点。 解题指导 解题步骤 第一步： 通读全文，了解大意。通过浏览全文，从宏观上把握文章的主旨、时态、人称，为下一步的纠错做好准备。 第二步： 逐句推敲，纠正错误。仔细阅读每个句子，同时找出并纠正错误。 第三步： 重读全文，修正答案。重新仔细阅读全文，检查已修改的部分是否正确且符合逻辑，并尽可能发现漏掉的错误。 应试策略 做短文改错时，应注意以下情况： 1.  看到 平行结构 时，要检查是否有用词不一致或成分缺失而引起的句子不平衡错误； 2.  看到 转折、因果、对比等结构 时，要检查是否有行文逻辑方面的错误； 3.  看到 多重结构句 时，要检查是否有时态、语态、引导词或成分残缺等错误； 4.  看到 名词、代词 结构时，要检查是否有数、格或指代不一致的错误； 5.  看到 固定短语、词组 时，要检查副词、介词、冠词等是否有使用错误或缺失。 考点归纳 短文改错涉及面广，综合性强，但是有一定的规律性。 一、冠词。 主要考查冠词表示泛指、特指的用法及固定搭配中冠词的使用。 1. ... and fish was caught. ( 陕西 2013) 解： 不定冠词。“一条鱼被抓住了”。 fish 在本句中是单数可数名词，是泛指，故在前面加不定冠词 a 。 2. As a result, nobody knew truth. ( 浙江 2012) 解： 定冠词 the 。此处指特定的真相，应在 truth 前加 the 。 3. In a fact, he even ... (2013 新课标全国 I) 解： in fact 是固定短语，应去掉 a 。 二、名词。 主要考查可数名词和不可数名词辨析、可数名词单复数等。 1. He has ruined his healthy. ( 辽宁 2013) 解： 名词用法。 his 是形容词性物主代词，其后应接名词，故应将 healthy 改为 health 。 2. He was tall, with broad shoulder and a beard ... (2013 新课标全国 I) 解： 名词单复数。“宽厚的肩膀”应用 broad shoulders ，将 shoulder 改为复数形式。 三、动词。 主要考查动词的时态、语态等。 1. I was only four when she passes away. (2013 新课标全国 I) 解： 动词时态。主句是一般过去时， when 引导的时间状语从句也应用一般过去时，故应将 passes 改为 passed 。 2. Tea in China was traditionally drank from cups without handles. (2013 新课标全国 II) 解： 动词语态。 tea 与 drink 之间是被动关系，用被动语态，将 drank 改为 drunk 。 四、形容词、副词。 主要考查形容词和副词的词性、比较级和最高级、动词 -ing 形式和动词 -ed 形式的形容词辨析等。 1. Interesting, it had a connection ... (2013 新课标全国 II) 解： 副词可以放在句首，用作状语修饰后面的整个句子，并用逗号与后面的句子分开，这里应将 Interesting 改为 Interestingly ，表示“有趣的是”。类似的副词还有 surprisingly, naturally, hopefully, normally 等。 2. I remember my grandfather very much. (2013 新课标全国 I) 解： 副词用法。这句话的意思是“我清楚地记得我的（外）祖父”。 very much 表示“很，非常”，不能用来修饰 remember ，应将 much 改为 well 或 clearly 。 3. ... I was beginning to get impatiently. ( 陕西 2013) 解： get 在本句中是系动词，“达到某状态或情况；变得”，后应接形容词，应将 impatiently 改为 impatient 。 4. I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive. (2012 新课标全国 ) 解： 形容词比较级。 and 前是比较级，后面也应该是比较级，应将 little 改为 less 。 5. I am awfully tiring ... ( 浙江 2013) 解： 动词 -ing 形式和动词 -ed 形式的形容词辨析。由语境可知，本句的意思是“我非常累”，故应将 tiring 改为 tired 。 五、代词。 主要考查各类代词的用法及其误加与漏用。 1. He had a deep voice, which set himself apart from others ...  (2013 新课标全国卷 I) 解： which 指代的是 voice ，从句意为“声音将他和其他人区分开来”，从语意上看此处不需要使用反身代词，故应将 himself 改为 him 。 2. Dad lost his job, and as Mom explained, “He was lucky to find other one.” ( 浙江 2013) 解： other 和 another 的区别。 other 表示“其他的，别的”，其后常接可数名词复数； another 表示“另一个”，其后常接可数名词单数。此处表示“另一份工作”，故应将 other 改为 another 。 3. We took ours fishing poles and headed for the lake. ( 陕西 2013) 解： 名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词的区别。前者后面不接名词，后者后面接名词。本句中物主代词的后面有名词 fishing poles ，故应将 ours 改为 our 。 六、介词。 考查介词意义、用法及固定搭配。 1. ... it had a connection by the British porcelain ( 瓷器 ) industry.  (2013 新课标全国 II) 解： 介词的用法。表示“和 …… 有关系”用介词 with 或 to 。 by 表示“被；凭借；经由；由于”。故应将 by 改为 with 或 to 。 2. Every day, he spends too much time with his work. ( 辽宁 2013) 解： 固定搭配。 spend time with sb. / on sth . 是固定搭配，故应将 with 改为 on 。 七、连词。 主要从逻辑关系角度考查连词的误用，或从成分缺失的角度考查连词的漏用。 1. I wanted to give up, and my grandfather told me to wait a little longer. ( 陕西 2013) 解： 连词的误用。“我想放弃”和“我的（外）祖父告诉我再等一会儿”之间是转折关系，用 and 连接不符合逻辑关系，应将 and 改为 but 。 2. He had a deep voice, which ..., he was strong and powerful. (2013 新课标全国 I) 解： 通过分析句子结构可知，这是一个并列句，且前一个分句中包含一个定语从句。两个分句之间，即 he was 前应加连词 and 。 八、从句的引导词。 主要考查从句引导词的误用。 ... between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 o’clock at night. (2013 新课标全国 II) 解： 非限制性定语从句的引导词。逗号后面的部分是非限制性定语从句，修饰 dinner 。非限制性定语从句修饰物时关系代词用 which 不用 that 。 2. That is which other teachers say. ( 辽宁 2013) 解： 表语从句的引导词。表语从句中的 say 缺少宾语，故应将 which 改为 what 。 3. But before long they began to see which was happening. (2012 新课标全国 ) 解： 宾语从句的引导词。宾语从句中缺少主语，应将 which 改为 what 。 九、主谓一致。 主要考查主语和谓语在人称和数 上的一致性。 1. Good night and remember, you, dear diary, is my only souvenir from my past life and my only friend. ( 浙江 2013) 解： 主语和谓语在人称上的一致性。本句是由 and 连接的并列复合句，后一分句中包含一个宾语从句。宾语从句的真正主语是 you （ dear diary 是它的同位语，起解释说明的作用），其对应的谓语应该是 are ，故应将 is 改为 are 。 2. Hard work have made him very ill. ( 辽宁 2013) 解： 主语和谓语在数上的一致性。本句的主语 Hard work 是不可数名词，谓语动词应用单数，应将 have 改为 has 。 十、非谓语动词。 1. Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge ... (2013 新课标全国 II) 解： 动词 -ing 形式短语作主语。 provides 在句中作谓语，其前面的部分是主语，应将 Have 改为 Having 。 2. Felt hungry, we built a fire by the lake and barbecued the fish. ( 陕西 2013) 解： 动词 -ing 形式短语作原因状语。 we 和 feel 是主谓关系，应将 Felt 改为 Feeling 。 3. I also shared ... my friends many photos taking in Beijing. ( 陕西 2012) 解： 过去分词短语的用法。过去分词短语放在所修饰词后面，作用接近于一个定语从句。 photos 和 take 是被动关系，应将 taking 改为 taken 。 十一、固定搭配或习惯用法。 1. She used to holding me on her knees and sing old songs. (2013 新课标全国 I) 解： used to do sth . 固定搭配，过去的状态、习惯做法或习俗，应将 holding 改为 hold 。容易混淆： be used to do sth .  某物被用来干某事； be used to doing sth . 习惯干某事。 2. To make matters bad, now I have to share a room with my younger sister, Maggie. ( 浙江 2013) 解： to make matters worse 固定短语，“更为糟糕的是”，放句首作状语。 3. ... when things did wrong, I got angry ... (2012 新课标全国 ) 解： go wrong 是固定搭配，“出错”，故应将 did 改为 went 或在 did 后加 go 。 很多东西看似复杂，但只要找到其中的规律就会发现还是很容易的。短文改错题亦是如此。相信认真读完这篇解题指导后定能够更快更准地解答这一题型。 Dear Diary, Here I am in the middle of a city, 350 miles far away from our farmhouse. Do you want to know why we move last week? Dad lost his job and as Mom explained, “He was lucky to find other one.” His new job meant I had to say goodbye to my classmate, my school, or just everything else I love in the world. To make matters bad, now I have to share a room with my younger sister, Maggie. Tomorrow is first day of school. I am awfully tiring, but I know I will never fall sleep. Good night and remember you, dear diary, is my only souvenir from my past life and my only friend. 真题自测 浙江卷 1. far 去掉 (far 已被 350 miles 代替了 )2. move →moved (last week, 过去式 )3. other →another (“ 另一个” , 用 another; other“ 其他的 ” )4. classmate →classmates 5. or →and ( 并列 , 不是选择 )6. bad →worse (to make matters worse 是固定短语 )7. 在 first 前加上 my/ the8. tiring →tired ( 人用 tired; tiring 指物 )9. sleep →asleep ( 形容词作表语 , fall asleep 睡着 )10. is →are ( you, dear diary, is my only souvenir... friend 作 remember 的宾语 , 主语是 you; dear diary 是 you 的同位语 ; my only souvenir 是表语 . 此句的 be 动词应跟主语 you 相一致 , 用 are.) 巩固练习 文中共有 10 处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（ ∧ ），并在其下面写出该加的词。 删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。 修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意： 1.  每处错误及其修改均仅限一词； 2.  只允许修改 10 处，多者（第 11 处起）不计分。 A My uncle absolute hated his wife’s cat and decided to get rid of him one day by driving him 20 block from his home and leaving him at the park. As she was getting home, the cat was walking up the driveway. The next day he decides to drive the cat 40 blocks away. He put the cat out and headed home. Drive back up his driveway, there was the cat! At the last he decided to drive far away until he reached that he thought was a safe distance from his home and left the cat there. Hours late he called his wife, “Jen, is the cat there?” “No,” his wife answered. Then he said, “Put him on the phone. I lost way and need directions!”  Keys ： 1. absolute → absolutely 2. block → blocks 3. she → he  4. decides → decided 5. Drive → Driving 6. (At the last)  去掉 the 7. (he reached that he)   that → what 8. late → later 9. No → Yes 10. way 前加 my B I can never forget the day then I went to have a piano test. Unluckily, an examiner who appeared rather serious and strict was sitting in the room. Known that many students had failed the test, I felt too nervous that I wondered whether I could pass it. Then it was my turns and my heart almost skipped a beat. However, when entering the room, it suddenly occurs to me that I could take this as a rare and precious chance to challenge me. Very to my surprise, the teacher, satisfying with my performance, gave me high marks. Whatever we face with, we should try our best to handle it. Only doing this can we succeed in the end. Keys ： 1. then → when 或去掉 then 2. Known → Knowing 3. too → so 4. turns → turn 5. occurs → occurred 6. (to challenge me) me → myself 7. Very → Much 8. satisfying → satisfied 9. (we face with)     去掉 with 10. Only 后加 by C Is online reading good to us? Opinions differ. Defenders insist online reading can arouse students’ interests in reading. Also, the Internet offers much wide choices than paper books. Critics, thus, hold the opposite opinions. They say though online reading has been making more interesting by cartoons or pictures, this is not really reading. What’s more, many materials that are offered on the Internet does no good to young readers. Finally, exposed to the computer screen for long harms our eyes. I think parents should choose proper books for you and I also suggest parents to help us form the habit of critical reading. Keys ： 1. to → for 2. interests → interest 3. wide → wider 4. thus → however 5. making → made 6. really → real 7. does → do 8. exposed 前加 being 9. (books for you)          you → us 10. ... suggest parents to ...   去掉 to 或 to → should 或 suggest → advise D This morning, I go to the store near my home to do some shopping. I gave a violently cough while I was walking down the passage. The woman standing next to me was so shocking that she consequently dropped a jar of oil. For that very moment, a girl was walking by. She slipped on the oil, fell onto the broke glass and hit her head on the floor. After a while, there were blood pour down her face. I felt really guilty and sent the girl to the nearest hospital without the delay. The doctor examined her wound carefully. To my relief, it was not serious. The girl had a little smile on her face before the doctor dressed wound. Keys ： 1. go → went 2. violently → violent 3. shocking → shocked 4. For → At 5. broke → broken  6. were → was 7. pour → pouring 8. (without the delay)       去掉 the  9. before → after 10. wound  前加 the 或   her E Can you imagine wear a pretty sweater made of garbage? It could not happen! A few companies across the country are making clothes from things those are thrown away by people. For example, the company makes sweaters from old plastic bottles. First, the bottles are cut into small piece. The pieces are melted. Then the melting plastic is made into long and thin threads. The threads are used to making sweaters which are very soft and light. Believe it not, these sweaters sell well in spite of the fact that they are not expensive at all. Many people think that these recycled clothes can help us cut up on garbage. Keys: 1. wear → wearing 2. 去掉 not 3. those → that / which 4. (the company makes)      the → a 5. piece → pieces 6. melting → melted 7. making → make 8. (Believe it not) not 前加 or 9. expensive → cheap 10. up → down F Once Rabbit declared loudly that he was the fastest. Thinking what Rabbit was too proud, Frog was annoying and decided to teach him a lesson. He challenged Rabbit for a race through some thick grass down to the town pond. Rabbit disagreed. On the day of the race, Frog played with a trick. Many of his frog friends hid in the thick grass, one big jump apart from one another. Rabbit ran as faster as he could through the grass, and no matter how fast he ran, Frog was always one jump ahead of him. By the time Rabbit got to a pond, he was running fast to stop. He fell right into the pond, just as Frog jumped up from behind a rock and shouted, “I was the winner!” Keys: 1. what → that 或去掉 what 2. annoying → annoyed 3. (for a race) for → to 4. disagreed → agreed 5. (played with)   去掉 with 6. faster → fast 7. (and no matter) and → but 8. (got to a pond)      a → the 9. fast 前加 too 10. was → am G Until the middle of the 19th century, only women were permitted to become doctors. A determining woman named Elizabeth Blackwell thought that is unfair and changed the course of history. Blackwell was born in England in 1821, and then moved to the U.S. with her family. When he was 23, Blackwell decided to become a doctor. She applied many medical schools, but was told “no” again and again. Finally, three years late, a small school accepted her. She studied hardly and graduated at the head of her class. Before she had her medical degree, Blackwell cared for many patients. She even opened a special hospital for the women and children. Afterwards, she moved back to England and helped women there break up the medical field. Keys: 1. women → men 2. determining → determined 3. (that is unfair)       is → was 4. (he was 23) he → she 5. applied 后加 to 6. late → later 7. hardly → hard 8. Before → After 9. (for the women)     去掉 the 10. up → into