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【英语】2018届二轮复习介词考点与典题演练学案(16页word版)
2018届二轮复习 介词考点与典题演练 【基础回顾】 介词是英语中比较活跃的词,考纲词汇表中列出的必学的基本介词有50多个:about,above,according to,across,after,against,along,among,around,at,before,behind,below,beside,besides,between,beyond,but,by,down,during,except,except for,for,from,in,inside,into,like,near,of,off,on,onto,opposite,outside,over,past,since,through,throughout,till,until ,to,toward(s),under,up,upon,with,within,without。常见的介词的考查主要有: 1.介词的意义,尤其是一些介词的特定含义。 2.介词的近义词的用法区别,主要包括:示时间的介词;表示空间、方位的介词;表示手段、工具的介词;表示原因、目的的介词等等。 3.介词的固定用法。 4. with的复合结构。单独列出来是因为with的这一用法非常重要,尤其是在语法填空题和短文改错题中考到。 一、介词的句法功能 介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。 1、作定语:The book on the table is mine. 2、作状语:We have breakfast at seven.(表时间);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因);They started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法) 3、作表语:My dictionary is in the bag. 4、作宾语补足语:I found him in the office. 二. 常用介词的用法 1. 表示时间的介词 (1)at, in, on和by A. at的用法: a. 时间的一点、时刻等,e.g. at 12:00, at noon, at night, at midnight, at dawn, at daybreak b. 较短暂的一段时间,可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子,e.g. at Christmas, at New Year, at the Spring Festival B. in的用法: a. 表示在某个较长的时间内(如世纪、朝代、年代、月及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等), e.g. in the 1980s, in Qing Dynasty, in October, in the morning b. 表示在一段时间之后,e.g. I’ll be back in an hour. C. on的用法: a. 用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等。e.g. on October 1st, on a rainy day, on National Day b. 用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上。e.g. on the eve of victory (胜利前夕),on the morning of January 3rd, on the afternoon of his arrival c. 准时、按时on time D. by的用法: a. 表示“不迟于,在(某时)前”,e.g. He must have arrived there by now. b. 表示“在……间”“在……时间”,e.g. He worked by day and slept by night. 温馨提示:当时间名词前被this,that,last,next,some,every等词限定时,通常不用任何介词。 (2) after与in 二词均可表示在某一段时间后,但该时段的起点不同。 A. in的用法: in表示以此刻为起点的将来一个时段之后,常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。 e.g. My father will be back from abroad in three days. B. after的用法: a. 与表示一段时间的词连用,常与过去时态的谓语动词连用,这时相当于“一段时间 + later” e.g. He left home and went to the front after two days / two days later. b. 与表示时间点的词连用,常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。 e.g. I’ll go and see her after three o’clock. 易错误区:“in the past”意为“在过去”,与过去时态的谓语动词连用。如In the past, no villagers dared do that; “in the past / last + 时间段”意为“在过去的……中 / 内”,表示从现在算起过去的一段时间,包括此时此刻在内,常与现在完成时态连用。如In the past / last few years, great changes have taken place in this village. (3)during, for, from和since during除具备in表时间段的用法外,还可指在某一活动过程中,e.g. during the night,during the fire,during the meeting。for后接时间段的名词词组,表示行为状态持续了多久,e.g. I have lived in this city for more than 10 years. from接时间点的名词词组,表示行为或状态的起始点,而不涉及其持续时间的长短,e.g. My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five. since接时间点的名词词组,不仅表示行为或状态的起始点,而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到此时此刻,因而与延续性动词的现在完成时连用,e.g. I have been working in this factory since I graduated in 1993. 2. 表示空间和方位的介词 (1)above, over, on, below, under, beneath A. above侧重于相对水平高度,不一定在正上方,其反义词是below。 e.g. The sun is above the mountain in the east. The position he pointed to was below the sea level. B. over侧重于垂直高度,即位于正上方,其反义词是under。 e.g.Be careful, there is a heavy box over your head. The little mouse is under the table, so it is not easy to find it. C. on侧重于与物体表面接触,其反义词是beneath。 e.g.There are some stamps on the desk. (2) across, over, through, past 四个词都与表示运动的动词有关。across意为“横穿,穿越”,表示运动发生在物体的表面;over意为“跨过,越过”,表示运动发生在物体的上方;through意为“穿过,通过”,表示运动发生在某物的空间;past意为“从旁边经过”,表示运动发生在某物旁边。 e.g. The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea. After the meeting, I went past the past office straight to my home. (3) at, in, on 三者均表示地点,“在……处” A. at a. 用于指较小的地方,e.g. We’ll meet each other at the park. b. 用于门牌号码前,e.g. My grandparents live at 105 Beijing Road. B. in 用于指较大的地方,e.g. She lived in Hong Kong for 20 years. C. on 一般指与面或线接触,e.g. Put the pictures on the wall. (4) near, by, beside, at 四个词都表示“在……附近”,但侧重点不同。 A. near表示相对的“近”,而实际距离可能并不近。 e.g. A new hospital is being built near our school. B. by和beside都表示“靠近”,但beside比by更具体地表示出“在……旁边”的意思。 e.g. I planted an apple tree by the river. The girl was sitting beside her mother. C. at表示“在……旁边”之意,但多表示有目的的和所处的位置,而by和beside仅表示位置关系。 e.g. We are sitting at the desks listening to our teacher. (5) to, for, toward(s) 用于表示来往行动动词之后,表示行动的方向,多用to,e.g. go,come, walk,run,dash,rush,move,fly,return,lead,take等;用于表示“起程,出发,离开”的动词之后,多用for,e.g. leave,start,set off等;用于表示“朝……方向”时,to和towards是同义词,不表到达,而to不仅表方向,还表到达。 e.g. After the soldiers got well prepared, they set off for the front. The plane is flying towards the north, but it’s difficult to decide which area it’s flying to. (6)in, on, to在方位名词前的区别,三词都可表示两地之间的位置关系。 in表示在范围之内,e.g. Shandong Province is / lies in the east of China.;to表示在某范围之外的地方,e.g. Japan is / lies to east of China.;on表示“毗邻、接壤”,e.g. Mongolia is / lies on the north of China.。 (7) between,among 二词均表示“在……中间,在……之间”。 between表示在二者之间,有时between之后也可能出现三个或三个以上的宾语,但这时所强调的仍然是其中每两者之间的相互关系,e.g. This secret is only between you and me. 而among指在三者或三者以上之间,e.g. We’ll visit a town among the mountains. 温馨提示:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如果强调的是两两相互间接关系,适用于between。 e.g.:Agreements were made between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时用between。e.g.:The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时,总是用between。e.g.:They don’t know the difference between wheat, oats and barley. (8) in,on二词均可表示“在……上”,描写两个物体的接触情况。 in侧重于接触的深度,e.g. We found a square hole in the west wall. on侧重于表面接触,e.g. There is a map of the world on the wall. 温馨提示: ①英语中若打击某人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时,用in,e.g. They hit the boy in the face and then ran away.而打击头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时,用on,e.g. The teacher patted the boy on the head and comforted him. ②表示植物本身生长出来的叶、花、果等,用on,e.g. There are lots of apples on the tree. ③表示植物本身以外的人或动物“在树上”,用in the tree,意指被枝叶遮掩其中。 e.g. Birds often play in the tree. (9)after,behind二词表示“在……之后”。 after多指动作顺序的先后,behind表示静态位置的前后。二者表示位置时常可通用。 e.g. Winter comes after autumn. Behind the hospital stood a school. Shut the door after / behind you. 3. 表示工具、手段、方式的介词 (1) by,in,on三词都表示旅行的方式 A. by a. 不涉及交通公具的名词时用by,名词前不带冠词,e.g. by sea, by water, by land, by rail b. 涉及交通工具的名词时用by,但名词须用单数,其前面不加冠词或任何修饰语,e.g. by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship / boat, by train, by spaceship B. 当旅行方式涉及到确定特指的交通工具时,用on或in,名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语,e.g. travel to New York in this plane; leave on an early train; go to school on my bike 温馨提示:步行、骑马等均可用on,如on foot, on horseback, on a horse, on the camel (2) with,by,in三词均译为“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式。 A. with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官等,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。 如They are digging with a pick / spade. We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs. B. by,in,on,over,through等多用于无形的工具或方式手段。 如by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope 温馨提示: ①使用语言、原料、材料时用in表示,e.g. in English / Japanese, in blue ink ②表达“用……方法 / 式”时,所用介词分别为:in this / that / the same … way; by this / that … means, by means of …; with this / that … method 4. 表示原因的介词 (1)at,for,with三词均可组成介词短语,表示行为或状态的原因、动机或理由。 A. at常与表示感情色彩的动词、形容词或过去分词搭配,后接表示具体事物的名词。 e.g. We were excited / happy / frightened at the news. I was angry at her words. B. for和with后接表示感情的抽象名词,其中with侧重于随着心理变化而发生的感情变化。 e.g. She often hangs down her head for shame. He went red with anger. (2)because of,due to,thanks to三个词组均意为“由于,因为” A. because of“因为,由于”,通常作状语,位于句首或句尾。 e.g. The sports meet will be put off till next Saturday because of the heavy rain. B. due to“因为,由于”,通常作表语。 e.g. His illness was due to smoking and drinking. C. thanks to“幸亏,多亏”,既可用于褒义,又可用于贬义,多位于句首。 e.g. Thanks to the Party’s good policy, the farmers are now living a happy and rich life. 三、常考的一些易混介词归纳。 1.about,on,of表示“关于” A. about侧重于与人或事物有关的事迹或情况。 e.g. The Red Army man told us a story about Chairman Mao. B. on侧重于阐述或论及相对重大或深奥的理论、学术等问题。 e.g. Who made the report on the situation in the Middle East? C. of在与tell,read,know,think等动词连用时,侧重于粗略涉及,而about涉及的情况则详细得多。 e.g. ---Do you know about that man over there?---No, I know little of him. 2. in和of表示比较范围,均可引出一个可供比较的范围,适用于形容词和副词的最高级,指三者或三者以上的人或事物的比较。 A. in表示限定在某个范围内的最高级。e.g. Mary sings best in my class. B. of表示同一类人或事物中的最高级;用于同类两者之间的比较,但比较级前须加定冠词 the。e.g. Of all the boys, Tom runs the fastest. 3.表示“包括、排除”的介词的区别:besides,except,but,other than,except for,except than / when A. 用于否定句时,besides,except与but可相互替换。如No other students passed the difficult maths exam except / beside / but Lin Tao and Wu Dong. B. 用于肯定句时的用法 a. except意为“除……之外”(不再有),e.g. We all passed the exam except Tom. b. besides意为“除……之外”(还有……),e.g. We all passed the exam besides Tom. 温馨提示:besides在句中的位置较灵活,可放在句首,亦可放在句中;而except多放在句中。此外,except前几乎总有all,any,every,no及其复合词等;而besides前可用,也可不用,依句意而定。 E.g. He answered all the questions except the last one. I have a few friends besides you. c. except for意为“除了因为……”,表示除去整体中的一部分,它所叙述的事实或细节部分地修正句子的主要意思。 E.g. The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. C. except和but / other than都可接名词、代词、动名词、动词原形,可以互换;但except后接副词、介词短语、when从句等时,but / other than不可替换except。 e.g. He has always been in high spirits except recently. The window is never opened except in summer. D. but,except后都可接that 从句作宾语,二者可互换。 e.g. I asked nothing from him but / except that he should write to me every other week。 E. 以上比较了except,besides,but作介词的区别,另外,besides还可用作副词,意为“而且,还有”。 e.g. I don’t want to go; besides, I am too tired.This is my best suit; I have two other besides. 4.表示时间的at, in, on: at表示片刻的时间,e.g.:at 8 o’clock ,常用词组有:at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的时间,e.g.:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on总是跟日子有关,on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning等。 5.表示时间的since和from: since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始,不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。 e.g.:I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995. 6.表示时间的in和after: 两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后”,区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后”,而after则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)”,in短语和将来时态连用,after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。 e.g.:We’ll be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation? 温馨提示:after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。e.g.:After two months he returned. 7、as, like: as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。e.g.:Let me speak to you as a father.(事实是父亲);like作“象……一样”解。e.g.:Let me speak to you like a father.(事实上不是父亲)。 8、in, into: into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。e.g.:We walked into the park.;in通常表示位置。e.g.:We walked in the park;in和drop, fall, put, throw, break等终止性动词连用时,也可以表示动向。e.g.:I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬币放进衣袋 【技能方法】 介词知识是高考中的必考内容,也是教学的重点和难点。 1.应重点掌握介词的基本用法; 2.注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法; 3.注意与同形的连词或者副词的区别; 4.着重记住用法相似的介词。 典题演练 1. —Peter, please send us postcards ________ we'll know where you have visited. —No problem. A.but B.or C.for D.so D [解析] 考查连词。so (that) 意为“为了……,以便……”,由句意可知答案选 D。句意:“彼得, 请发给我们明信片以便我们能知道你参观过的地方。”“没问题。” 2. Many people who live along the coast make a living ________ fishing industry. A.at B.in C.on D.by B [解析] 考查介。根据句意可知此处表示“在……产业里”,故用介词in。句意:许多住在海边的人以捕鱼业为生。 3. Determining where we are ________our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival. A.in contrast to B.in defense of C.in face of D.in relation to 4. When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be ________ trees that are over 1,000 years old. A.among B.against C.behind D.below A [解析] 考查介词。根据“…trees that are over 1,000 years old.”可知是置身于这些树木之中,应选A项。 among在……当中;against以……为背景,衬托;behind在……后面;below在……下面。句意:当你驾车穿过加利福尼亚的红杉森林时,你会置身在那些树龄超过1 000年的树林中。 5. We offer an excellent education to our students. ________, we expect students to work hard. A.On average B.At best C.In return D.After all C [解析] 考查介词短语。根据句意可知这是两方面的事情,因此选C项。in return反过来,作为回报;on average平均来看;at best充其量,至多;after all毕竟,终究。句意:我们向学生提供优质的教育,同时也希望学生努力学习。 6. ----Why are you standing the street in such hot weather? ----I just can’t help it. I am appointed to interview people______ to learn about the customers’ feedback on our products. A. at random B. at hand C. at best D. at intervals 【答案】A 【解析】 试题分析:考查介词短语 句意上:--为什么这么热的天你还站在街上?--我也是不得已。我被安排采访路人以了解对我们产品的反馈。A项表示“随意地”;B项是“在手头,即将到来”;C项表示“充其量”;D项是“不时地”,依照语境A项适合。查看更多