【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解推理判断题和词义猜测题解题技巧学案（4页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习阅读理解推理判断题和词义猜测题解题技巧学案（4页）

‎ ‎ ‎2018届二轮复习阅读理解推理判断题和词义猜测题解题技巧 一 推理判断题 本题型主要对短文的结论、隐含意义(寓意)、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作的思路及目的等进行考查，或对原文中没有提及的情况进行推理和想象。我们要在理解原文的基础上纵观全文，汇集短文提供的各项信息，严格按照作者陈述的观点或描述的事实，进行正确地、合乎逻辑地推论和引申，从而选出符合原文信息或作者意图而不是我们主观认为合理的最佳答案。‎ ‎1. 写作意图题。有些文章作者不点明自己的写作意图，而是让读者自己去体会，这种情况多出现在记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章中。‎ 例：ALBANY, New York---- Students who rely on working at night to improve their grades might want to sleep on that strategy: a new survey in the U.S. says those who never study all night have slightly higher grades than those who do.‎ ‎ A survey of 120 students at St. Lawrence University found that students who have never pulled an all-nighter on average have higher grades than those who have. The survey found those who do not study through the night have a grade point average of 3.2 compared to 2.95 for those who have.‎ Q: The purpose of the passage is to tell us____.‎ A. the bad effects of pulling an all-nighter B. pulling an all-nighter leads to sleep problems C. doubts about all-nighters D. all-nighters hurt students’ grades ‎[分析]这是一段科普阅读材料。主要介绍了一项研究──晚上突击学习的人成绩非但没有提高，反而受到了影响，因此D项是作者的写作目的。A项意义范围过大；B项偏离了文章说明的中心内容；C项意义过于模糊。‎ ‎2. 态度倾向题。作者的态度倾向往往隐含在文章中，而不会明确说明，因此态度倾向题也是比较有难度的推理判断题型。这类题目一般分为两类：一是作者对某一具体事物的观点、看法；另一类是作者对某一人、物的评价。议论文或记叙文往往考查作者的态度倾向。如果是议论文，应该抓住作者的论点和论据；如果是记叙文，应该特别注意作者总结性的文字。‎ 例：The NBA now has a serious image problem; more than any other sport, it’s pulled in two opposite directions. As it’s been for years, whites make up a majority of the fans; blacks make up a majority of the players. And as those players have benefited from ever-upward-spiraling(不断上升的) paychecks, they’ve exercised their influence to shape the sight of the game around them in their own image.‎ ‎…‎ ‎ The NBA has the potential to be a bridge between cultures, a way to bring both sides together in cheering some of the best athletes of any color. But it’s a fragile bridge indeed, where every black or white element apparently forces out its ethnic(种族的) opposite. And it’s not hard to imagine a time when nobody will be interested in crossing over.‎ Q: The author’s attitude towards the NBA culture could be described as____.‎ A. supportive B. doubtful C. critical D. neutral ‎[分析]本文是议论文。分析全文，作者认为在NBA文化中，黑人文化与白人文化之间互相冲突，不利于NBA的发展，因此作者实际上是在对NBA文化进行批判。A项是支持，B项是怀疑，D项是中立。‎ ‎3.‎ ‎ 细节推断题。细节推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而复出符合文章原意的结论的一种推断方法。此类题要求我们根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、具体信息等。解答此类题要从文章提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维、哲学原理，并借助一定的常识，进行分析、推理、判断。进行细节推断，必须吃透相关文段的意思。‎ 例：In many countries the standard of living enjoyed by their people had increased rapidly in recent years. Sadly, not everyone in these countries is so fortunate and many people in rich countries are homeless.‎ ‎ The reasons for homelessness are various, but poverty is undoubtedly one of the main causes. The homeless people may have become jobless and then unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads. Often, the fact that unemployed people get help from the government prevents this from happening, but not always.‎ ‎…‎ ‎ Some cynics(愤世嫉俗的人) declare that homeless people choose to live the life which they lead. But who would willingly choose to live in a shop doorway, under a bridge or in a cardboard box?‎ Q: It can be inferred from the text that____.‎ A. you will not find homeless people in countries with a high standard of living.‎ B. the mental ill live on the street because they want the company of other homeless people C. he unemployed who receive help may still be among the homeless D. the homeless are willing to live under a bridge or in a cardboad box ‎[分析]根据第二段最后一句“Often, the fact that unemployed people get help from the government prevents this from happening, but not always”可知，政府会(偶尔)帮助失业人员，但不是经常的所以失业人员仍然可能无家可归。‎ ‎4. 逻辑结论题。逻辑结论型试题的特点是考查我们的逻辑思维及判断能力，要求我们根据文章提供的细节，推断出合乎逻辑的内容。解答此类题我们首先要找出短文的主题，然后按题意要求进行推断。‎ 例：…Chapman feels it his duty to help the rural areas that get left behind. Ask him about the satisfaction of setting up the community wireless network and he’ll mention two women who are attending online universities----or grandparents easily e-mailing their grandchildren far away.‎ ‎ “When the members of the community contribute their effort like this, they feel a sense of ownership,” Chapman says, “We may operate the network, but it’s owned by the citizens of the community. It’s for the public good.”‎ Q: From the last two paragraphs we know that____.‎ A. West Virginia Broadhand only does good to old citizens B. West Virginia Broadhand is operated by the community C. Chapman is a man of social responsibilities D. Chapman isn’t very much satisfied with his work ‎[分析]从文中对Chapman的描述及他的话中，可以感受到他是一个有着强烈社会责任感的人，他感到帮助偏远地区是他的责任，他这样做是为了公众的利益。‎ ‎5. 预测想象题。预测想象型试题考查的内容一般在文意中没有明确说明，因此我们要根据语篇，把握作者的写作思路，对事件可能出现的结局后文可能涉及的内容以及上文的内容进行科学的、合理的预测。‎ 例：…Completing a college application can take some time. But answering all the questions is not enough. Another important step is taking admissions tests. The SAT is the college entry test that American high school students most commonly take. Another one is the ACT.‎ ‎ Colleges and universities may also require international students to take the TOEFL (the Test of English as a Foreign Language).‎ ‎ If you have a general question for our Foreign Students Series, write to special@voanews.com Q: What will the author most probably talk about next/‎ A. SAT B. ACT C. FSS D. TOEFL ‎[分析]第一段介绍了美国高中生的大学入学考试，最后两段提到外国考生要参加二、词义猜测题 利用文章所提供的语境去推测生词是阅读的必备技能之一。词义猜测题是高考必考的题型，所考词汇可以是生词，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是人称代词的指代内容。‎ ‎1. 根据定义、解释和复述猜测词义。这种情况下，生词往往出现在前面，定义或解释跟在生词的后面，由or或破折号引出。因此只要找准并正确理解生词的释义，生词的含义也就清楚了。释义部分可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。在做这类题时，要注意生词与复述部分往往构成同位语，在句中多用逗号、破折号、冒号、分号等来连接。‎ 例：…In another survey, 79% of teens agreed that people at their age aren’t careful enough when giving out information about themselves online. Besides, careless blogging can also affect blog viewers. When you are angry or frustrated, your blog is the first place you turn to. The words you post then may not be rational which you may regret later. To minimize the negative effect, change the permission setting and make such posts “private” so that only you can read them.‎ ‎ As long as you are careful with what you post, blogging is a great means of staying in touch with friends and displaying one’s creative works.‎ Q: The underlined word “rational” probably means____.‎ A. strange B. perfect C. helpful D. reasonable ‎[分析]通过本句中的定语从句“which you may regret later”可知，令人后悔的话肯定是不理智的、欠思考的，是不太合理的发泄或表达，所以D选项最贴近于“rational”的意思：合理的，有道理的。‎ ‎2. 根据因果关系猜测词义。因果关系总是同时出现在文章中，有时原因在前，结果在后；有时结果在前，原因在后，因此我们可以根据这一特定的逻辑关系来推测生词的含义。‎ 例：…Technology greatly influences our standpoint on how fast we think everything needs to be done. If you put a dollar in the soda machine, you expect the bottle to move forward and fall down to the bottom. You can’t count how many times you’ve smacked the machine if it went too slow for your expectations. You wanted instant results, immediate fulfillment.…‎ Q: The underlined word “smacked” in the paragraph probably means____.‎ A. clapped B. hit C. kicked D. pushed ‎[分析]从本句后半部分“if it went too slow for your expectations”可知，带来的后果显然是你对机器不满意，不知道拍打了它多少次。四个选项中只有B符合。A：鼓掌，轻拍；C：踢；D：推，均不合适。‎ ‎3. 根据搭配、对比关系猜测词义。有时分析句子结构，辨别句子成分，分清搭配关系，是判断词义的前提，通过搭配关系得以确定划线名词指代的对象是人还是物。另外，转折词but、让步条件状语从句以及unlike, in spite of, despite, however等一些介词和副词都可以构成意义上的对比关系。‎ 例：Fine art treasures from many countries are kept in an art museum called the Louvre in Paris, France. The works of art have been collected by the people of France over many centuries. The Louvre has not always been a museum. The first building was a fort. In 1190, it was the king’s castle with high walls and a round tower. It had a moat to keep ‎ out his enemies. Over the years, the number of buildings around the castle grew. By 1350, the castle was no longer needed as a fort. The Louvre became a palace home for French kings and queens.‎ Q: The underlined word “moat” probably means____.‎ A. a high tower built in former times where soldiers watched out for enemies B. a long and deep ditch dug round a castle and was usually filled with water C. a cart pulled by horses on which soldiers fought D. a long and high wall around castle ‎[分析]从上一句中可知，它是国王的城堡，有着高高的围墙和圆形的塔楼，接下来提到的用来抵御敌人的moat不可能还是围墙或塔楼，故可以排除A、D，也不可能是马车。最符合逻辑的应该是“护城河，壕沟”，故选B。‎