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2018届二轮复习说明文说明文之技法指导课件(46张)
2018 届二轮复习 说明文之技法指导 说明文是用言简意赅的语言来介绍客观事物,讲清事理,并给人增加知识的一种文体。说明文解说事物的特点、变化规律,分析前因后果,目的在于使 人 “ 明白事理 ” ,对事物有较完整明晰的了解和认识。说明文与议论文关系密切,但在写作的目的和方法上仍 有 区别。说明文是通过事实客观地解释或说明事物本身;而议论文则以事实、数据等为证据,表明主观见解,使读者赞同某一观点。 知识梳理 说明文就是对事物的发生、结果、特征、性质、状态和功能进行解释、介绍和阐述。目的在于提供知识、表明观念。在写说明文时可以采用举例、比较、对比、类比、分类、分析、说明和叙述的方法。 必须按一定的顺序进行说明:时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序,选择具体的特点和细节来说明。 说明原因型 Nowadays, there are more and more _____ in some big cities. It is estimated that _ ____ (具体数据说明 …… 现象) . Why have there been so many XX? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first one is that ____ ( 原因一 ). Besides, ____( 二 ). The third reason is ____ ( 三 ). 写作模板 To sum up, the main cause of XX is due to _____ ( 主要原因 ). It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing, _____ ( 建议一 ). On the other hand, ____ ( 二 ). All theses measures will certainly reduce the number of ____. 现象解释型 Today, it is widely acknowledged that 相关观点 .Therefore, 提出现象 . However, as for this phenomenon, opinions vary from person to person. Some 人群 insist that 支持观点 . However, many other 涉及人群 do not agree. They say 反对观点 . From my perspective, 自己的观点 . On the one hand, 观点一方面 , but on the other hand, 观点另一方面 . What’s more, 最终结论 . 问题解决型 As is known to all, 导入命题 . However, it is quite worrying that 提出问题 . Therefore, 相关各方 should be greatly responsible for 问题内容 . Firstly, 解决方法 1 . Secondly, 解决方法 2 . Thirdly, 解决办法 3. But 相关方面 . alone cannot ensure the final success in 问题内容 . Students should also take an active part in 怎么做 1 . They/ We should 做 2 . 说明文是用简洁的文字介绍事物的特性、构造、变化或结果的文章。说明文常见的话题有:产品介绍、地点描述、方位描写、调查报告、变化分析、购物指南和操作说明等。近几年的说明文主要是及时性的说明文。 解题指导 注意事项 1. 首先要读题 审题 ,弄清需要介绍的内容,把握信息 要点 ,不可遗漏也不能添加。 2. 写作内容要 条理清楚 , 层次分明 。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法和因果法等;说明自然环境方面的内容常用时空次序法与分类法等。 3. 时态 常用一般现在时 ,当然若是介绍其历史时,要用一般过去时;语态可能用到被动语态;若是介绍地点环境等,要善于运用 there be 结构。 必备词句 1. 描述现象。 With the development of society, heavy traffic has aroused great concern. Some people think..., while the others think... 随着网络的发展,网络广告已经引起了广泛的关注。一些人认为, …… ;而其他人认为, …… 2. 说明原因。 There are many reasons involved. Among them, the increase of private cars plays an important role. 这涉及到许多原因。其中,私家车的猛增是主要原因。 3. 解决办法。 The first measure is to limit the number of private cars running on the street every day. Immediate after that, we should...Only in this way can we solve the problem. 第一个重要措施是限制每天在路上的私家车的数量。之后,我们应当 …… 只有这样,我们才能解决这个问题。 调查报告 调查报告属于说明文,一般是引出调查的时间、对象和主题,接着讲述调查的结果,然后分析其中的原因,提出作者的希望等。 I recently surveyed my classmates about their views on the new English textbook. According to the survey, 80% of the students were quite satisfied with it, while 15%disliked it and 5% had no opinion. Students who liked it said the pictures with the texts were very attractive, which greatly aroused their interests in learning. Moreover, the book was very interesting, covering many hot topics and providing lots of cultural knowledge of the world. However, students who disliked it complained there were too many new words and difficult sentences , making the texts difficult to understand. In conclusion, the new English textbook has helped most students improve their English enormously. 【 解读 】 调查报告整个结构为:时间、对象和主题 — 调查结果 — 作者观点。用 while 从句表达对比;运用非限制性定语从句;运用过渡词 moreover 和分词作状语;运用了转折词作为过渡和运用了定语从句和分词结构。运用恰当的过渡词作总结。 注意审题, 转换图表。 撰写调查报告时, 通常需要结合图表, 观察、对比调查数据, 并把调查结果和数据转换为文字表达, 并按写作内容给出的要点按顺序进行写作。 2. 确定时态, 规范全文。 引出报告结果或数据时,发表议论和个人观点, 常用一般现在时。若出现具体时间状语, 如 last year, next year, recently 等时, 应根据时间使用适当时态。 3. 变换表达, 丰富语汇。 调查报告中多出现相同内容的描述或分析, 为避免重复, 建议使用不同语言和句式表达同类信息。例如,引出调查数据时,可使用 The survey /result shows that...; As the data shows, ...; As we can see from the chart, ...; According to the table, ...; From the data, we can learn that ... 等句型。 4. 相关短语。 make a survey 作了一次调查 as for how to 至于怎样 update the website 更新网站 50% of the girls 50% 的女生 next in line... 接下来, 位居第二 compared with... 同 …… 比起来 communicate with... 与 …… 交流 account for/take up 占 ( 多少比例 ) be in favor of... 支持 / 赞成 …… as far as sb . is concerned 就某人看来 have a lot in common 有很多共同点 get along well with... 与 …… 相处融洽 arouse their interest 激发了他们的兴趣 5. 相关句式。 1) Last week, we did a survey among 2, 600 students on “Who Is Your Idol” . 2) Recently our League Committee has carried out a survey, whose results are as follows. 3) According to the survey, about half of the students will go to their classmates or friends when in trouble. 4) Different persons may have different choices on how to spend pocket money. 5) A recent survey suggests that students are different from each other in learning styles. 6) As is shown in the survey, drunk driving may result in serious accidents. 1. 上个月,我们公司以 35 岁以下的人群作为调查对象, 选取了 1000 人进行了关于“网上购物”的一项调查, 调查情况如下: 范例分析 你是否愿意在网上购物? 结果 64% 愿意 36% 不愿意 原因 1. 方便, 在家可买到所需物品 2. 网上商品比较便宜, 而且可选择的品牌多 1. 害怕买到赝品 2. 担心被骗钱 结论 只要防范网上购物的弊端, 将有越来越多的人选择网上购物。 【 写作内容 】 根据以上数据,写一篇调查报告, 内容包括: 1. 调查时间、调查问题以及调查对象; 2. 愿意网上购物的人占调查人数的百分 比; 3. 人们愿意在网上购物的主要原因; 4. 人们不愿意在网上购物的主要原因; 5. 本次调查的结论。 Last month, our company carried out a survey about shopping on line among 1000 interviewees younger than 35 years old. 64% of those interviewed are willing to shop on line, mainly because they think the Internet makes it convenient for them to buy what they need although they are staying at home. Besides, they believe that goods on line are cheaper, with a variety of brands to choose from. The rest of the interviewees don’t want to shop on line, 【 参考范文 】 claiming that goods on sale on the Internet might be fake and that they are worried about being cheated out of money. In conclusion, only by guarding against the disadvantages of online shopping will more and more people choose the shop on line. 考生写作时必须排除不必要的信息干扰,因写作内容中并没有要求写“不愿意网上购物的人所占百分比为 32%” 这一信息点,所以不必把表格内容全部翻译。此外,写作时尽量使用与写作内容相对应的英语翻译,使文章表达更切题。 【 范文解析 】 例如, 写作内容中出现“主要原因”和“结论”这些重要的写作线索, 考生应该尽量使用与之相应的语句进行翻译, 如“ ...for the main reason that...; ...mainly because; In conclusion; Finally, we arrive at the conclusion that...” , 使阅卷老师对写作信息一目了然,以获取高分。 2. 项目描述属于说明文的范畴,一般是用简明的语言对某个事物、某项活动、某个产品或者某种风俗习惯进行描写,从而给读者提供知识的一种文体。 The Midautumn Festival, which is one of the most important traditional festivals in China, falls on August 15th of the Lunar calendar every year. Not only is it popular in China but it is also celebrated in many other Asian countries. People believe that the moon is a symbol of reunion, luck and fortune, and it is a custom to express best wishes to the beloved ones at this particular time. On that day people usually go back home to have a happy reunion, enjoying a large meal with their family. They will also eat moon cakes, which are round cakes with meat, eggs, nuts and other things inside. 【 范文解析 】 本文描述的是中国的传统节日 —— 中秋节,基本结构为:总起描述 — 影响 — 活动内容。非限制性定语从句; not only...but also 结构;宾语从句和并列句;简单句。 在高考命题中,一般以图表式,有时候以图画式或者提纲式命题。内容多以考生日常生活中熟悉的生活经历以及社会热点为主,要求考生根据所给的图表、数据及标题进行分析、研究,阅读其中的文字和说明,弄清各种信息之间的关系,提炼和确定出文章的中心思想。然后进行分析、概括和归纳。 注意 : 1. 图表和数据内容不一定要全部描述,善于 抓住总规律 ,趋势,归纳增减率。 2. 常用 第三人称 ,时态以 一般现在时为主 ,特定时间用过去时。 3. 要适当运用一些高级词汇并灵活使用图表类写作常用的 经典好句型 。 4. 多阅读英语报刊杂志, 了解最新技术发展, 掌握相关英语 。 5. 相关短语。 originate as... 以 …… 出现 / 起源 a means of survival 一种生存手段 develop into 发展成为 be allowed to 被允许 grow steadily 稳定增长 twice in history 历史上两次 participate in 参加,参与 is considered to be(as ) 被认为是 what is more 此外 offer sb . help 给某人提供帮助 be similar to 与 …… 相似 choose two subjects out of... 从 …… 中选择两个科目 6. 相关句式。 1) Shooting, originated as a means of survival, developed into a sport only in the late 19th century. 2) Women were first allowed to compete in the Olympic shooting only in 1968. 3) The iPhone 4, a touch-screen smart phone, is the fifth generation of the iPhone . 假设你想说服你爸爸给你购买最新的一款手机 — iphone 5, 请你根据以下写作内容给他描述 iphone 5 的情况。 巩固练习 介绍 1. 触摸屏, 第六代 iphone 2. 独创的, 被认为世界上最好的智能机 外型 与 iphone 4 相似, 黑白两种颜色 功能 1. 电池功能强大, 支持 225 小时待机时间 (standby time), 8 小时 3G 通话时间 2. 照相系统更加强大 3. 用声音指示手机发短信等 4. 它能理解你说的话, 给你帮助 【 写作内容 】 【 参考范文 】 The iPhone 5, a touch-screen smart phone, which is the sixth generation of the iPhone , is considered groundbreaking and the best smart phone in the world. Coming in three colors, black, white and gold, it retains almost all of the same design features as its predecessor, the iPhone 4. However, with more powerful battery, it has 200 hours standby time and 8 hours talk time on 3G. What is more, the camera inside it is greatly developed. What is most amazing is that not only can you order it to do things like sending messages with your voice but also it can understand what you say and offer you help. . 这是对一个新的电子产品的描述, 可以使用生动的语言, 避免文章枯燥无味。如表示 “ 突破性的 ” , 考生可以使用形容词 groundbreaking, 或者名词 breakthrough; 表示外形与 iPhone 4 相似的时候, 可以考虑到 be similar to iPhone 4 in appearance, 但范文中使用了 retain almost all of the same design features as 这个短语,使文章的语言更加高级和生动。 【 范文解析 】 最后两句是表现 iPhone 5 改善了的新的功能, 因此范文中补充了两个细节 with more powerful battery( 第四句 ) 和 What is most amazing is that...( 第五句 ), 使整个描述更有吸引力。查看更多