2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(十一)如何理清句间结构之因果

2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(十一)如何理清句间结构之因果

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(十一) 如何理清句间结构之因果 因果逻辑关系很受高考英语命题者的青睐，因为因果句阐述了两个事件或者事实之间的内在联系，是作者进行分析或者得出结论的地方。一般来说，考查因果关系的题目有两种形式，给出原因推结果或是给出结果找原因。命题者为了考查考生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会将因果颠倒，考生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系，防止受到迷惑。‎ 表示因果关系的词语有：because, because of, for, since, due to, thanks to, as a result of, as, so, thus, therefore, consequently, in consequence, as a result, result from, result in, cause, lead to, attribute ...to等。有时候文章中虽然没有出现表示因果关系的标志性词语，但是在逻辑上也存在着因果关系，这个时候考生就需要自己进行判断和推理。‎ ‎[高考典例1]　2013•全国卷Ⅱ•阅读七选五 If you find a public speaking course that looks as though it's going to give you lots of dos and don'ts, walk away! Your brain is so full of what you're going to be talking about. __54__. As far as we're concerned, there are basically no hard and fast rules about public speaking.Your audience can be your friends.‎ A．You aren't like anybody else B．You already do lots of things well C．Turn your back on too many rules D．Check the rules about dos and don'ts E．Whatever the presentation, public speaking is tough F．The one thing you don't want is for them to fall asleep G．So trying to force a whole set of rules into it will just make things worse ‎[分析]　分析空格前后内容可知，空格处与前文为因果关系。空格前面一句“Your brain is so full of what you're going to be talking about.(你的大脑充满了要谈的内容。)”表示原因，因此空格处应填表示结果的选项，而G项中的So在此处表示结果。故选G项。‎ ‎[高考典例2]　2013•重庆卷•B篇 One of the greatest gifts one generation can give to other generations is the wisdom it has gained from experience.This idea has inspired the awardwinning photographer Andrew Zuckerman.He interviewed and took photos of fifty oversixtyfiveyearolds all over the world.His project explores various aspects of their lives.The photos and interviews are now available on our website.‎ Q：Why did Andrew Zuckerman choose the fifty elders for his project?‎ A．Because their wisdom deserves to be passed on.‎ B．Because they are physically impressive.‎ C．Because their accomplishments inspired him.‎ D．Because they have similar experiences.‎ ‎[分析]　本题是在因果关系处设题。根据文章第一句话“One of the greatest gifts one generation can give to other generations is the wisdom it has gained from experience.”可知，这些老人的智慧是他们给下一代的礼物，所以值得传递下去。故选A项。‎ ‎[高考典例3]　2014•安徽卷•完形填空 In 2012, I had just recovered from a serious illness when I received an invitation to a writer's conference in Orlando, Florida. My family persuaded me that a 36(holiday) might be just what the doctor ordered, so off I __37__.‎ ‎37．A.kept　　　　　　　　　　B．went C．dropped D．knocked ‎[分析]　通过首句可知，本文为记叙文，作者讲述了自己2012年到佛罗里达州的奥兰多参加作家研讨会的故事。37题前面有so，前后为因果关系，当然是went off(离开)。‎ ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 30分钟 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A I Found You by Lisa Jewell Lisa Jewell is one of Britain's bestselling writers — and reading her new novel, it's not hard to see why. I Found You is a highclass combination of popular women's fiction and interesting psychological thriller.‎ In the classic manner, the central character Alice is slightly disorganized but goodhearted — and in this case living on the Yorkshire coast with her three children. By the third page, the plot is already under way, when she spots a handsome fortysomething man sitting on the beach. His name is ... well, he doesn't know, because he's suffering from severe amnesia (健忘症) that also means he doesn't know why he's there or where he has come from. Meanwhile in Surrey, a wife is reporting the disappearance of her handsome fortysomething husband to the police.‎ At this stage, people who haven't read Jewell before may think they realise what's going on. In fact, the truth — uncovered with enormous teasing skill — is packed with more twists (转折), and real sadness, than anybody could possibly expect. Admittedly, the book does have moments of contrivance (矫揉造作) — but they're exceptionally wellcontrived.‎ The Allegations by Mark Lawson In 2014, Lawson left BBC Radio 4's arts programme Front Row amid accusations of bullying. Now, Tom Pimm, one of the main characters here, is a history profess or accused of the same thing — even though all he has done is stand up for intellectual rigour (缜密) and common sense.‎ Worse, his friend and colleague Ned Marriott is arrested for “historic” violence — despite not being guilty either. But what both men come to understand is that at a time when offencetaking has become a national pastime and all accusers are described as “victims”， innocence is largely irrelevant.‎ The result is a book that, although highly readable, is essentially a cry of middleaged male anger at what Ned calls “the bonfire of the sanities (明智)” in the age of critical social media. And for my money, Lawson hits most of his targets bangon. ‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了国外的两部文学作品。‎ ‎1．What do we know about Alice in I Found You?‎ A．She has a weak memory.‎ B．She suffers from a serious disease.‎ C．She is a wellmeaning single mom.‎ D．She is looking for her missing husband.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。由I Found You by Lisa Jewell介绍内容第二段中的“Alice is slightly ‎ disorganized but goodhearted ... living ... with her three children”可知，Alice是一位好心的单亲妈妈。‎ ‎2．How does the author find Lisa Jewell's writing?‎ A．Uncreative.　　　　　　　 B．Masterful.‎ C．Incomprehensible. D．Analytical.‎ 解析：选B　观点态度题。由I Found You by Lisa Jewell介绍内容第三段的描述可知，作者认为Lisa Jewell拥有娴熟、巧妙的写作技巧。‎ ‎3．What can we infer about The Allegations?‎ A．It tells the story of BBC Radio 4.‎ B．It's Mark Lawson's autobiography.‎ C．It criticizes the social media indirectly.‎ D．It's inspired by the writer's own experience.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。由The Allegations by Mark Lawson介绍内容第一段中的“In 2014, Lawson left BBC Radio 4's arts programme ... accused of the same thing”可推断，这部作品的灵感来自于作者的亲身经历。‎ B No poem should ever be discussed or “analyzed”， until it has been read aloud by someone, a teacher or a student. Better still, perhaps, is the practice of reading it twice, once at the beginning of the discussion and once at the end, so the sound of the poem is the last thing one hears of it.‎ All discussions of poetry are, in fact, preparations for reading it aloud, and the reading of the poem is, eventually, the most concrete “interpretation (解释)” of it, suggesting tone, rhymes, and meaning all at once. Hearing a poet read the work in his or her own voice, on records or on films, is obviously a special reward. But even those aids to teaching cannot replace the student and the teacher reading it or, best of all, reciting it.‎ I have come to think, in fact, that time spent reading a poem aloud is much more important than “analyzing” it and “exchanging of views”， if there isn't time for both. I think one of our goals as teachers of English is to have students love poetry and take it easy when we are reading a poem. Poetry is “a criticism of life”， and “a heightening (提升) of life”. It is “a most appropriate approach to the truth of feeling”， and it “can transform your life”. It also deserves a place in the teaching of language and literature (文学) more central than it presently occupies.‎ I am not saying that every English teacher must try out poetryteaching. Those who don't like it should not be forced to convey that negative feeling to anyone else. But those who do teach poetry must keep in mind a few things about its essential nature, about its sound as well as its sense, and they must make_room in the classroom for hearing poetry as well as thinking about it.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。诗歌是一种艺术形式，那么怎样去鉴赏和学习诗歌呢？通读本文之后，你可能会有所收获。‎ ‎4．To have a better understanding of a poem, one should ________.　‎ A．discuss it with others B．analyze it by oneself C．copy it down in a notebook D．practise reading it aloud 解析：选D　细节理解题。根据文章第一段的内容特别是第一句“No poem should ever be discussed or ‘analyzed’， until it has been read aloud by someone, a teacher or a student.”可知答案选D。‎ ‎5．According to the writer, one of the purposes of teaching English is to get students ________.‎ A．to understand life B．to enjoy poetry C．to become teachers D．to become poets 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句“I think one of our ... students love poetry and take it easy when we are reading a poem.”可知选B。‎ ‎6．What does the last sentence in the third paragraph imply?‎ A．More stress should be laid on the teaching of poetry.‎ B．Poetry is more important than any other literature genre.‎ C．One cannot enjoy life fully without a good understanding of poetry.‎ D．Poetry is the foundation of all language and literature courses.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。第三段主要讲述了要欣赏诗歌以及诗歌对生活的重大影响，因此最后一句强调了在教学中应当重视诗歌教学。‎ ‎7．The underlined phrase “make room” in the last paragraph could be best replaced by “________”．‎ A．build a booth B．provide equipment C．leave a certain amount of time D．set aside enough space 解析：选C　词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句“I have come to think ... ‘exchanging of views’， if there isn't time for both.”及最后一段中的“in the classroom for hearing poetry”可知选C。‎ C Recent studies have shown that challenging your brain, by spurring (刺激) the brain to create new patterns, is very important to keep your brain active and healthy as you age. Lifelong learning is a health club for our minds, bodies and spirits. This is why we parents should also teach our children to be lifelong learners. Dr. Marilyn PriceMitchell, an American psychologist, and youth development expert, shares some ways for us to do this.‎ ‎1．Ask questions.‎ When your child asks you a question, don't answer it straight away. Instead, help him or her bring up “questions that pique their curiosity.” This way, we help children make connections between what they're learning at school and the world beyond their classroom. We also show them that learning does not, and should not, end when one is “done with school”— it's actually a lifelong process!‎ ‎2．Let them fail.‎ Our kids love learning about different scientific concepts (概念) via The Magic School Bus videos on YouTube. And one of the characters, Miss Frizzle (the science teacher) always says this phrase：“Take chances, make mistakes, and get messy.” I always quote her when the kids say they're afraid to do or learn something because they might do it wrong or make a mistake. If we don't ‎ allow our kids to fail, they won't be able to learn to “use mistakes and failures to make lifelong learning easier，” as Dr. PriceMitchell says.‎ ‎3．Learn through experience.‎ This is very true for all of us, especially children. In the words of Dr. PriceMitchell, “Learning through experience, not just from books, is one of the best ways to give the youth the skills they need for lifelong learning, living, and working in the 21st century.”‎ Of course, we should also set an example for our children — by learning continuously, and expanding our knowledge and experiences.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了帮助孩子成为终身学习者的三种方法。‎ ‎8．What does the underlined word “pique” in the second paragraph probably mean?‎ A．Change. B．Awaken.‎ C．Balance. D．Prevent.‎ 解析：选B　词义猜测题。由画线词前一句中的“don't answer it straight away”可知，Marilyn PriceMitchell认为帮助孩子成为终身学习者的第一个方法是让他们问问题，但家长不要直接回答，而是要帮助他们提出能够激发他们好奇心的问题。‎ ‎9．What's the author's attitude to what Miss Frizzle always says?‎ A．Worried. B．Doubtful.‎ C．Uncaring. D．Supportive.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。结合第三段小标题Let them fail和Miss Frizzle经常说的“Take chances, make mistakes, and get messy”可知，本段旨在鼓励孩子“敢做、敢错、不怕麻烦”。再由本段的“I always quote her when the kids say they're afraid to do or learn something ...”可知，作者对Miss Frizzle说的话表示赞同。‎ ‎10．Which of the following shows the importance of learning through experience?‎ A．Learning is not child's play; we cannot learn without pain.‎ B．It is not that I'm so smart. But I stay with the questions much longer.‎ C．If you don't learn to think when you are young, you may never learn.‎ D．Tell me and I forget, teach me and I may remember, involve me and I learn.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。Marilyn PriceMitchell认为帮助孩子成为终身学习者的第三个方法是让他们从经验中学习。D项表达中的involve me and I learn则是对经验中学习重要性的解释。‎ ‎11．In which part of a newspaper will the text most probably appear?‎ A．Health. B．Culture.‎ C．Education. D．Popular science.‎ 解析：选C　文章出处题。本文是关于如何让孩子成长为终身学习者的三条建议，故本文最可能出现在报纸的教育版块。‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 Music Music is a group of sounds that people have arranged in a pleasing or meaningful way. All cultures of the world make some forms of music. Music can be simple — for example, one person tapping (轻敲) out a beat on a log drum or singing a children's song. __1__‎ All music includes basic elements, or parts. The main elements of music are rhythm, melody (旋律), harmony, and form.‎ ‎__2__ The most important part of rhythm is the beat. When you tap your foot to a song you like, you are tapping out the beat. The speed of the beats is called the tempo (速度). The pattern of ‎ the beats is called the meter (节拍)．‎ Melody is a series of different tones, or sounds, in a piece of music. The tones are played one after another to make up a song. __3__ The highness or lowness of a tone is called its pitch (音高). Musicians describe different tones with the letters A, B, C, D, E, F and G.‎ Harmony takes place when people play more than one tone at the same time. Groups of tones played together are called chords (和弦). __4__‎ Form is the way people put rhythm, melody, and harmony together. __5__ Repeating a short melody is one of the simplest forms. For example, in the song Mary Had a Little Lamb, each verse repeats the same melody. A symphony is a more complex form. In a symphony, different groups of instruments may play different melodies at the same time or a series of harmonies.‎ A．The tones in a melody may be low or high.‎ B．Rhythm describes the length of musical sounds.‎ C．There are many different types of musical forms.‎ D．The tempo may be fast or slow at different points.‎ E．Harmony also describes the way chords go along with a melody.‎ F．Drums help other instruments and voices keep the rhythm in many songs.‎ G．Music can also be complex — for example, hundreds of instruments playing together for hours.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了音乐的四大要素：节奏、旋律、和声和形式。‎ ‎1．选G　由该空前的“Music can be simple — for example, one person tapping (轻敲) out a beat on a log drum or singing a children's song.”可知，G项“音乐也可能会复杂，例如，成百上千个乐器一起演奏数小时”符合此处语境。‎ ‎2．选B　由上文中的“The main elements of music are rhythm, melody (旋律), harmony, and form.”和该空后的“The most important part of rhythm is the beat.”以及下文的描述可知，本段介绍节奏是什么，B项描述符合此处语境。‎ ‎3．选A　由该空前的“The tones are played one after another to make up a song.”和该空后的“The highness or lowness of a tone is called its pitch (音高)．”可知，A项内容“一个旋律中的音调可能高或低”符合此处语境。‎ ‎4．选E　E项中的Harmony和chords与该段中的Harmony和chords相呼应。‎ ‎5．选C　由该空前的“Form is the way people put rhythm, melody, and harmony together.”和该空后的描述可知，有很多不同类型的音乐形式。‎