中学英语组高考英语常用词汇辨析例

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中学英语组高考英语常用词汇辨析例

A l       about around round 作副词时都含“四处”、“遍地”的意思。‎ Ø  about 系常用词, 如:‎ look about 四处看。‎ Ø  around 具有 about 的基本意思, 因此 look about=look around, 但在下列短语里 around没有 about正式, 如:‎ travel around 各处旅行 Ø  round 和 around在非正式用法中可以互换, 但一般用 round时更简练。在正式用语中, 一般用 round指“旋转”, 而用 around指“处处”, “到处”, 如:‎ She turned round at such a noise. 听到这样的吵声, 她回头看。‎ I have been looking for it all around. 我到处都找过了。‎ Ø  另外, 英国人用 round的地方, 美国人倾向于用 around, 如:‎ ‎[英] Winter comes round.‎ ‎[美] Winter comes around.‎ l      above all;after all;at all ‎ Ø  above all意为“尤其是”、“首先”、“最重要的是”,常位于句首或句中,作插入语,起强调作用。如: ‎ But above all tell me quickly what I have to do.可首先快些告诉我该做什么。 ‎ A clock must above all keeps good time.时钟最重要的是必须走得准。 ‎ Ø  after all意为“毕竟”、“终究”、“终归”、“到底”,在句中位置较灵活。可位于句首、句中或句末。如: ‎ After all,your birthday is only two weeks away.毕竟,两周后就是你的生日。 ‎ He is,after all,a small child.他毕竟还是个小孩子。 ‎ He failed after all.他终于失败了。 ‎ Ø  at all用于否定句时,意为“丝毫;根本”,用于疑问句时意为“究竟;到底”,用于条件句时,常译为“当真;实在”。用于肯定句中,表示说话人的某种情绪或情感(如怀疑或惊奇等),意为“竟然”等。如: ‎ He doesn’t like you at all.他根本不喜欢你。 ‎ Are you going to do it at all?你究竟做不做这件事? ‎ If you do it at all,do it well.若你真要做这件事,就得做好。 ‎ I was surprised at his coming at all.他竟然来了,我很惊讶。 ‎ l   add; add to; add…to; add up to ‎ Ø  add作“加,增加”解时,既可作及物动词,又可用作不及物动词;作“又说,补充说”解时,与直接或间接引语连用。如: ‎ If the tea is too strong, add some more hot water. 如果茶太浓了,再加点开水。 ‎ After a short while, he added that he would try his best. 过了一会儿,他又接着说他会尽力。 ‎ Ø  add to意为“增添,增加,增进”。如: ‎ The bad weather added to our difficulties. 恶劣的天气增加了我们的困难。 ‎ Ø  add...to意为“把……加到……”,是把前一项加到后一项之后或之中。如: ‎ Add two to seven, and you will get nine.七加二等于九。 ‎ Ø  add up to意为“加起来总共是/累计得”,该短语不用于被动语态。如: ‎ All his school education added up to no more than one year. 他的学校教育加起来不过一年。 ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ l   affair; thing; matter; business Ø affair意为“事情、事件”, 含义较广,泛指已做或待做的事;复数affairs一般指商业事务及政府的日常事务,如财政管理、外交事务等。‎ Ø  thing意为“事情、事物”,不管大事小事、好事坏事均称为thing,一般不能专指事务;复数things还可作“形势”解。‎ Ø  matter侧重指须留心的要事或问题、难题。‎ Ø  business作“事务、事情”解时,一般不能用复数,常常指所指派的任务、责任;有时说的是指派的工作或商业上的买卖活动。‎ ‎ l   a great deal; a great deal of ‎ Ø  a great deal用作名词,意为“大量”,“许多”,作主语、宾语;用作副词,意为“很”或“非常”,作状语,修饰动词或用来强调比较级。如: ‎ A great deal has been studied and this is the best way. 经过大量研究后,这(被认为)是最好的办法。 ‎ We are a great deal cleverer than before. 我们比以前聪明多了。 ‎ Ø  a great deal of意为“大量的”,“非常多的”,相当于much,作定语,后接不可数名词。如: ‎ A great deal of time/money/energy has been spent on the project. ‎ 大量的时间/金钱/能源花在那个工程上了。 ‎ l      agree on;agree to;agree with;agree that ‎ Ø  agree on作“就……取得一致意见”解。例如: ‎ The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month. ‎ 上月,就建一座新汽车厂之事达成了协议。 ‎ Ø  agree to有两层含义和用法:‎ ü     其一是to作为动词不定式符号,其后跟动词原形,作“同意(答应)做某事”解。‎ 例如: My father agreed to buy a new pen for me. 父亲答应给我买支新钢笔。 ‎ ü     其二是to作为介词,之后跟表示“计划/条件/建议等一类的名词或代词”。例如: ‎ They have a greed to our plan. 他们已同意我们的计划。 ‎ Ø  agree with作“同意某人的意见”解,其后可跟表示人的名词或代词,也可跟表示“意见”或“说的话”的名词或从句。例如: ‎ He agreed with my opinions. 他同意了我的意见。 ‎ We agreed with what he said at the meeting. 我们同意他在会上讲的话。 ‎ Ø  agree that作“认为……”解,其后跟宾语从句。例如: ‎ I agree that your composition is very good. 我认为你的这篇作文写得不错。 ‎ l   allow;let 二者均可作“允许”解,但各有侧重: Ø  allow重在“允许”或“容许”,也可表示客气的请求。例如: He allowed me to take his dictionary.他允许我拿走他的词典。 Will you allow me to use your bike? 我可以用你的自行车吗? Ø  let作“允许”或“让”解,主要用于口语,一般可与allow互换。作“允许”解时,常暗含“听任”、“默许”之意;作“让”解时,常含“祈使”或“建议”之意。注意:let之后作宾补的不定式不带to,且不可用于被动语态,而allow则相反。例如: Please let me walk with you(=Please allow me to walk with you.).我(请允许我)跟你一起走。注:allow常用于allow sb.to do sth.或allow doing sth.结构中。 ‎ l   although; though; as ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ 三者均可表示“尽管;虽然”,引导让步状语从句。although用法较正式,语气较强;though较常用;as则主要用于倒装句。它们的用法有如下几点值得注意: ‎ Ø  状语从句由although, though或as引导,主句之前不可有but, and, so, however等并列连词,但可有yet或still等副词。although与though常可互换。例如: ‎ Although/Though he believes it, yet he will not act. 他虽然相信它,但却不肯有所行动。 ‎ Ø  as表示“尽管;虽然”,只能用于倒装句,即:将表语、状语或谓语动词放在as之前。though也可这么用。例如: ‎ Young as/though he is, he knows a lot. 他虽然年纪不大,却懂得很多。 ‎ 注意:如果表语是单数名词,要省略a。例如: ‎ Child as/though he is, he can speak two foreign languages. 虽然他是个孩子,但他会说两门外语。 ‎ Ø  though可以放在句末,表示“但是”,although却不能。例如: ‎ They said they would come; they did not, though. 他们说他们会来,可是他们并没有来。 ‎ Ø  although只用来陈述“事实”,不能表示“假设”。因此可以说even though“即使”以及as though“好像(=as if)”,不能说even although或as although。例如: ‎ I believe you are on duty—even though you’re in plain clothes. 尽管你穿着便衣,我相信你是在值勤。 ‎ l   among/between ‎ 这两个介词都有“在……之间”的意思。between常用于两者之间;among一般指三者或三者以上之间。若指三个以上人或物中的每两个之间时,仍然要用between。 ‎ 例如:The girl walked between her father and mother.这个女孩走在她父亲和母亲之间。 ‎ She is the tallest among her classmates.她在她同学之间是最高的。 ‎ Switzerland lies between France,Italy,Austria and Germany.‎ 瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。 ‎ l       argue debate dispute 都含“辩论”的意思。‎ Ø        argue 着重“说理”、“论证”和“企图说服”, 如:‎ I argued with her for a long time, but she refused to listen to reason. ‎ 我和她辩论了好久, 但她还是不听。‎ Ø        debate 着重“双方各述己见”, 内含“交锋”的意思, 如:‎ We have been debating about the issue. 我们一直在就这个问题进行辩论。‎ Ø        dispute 指“激烈争辩”, 含有“相持不下”或“未得解决”之意,如:‎ Whether he will be elected as chairman is still disputed.他是否当选为主席, 仍然有争论。‎ l      argue;quarrel;discuss ‎ 这三个动词均有“争”的意思,但“争”法不同。 ‎ Ø  argue着重就自己的看法或观点,提出论证,同他人“争论”或“辩论”。例如: ‎ We heard them arguing in the other room.我们听见他们在另一个房间里争论。 ‎ 另外,argue同with搭配,其后接人;与about连用,其后接事物。例如: ‎ We argued with them about this problem for a long time.这个问题我们同他们辩论了很长时间。 ‎ Ø  quarrel是指对某事不喜欢或强烈不满而发生的“争吵”或“吵架”。同with搭配,其后接某人;和about连用,其后接某事。例如: ‎ He often quarrels about their housework with his wife.他常为家务事同妻子争吵。 ‎ Ø  discuss是指认真交换自己的意见或看法的“讨论”。例如: ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ We'll discuss the use of the articles tomorrow.明天我们将讨论冠词的用法。 ‎ l   as (so) far as; as (so) long as ‎ Ø  as(so)far as的意思是“就……而言(所知)”,as (so) far as sth.is concerned是其中一种具体用法,意为“就某事而言”;as (so) long as意为“只要”,引导条件状语从句。如:‎ As far as I know, more than 10 million laid-off workers have found their new jobs. ‎ 就我所知,一千多万下岗工人已经找到了新的工作。‎ There is nothing that we can’t do so / as long as we keep on trying to do it. ‎ 只要我们不断地努力去做,就没有什么事干不成。‎ As far as the tourism of China is concerned, there is a long way to go.‎ 就中国的旅游业而言,需要做的工作还很多。‎ ‎ l   asleep/sleeping 二者都是形容词。asleep仅用作表语,不能作定语,表示“睡着,熟睡”的意思;而sleeping一般只能用作定语,放在名词前,表示“睡眠中的,休止的”意思。 ‎ 如:我们不能说:an asleep baby,但可以说:a sleeping baby(一个熟睡的婴儿)。 ‎ 再如:He was asleep with his head on his arms.他头枕着手臂在熟睡。 ‎ asleeping dog正在熟睡的狗 sleeping car卧车 sleeping bag睡袋 ‎ ‎ l      assert,affirm,maintain Ø  assert宣称、断言,常指某人主观自信,坚持己见,有时不顾客观事实而断言下结论。Ø  affirm指以事实为依据,深信不疑地肯定某种观点或看法。Ø  maintain指在相反的证据或论点面前,重申原来的某种观点、立场。 ‎ A.Despite all the policeman’s questions the suspect ___ that he had been at home all evening. ‎ B.It is nonsense to ___ that smoking does not damage people’s health. ‎ C.Throughout his prison sentence Dunn has always ___ his innocence. ‎ Answers:A. affirmed       B. assert         C. maintained ‎ l      as though;even though;though ‎ Ø  as though(=as if),意为“好像;似乎”,引导方式状语从句或表语从句。如: ‎ He spoke as though(as if)he had been here before.他说话的口气好像他以前来过这里。 ‎ It looks as if(as though)it is going to rain.看起来好像要下雨。 ‎ Ø  even though(=even if),意为“即使”,引导让步状语从句。though也引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然”;even though有退一步设想的意味,与though不同。though引导的句子所说的是事实,even though引导的句子所说的则不一定是事实。例如: ‎ He will not tell the secret even though(even if)he knows it.即使他知道这个秘密,他也不肯说出来。 ‎ He will not tell the secret though he knows it.他虽然知道这个秘密,但他不会说出来。 ‎ ‎ l   at the beginning;in the beginning Ø  at the beginning 在……初;在……开始的时候。常与of连用。例如: Students usually have a study plan at the beginning of term. 学生们在开学初制定学习计划。 Ø  in the beginning 相当于at first,表示“起初、开始”时,含“起初是这种情况,而后来却不是这种情况”之意,不与of连用。例如: In the beginning,some of us took no interest in physics. 起初我们有些人对物理不感兴趣。 ‎ ‎ l       attack assail assault charge beset ‎ Ø  都含有"攻击"的意思。‎ Ø  attack 是常用词, 指"攻击敌人"或"用言论攻击他人", 如:‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941. 德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。‎ Ø  assail 指"猛烈连续地攻击", 如:‎ The enemy plane assailed our defence position. 敌机不断猛烈地攻击我们的阵地。‎ Ø  assault 语气比 assail强, 指"突然猛烈地进攻", 暗示"武力的直接接触" (如肉搏等), 也有"暴力"的意思, 如:The enemy assaulted us at dawn. 敌人在黎明时向我进攻。‎ Ø  charge 指"冲击"或"骑兵的突然攻击", 如:‎ The cavalry charged to the front. 骑兵猛烈向前线冲击。‎ Ø  beset 指"围攻", 即从各个方向攻击, 如:‎ In the swamp we were beset by mosquitoes. 在沼泽地里, 我们受到蚊子的围攻。‎ ‎ l   at the age of/by the age of Ø         at the age of表示“在……岁时”,后面接基数词,强调某一时刻的情况或动作,用于一般过去时,作时间状语。例如: ‎ At the age of six,he began to learn English.他六岁的时候开始学英语。 ‎ She learned to play the piano at the age often.她十岁的时候学弹钢琴。 ‎ Ø  by the age of表示“到……岁的时候”、“在……岁以前”,后面接基数词,强调到某一时刻为止的结果,用于过去完成时或将来完成时,作时间状语。例如: ‎ By the age of sixteen,he had learned to drive a car.到十六岁的时候,他已经学会了开小汽车。 ‎ You will have learned more than 2000 English words by the age of fourteen. ‎ 到你十四岁的时候,你将学会2000多个英语单词。 ‎ l       at the time; at that time; at one time; at a time ‎ Ø  at the time通常用于过去时句子中,指某件事情发生的“当时”、“那时”。例如: ‎ Many people saw the strange thing happen at the time. 当时,许多人都看到了这件奇怪的事情的发生。 ‎ Ø  有时,at the time的后面可接“of...”短语。这时,它表示“在(某事态)发生的时候”或“在……的时代”。例如: ‎ Were you in San Francisco at the time of the big earth quake in 1989﹖ ‎ ‎1989年旧金山发生地震时,你在那里吗? ‎ It happened at the time of King Alfred. 事情发生在阿尔弗雷德国王时期。 ‎ Ø  at that time 则通常指前文明确提到的某个时期、时候。通常其后不带“of...”短语。例如: ‎ In the 17th century much corn was grown in Tibet and Sichuan.At that time ‎(=At the 17th century) the land along the Changjiang River was becoming very crowded. ‎ Ø  at one time=during a period of time in the past意为“过去有一段时期”,“曾经”。例如: ‎ They used to be good friends at one time. 他们曾经是好朋友。 ‎ Ø  at a time则意为“一次”,表示一个时间单位。它常与表示数量的词语连用,表示频率。例如: ‎ Don’t speak all at once.One at a time, please. 不要同时一起说。一次只一个人说。 ‎ Take the medicine three times a day and three pieces at a time. 这些药每天服三次,每次服三粒。 ‎ ‎ l   at ... speed / with ... speed 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ Ø  at the speed of或者at ... speed,意为“以……的速度”。而当speed被all, lightning, great等修饰时,介词应用with。我们可用一句口诀来帮助记忆:都(all)以闪电般(lightning)大(great)的速度行驶。如:‎ Our car was running with all speed on the expressway. 我们的车在高速公路上全速行驶。‎ The Long March No.2 Rocket sent up the satellite into space at the speed of 11.2 kilometers per second. 长征二号火箭以每秒钟11.2公里的速度将卫星发射到太空。‎ B l   because/since/as/forØ  这四个词都是表示原因或理由的连接词,但是as,because,since是从属连词,引导原因状语从句,for是并列连词,所引导的不是原因状语从句,而是表示理由的对等句子,是对前面所讲内容补充和说明。在语气上由强至弱依次为because→since→as→for。because引导的从句多置于句末,表示直接的原因或理由,表示产生那种结果的必然的因果关系,在回答why的提问时,必须用because作答。 ‎ 如:We stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨我们呆在家里。 ‎ Ø  as与since引导的从句多置于句首,不过as表示十分明显的原因,只说明一般的因果关系,可译为“因为、由于”;而since则表示稍加分析、对方已知的原因,一般可译为“既然”。如: ‎ As he was not feeling well,I decided to go there alone.由于他身体欠佳,我决定独自去那里。 ‎ Since everyone is here,let's start.既然大家都到了,咱们就开始吧。 ‎ Ø  for引导的从句一般放在句末,其前用逗号,它所叙述的理由是间接的,即推测性理由,或是对前面叙述的事实或看法的补充说明。如: ‎ There must be nobody in the classroom,for the light is off.‎ 教室里一定没有人,因为灯灭了。(推测性理由) ‎ ‎ l      believe;believe in ‎ Ø  believe作及物动词时,其后可跟名词,表示“相信”;后接从句或复合宾语时,表示“认为;料想;相信”等。如: ‎ I believe what he says.我相信他的话。 ‎ I believe that he will succeed.我相信他会成功的。 ‎ Ø  believe in 是一个动介型短语动词,表示“信奉;信仰”(指对某种思想、主张、观念、行动具有信心)和“信任(have trust in)”。如: ‎ They believe in God.他们信仰上帝。 ‎ I believe in having plenty of exercise.我相信多锻炼有好处。 ‎ Ø  believe和believe in后均可接表示人的名词或代词,但含义不同。试比较: ‎ I believe in him(I think he is a frustworthy man).我信任他。 ‎ I believe him.(I believe what he says).我相信他的话。 ‎ ‎ l      belief faith trust confidence 都含有“相信”的意思。‎ Ø  belief 指“承认某事是真的, 尽管有或没有确凿的证据”, 如:‎ belief in ghosts. 相信有鬼。‎ Ø  faith 指“认为有确凿证据或道理而完全相信”, 如:‎ I have faith in his ability to succeed. 我相信他有成功的能力。‎ Ø  trust 指“信赖”、“信任”, 含有“坚定的信念”的意思, 如:‎ enjoy the trust of the people 得到人民的信任。‎ Ø  confidence 指“在有证据的基础上相信”, 也常指“自信”、“有把握”, 如:‎ She has great confidence in her success. 她对自己的成功充满信心。‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ l      besides;except;but ‎ Ø  三者都可以用作介词。用于肯定句中时,except/but意为“除……外(不再有)”;besides意为“除……外(还有)”。请比较: ‎ All of them have seen the film except/but Wu Dong. 除了吴东外,他们都看过了那部影片。 ‎ All of them have seen the film besides Wu Dong. 除了吴东看过那部影片外,他们也都看过了。 ‎ Ø  except后接名词、代词、-ing或不定式时,可以与but互换;except后接副词、介词短语时,一般不能为but所替换。如:‎ I’ll do everything except/but cook. 除了做饭,我什么事情都干。 ‎ This window is never opened except in summer. 除了在夏天,这个窗子从不打开。 ‎ Ø  用在否定句中,三者可以互换。如: ‎ There aren’t any other people to do the work except/but/besides you. ‎ 除了你,没人能做这工作。 ‎ l       be anxious to; be anxious for; be anxious about ;be anxious thatØ  be anxious to表示“急于”、“渴望”,其中to是不定式符号,后面接动词原形; ‎ Ø  be anxious for表示“渴望”,后面接名词或代词时,强调渴望得到某物或渴望了解某事;后面接sb.to do sth.时,表示“渴望某人能做某事”,其中for sb.to do sth.是不定式复合结构。 ‎ Ø  be anxious about 表示“对…感到不安”、“为…担心”、“为…忧虑”;Ø  be anxious that表示“渴望”,后面接从句,that从句的谓语动词须用虚拟语气; ‎ ‎[EXERCISES]‎ ‎①I ____ the result of the examination. ‎ ‎②We ____ know the result of the examination. ‎ ‎③We ____ Mr Liu to help us with our English. ‎ ‎④Mr Li ____ a new car. ‎ ‎⑤They ____ arrive home before dark.‎ ‎(Key: ①am anxious about/for   ②are anxious to   ③are anxious for  ④is anxious for ⑤are anxious to)‎ ‎ 1) The girl ____ a new dictionary. 2) All the students ____ their results of this examination. 3) Everyone _____ know their results of the competition. 4) We ___Mr Zhao to return. 5) We _____ she should do her best. ‎ Key: 1) was/is anxious for   2) are anxious about   3) is anxious to  4)are anxious for ‎ ‎5) are anxious that ‎ l      be known as; be known for; be known to;  be known in ‎ Ø  be known as 意为“作为……而著名”,其后的名词表示一个人的身份、职业等。如: ‎ Liu Huan is known as a singer.刘欢作为一个歌手而出名。 ‎ We’re sure you’ll be well-known as an artist.我们相信你会成为一位著名的画家。 ‎ Ø  be known for 意为“因……而著名”,其后所接内容表示某人或物的特点、特长等。如: ‎ Guilin is known for her beautiful mountains and rivers.桂林因其美丽的山水而闻名。 ‎ Mr Geldof is well-known for organizing two big pop concerts on the same day. ‎ 盖尔多夫先生因在同一天组织两场大型的流行音乐会而出名。 ‎ Ø  be known to “为……所了解/知道”,其后接表示人的词语。“(人们都)知道”,其后接动词原形。如: ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ He is known to all in our village.村子里的人都了解他。 ‎ He was known to have invented many things.=It was known that he had invented many things.‎ 人们都知道他已经发明了很多东西。 ‎ Ø  be known in 意为“在某地很著名”。如: ‎ He is well-known in the town where he was born. 他在自己出生的那个镇子上很出名。 ‎ l   be made of/be made in/be made from/be made by/be made up of Ø  be made of表示“由……制成”,指从原料到制成品,只发生了形状变化,没有发生本质变化(属物理变化)。 Ø  be made in当后面接时间的数词或名词时,表示“某物何时制造的或何时产的”。当后面接指地点的名词时,表示“某地产某物”。 Ø  be made from表示“由……制成”,指从原料到制成品,发生了质的变化,已无法复原(属化学变化)。 Ø  be made by表示“由……制做”,后面接指人的名词或代词,强调动作的执行者。 Ø  be made up of表示“由……构成(组成)”,强调主语由两部分或两个以上的部分构成或组成。 【练习】用be made in,be made of,be made from,be made by或be made up of填空。 ①This bike          Tianjin. ②This table           wood. ③The car             1999. ④Paper          wood. ⑤The kite          my mother. ⑥The team            ten members. 【Keys】was made in; is made of ;was made in ;is made from;was made by;is made up ofl   be used for/be used as/be used by Ø  be used for表示“被用作……”或“被用来作……”,后面接名词或v-ing,其中for表示目的。 Ø  be used as表示“作为……而用”或“用作……”,后面接名词或动词不定式,强调使用的工具及手段。 Ø  be used by表示“由……使用”,后面接指人的名词或代词,强调使用者。 【练习】用be used for,be used as或be used by填空。 ①A telephone              better communication(交流). ②The motorbike              Liu Ming. ③A ruler             often               a knife by him to cut a piece of paper open. 【Keys】is used for;is used by;is,used as ‎ ‎ l       be pleased with; be pleased at(或about);be pleased to ‎ ‎1) The manager ___ you before. ‎ ‎2) My boss must ___ see you again in HongKong. ‎ ‎3) I ___ seeing so many students present. ‎ ‎4) I hear Mr Zhao ___ your article.‎ 析: ①was pleased with。表示“对……满意;喜欢……”后面通常接指人的名词或代词。 ②be pleased to。表示“很高兴或很乐意做某事”,其中to是不定式符号,后面接动词原形。 ③am pleased at(或about)。be pleased at(或about)表示“对(看到或听到的)事感到高兴,”后面接指事的名词或v-ing。  ④is pleased at(或about)。解析同③。 ‎ l      be to do sth;be about to do sth;be going to do sth. ‎ Ø  be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,后可跟时间状语。如: ‎ You're to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.十点钟以前你得交上试卷。 ‎ Ø  be about to do sth.表示打算或安排即将发生的动作,它通常不与时间状语连用。如: ‎ I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door.我正要出去,这时有人敲门。 ‎ Ø  be going to do sth.有三层含义: ‎ ‎①表示打算、计划或决定要做某事。如: ‎ We're going to spend our holidays in Wales this year. 今年我们打算到威尔士度假。 ‎ ‎②用以表示某事物即将发生或很可能发生。如: ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ I'm going to be twenty next month. 下个月我就二十岁了。 ‎ ‎③有迹象表明即将发生的动作或状态。如: ‎ Look at those black clouds, there is going to be a storm. 瞧那些乌云,暴风雨就要来了。 ‎ ‎ l   beat; strike; hit Ø  strike通常表示“打一下、打若干下”,不一定都是有意的;还有“打动、使……着迷、某种想法突然闪现在脑海里”的含义;也可指“打、擦出(火),(蛇、兽)抓,咬,或(钟)敲响”。‎ Ø  hit指“打中”或“对准……来打”,“敲打或打击对方的某一点”。‎ Ø  beat着重“连续地打击”。如:殴打或体罚;也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方;也指“心跳”。‎ l      blame; scold ‎ blame“责备;责怪”,指某人应对自己不好的行为负责(常与for连用),或将某件不好的事情归咎于他人(常与on或upon连用),往往含有把自己当作评判人来评判某事,没有用言语来进行责骂的意思。例如: ‎ He blamed Tom for the failure. 他责怪汤姆造成了失败。 ‎ Don't blame it on him, but on me. 别怪他,该怪我。 ‎ Ø  scold“责骂”,指唠唠叨叨地数说某人,多用于上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的“责骂”。例如: ‎ Don't scold the child.It's not his fault. 不要责骂那孩子,这不是他的过失。 ‎ I hate to scold, son, but you mustn't stay out so late at night. ‎ 我不喜欢斥责,孩子,可你不该呆在外面那么晚不回家。 ‎ l   blow down; blow in; blow off; blow over Ø  blow down表示“吹倒”、“刮倒”;blow in表示“吹进”、“吹入”;blow off表示“吹掉”、“炸掉”、“发泄”;blow over表示“暴风雨吹散”、“过去”、“结束”。 ‎ ‎[EXERCISES] ‎ ‎1) The high winds yesterday _____ thousands of trees. 2) We sometimes had quarrels, but they soon _____. 3) I had my hat ____ by the wind. 4) A lot of dust ____.You must clear it away. Key: 1) blew down  2) blew over  3) blown off   4) has blown in ‎ ‎ ‎ l      break up; break down; break out; break into; break in; break away; break through ‎ Ø  break up表示“打碎”、“变坏”、“分解”、“终止”、“破裂”。 ‎ Ø  break down表示“瓦解”、“分解”、“失败”、“出故障”、“破坏”、“拆毁”。 ‎ Ø  break out表示“爆发”、“突然发生”。 ‎ Ø  break into表示“强行进入”、“闯入”、“破门而入”、“打断(谈话、讨论)”、“突然……起来”。 ‎ Ø  break in表示“闯入”、“打断”、“插嘴”,其中in是副词。 ‎ Ø  break away表示“脱逃”、“脱离”、“突然离开”、“革除”、“戒除”,常与from连用。 ‎ Ø  break through表示“战胜”、“突围”、“穿过……而出现”、“突破”。 ‎ ‎[练] ‎ ‎①He said his computer _____. ‎ ‎②Those old cars will be ____ for scrap(废铁). ‎ ‎③Last night somebody ____ Mr Brown's house and took away many things. ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ ‎④A fire ____ after we had gone home. ‎ ‎⑤The boy often ____ while his parents are speaking. ‎ ‎⑥You must ____ from bad habits. ‎ ‎⑦After the heavy rain the sun ____ the clouds. ‎ ‎⑧A thief ____ and stole a lot of things last night. ‎ ‎⑨Tom ____the motor bike which he bought five years ago. ‎ ‎⑩The ice began to ____ on the river. ‎ ‎(Key:①had broken down   ②broken up   ③broke into   ④broke out   ⑤breaks in  ⑥break away   ⑦broke through   ⑧broke in   ⑨broke down   ⑩break up) ‎ ‎ l      bring on;bring in;bring out ‎ Ø  bring on 使发生;引起;端上(饭菜)。如: ‎ Tom often brings on meals and his brother,Jim picks up the dishes after meals. ‎ 汤姆常常端上饭菜,(而)他弟弟吉姆饭后收拾碗碟。 ‎ The sudden cold weather brought on his cold again. 天气突然变冷,使他再次感冒。 ‎ Ø  bring in 引来;引进;吸收。如: ‎ His new business brings in 1,000 dollars. 他的新生意使他赚了一千美元。 ‎ We also brought in some words from English. 我们也从英语中吸收了一些词汇。 ‎ Ø  bring out 取出;说出;阐明;出版。如:‎ He brought out his gun and pointed at me.他掏出枪来指着我。 ‎ Bring out the meaning more clearly.请把意思讲清楚些。 ‎ They have brought out a set of children’s books.他们出版了一套儿童读物。 ‎ ‎ l   bring down; bring back; bring up; bring in Ø  bring down表示“使倒下”、“减少”、“降低(价格、温度)”;Ø  bring back表示“使回想起”、“归还”、“带回来”;Ø  bring up表示“呕吐出”、“养育”;Ø  bring in表示“把......引进来”、“赚入”、“获利”、“把......拿进来”、“吸收”。 ‎ ‎[EXERCISES] ‎ ‎1) Her singing _____ memories of my mother. 2) They also ____ some words from their own languages. 3) The wind ____ a number of trees. 4) He _____ all he had eaten. 5) Can you try to get them to ____ the price﹖ 6) All library books must be ____ before June 25. 7) Mr White ____ $‎500 a week. 8) You must manage to _____ the temperature. Key: 1) brings back    2) brought in      3) brought down      4) brought up      5) bring down     6) brought back    7) is bringing in    8) bring down   ‎ ‎ l   broad; wide Ø  两者都表示两边或两点之间的距离都有“宽的”之意, 但broad着重某物覆盖面的范围 (如肩、背、胸等的宽),还可表示“宽宏大量”;wide着重指边沿间相隔的距离以及“广泛”之意。如:‎ Looking at the new-type camera, the young man with broad shoulders was surprised with his mouth wide open.‎ 看着那个新型相机,那个肩宽背阔的年轻人惊奇得张大了嘴巴。‎ He’s a broad-minded person; he’ll never be disappointed by such a small failure. ‎ 他是个心胸宽广的人;决不会因为那么一次小小的失败而感到失望。‎ ‎ l      but/howeverØ  ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ 这两个连词都有“但是,可是,然而”之意。but连接两个分句或有关部分,表示转折或逻辑上的对比关系,使用最广,口语中更为常见。如: ‎ We love peace but we are not afraid of war.我们热爱和平,但我们并不害怕战争。 ‎ Ø  however转折意味比but弱,连接的两个分句或有关部分的关系较为松弛,后一部分常起附带说明或衬托作用。however常以插入语形式出现在句子中间,前后用逗号隔开,也可置于句首或句末。如: ‎ Later,however,he decided to go.可是后来他决定去了。 ‎ l      by oneself;oneself ‎ Ø  by oneself=alone,without help。强调“在无他人或他物的情况下”或“无帮助的情况下”;‎ Ø  oneself作同位语,表示强调本人。‎ 试比较: ‎ If you come to my house,I’ll cook for you myself. ‎ 如果你来我家,我将亲自下厨。(强调亲手为你做饭) ‎ Can you cook by yourself now? 你现在能单独做饭了吗?(强调无他人协作) ‎ l      by sea;by the sea ‎ Ø  by sea意为“走海路;坐轮船”,其中by表示乘坐交通工具或行走方式,by与名词间不可用冠词;by the sea意为“在海边”,其中by表示“在……旁边”,by与后面的名词间常有冠词修饰。如: ‎ They will go to America by sea. 他们将坐轮船去美国。 ‎ There is a small village by the sea.海边有个小村庄。 ‎ 请比较下面类似有这样区别的短语: ‎ by ship  乘船 by a ship  在一艘轮船旁边 ‎ by land  从陆路 by the land  在岸边(在陆地旁边) ‎ by taxi  乘出租车 by the taxi  在出租车旁边 ‎ by road  从陆路 by the road  在路边 ‎ C l      catch sb.doing sth;  be (get) caught in sth. ‎ Ø  catch sb.doing sth.作“碰(遇)上某人正在做某事”解。例如: ‎ The policeman caught two men fighting in the street.警察碰见两个人在街上打架。 ‎ The man was caught stealing the apples.那人偷苹果时,被当场发现。 ‎ Ø  be (get) caught in sth.“遇上……而受阻”之意。例如: ‎ I got caught in the traffic.我因交通堵塞而受阻。 ‎ I was caught in a storm on my way to school.我在去学校的路上遇到了暴雨。 ‎ ‎ l   care about; care for; care; care to Ø  care about“关心;计较;在乎”,指由于某事重要,或因责任所在而关心计较,一般用于否定句。如: He doesn't care about his clothes.他不讲究衣着。 I don't care about going there.去不去那里,我无所谓。 Ø  care for“关心;照料;喜欢;愿意”。作“关心;照料”讲,一般用于肯定句或疑问句。如: Who will care for your children when you are away﹖ 你离开期间谁照顾你的孩子? How the Party cares for us! 党是多么关心我们啊! Would you care for a walk? 你愿意去散步吗? He cares more for fine new clothes than for anything else. 他喜爱漂亮的新衣胜于其他的一切。 Ø  care还可作及物动词,但其后通常接从句。如: I don't care who you are.我不管你是谁。 I don't care what you say.不论你说什么,我都不在乎。 Ø  care to“愿意,欲望”,后接动词原形。如: I don’t care to go there.我不愿意去那里。 ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ ‎ l   carry off; carry away; carry out Ø  表示“运走”;“掠走”,用carry off或carry away均可。但两者也有不同之处:carry off可表示“夺得”某种奖赏;carry away可表示“吸引住”。如: After destroying the village, the enemy carried off/away all the cattle. 在毁掉村子之后,敌人把牲畜都掠走了。 I carried off the first prize.我获得了头等奖。 We were carried away by her songs.她的歌声令我们浑然忘我。 Ø  carry out的意思是“搬出(某物)”;“履行(计划或义务等)”。如: Would you please carry out the desk into the garden﹖ 请你把桌子搬到花园里去好吗? You must carry out your duty. 你必须履行你的职责。 ‎ ‎ l   carry out; carry on Ø  注意两者的区别:carry out意为“执行、实行”;carry on表示“(继续)进行、进行下去”,强调坚持。如:‎ The group of soldiers carried out a secret military action the other day. ‎ 几天前,这群士兵执行了一次秘密的军事行动。‎ Comrades in Germany were carrying on a heroic fight against war under conditions of fascism at that time. ‎ 那时,在德国的同志正在法西斯的统治区进行一场英勇的反战斗争。‎ l      cause; reason; excuse ‎ Ø  cause意为“起因”、“原因”,指引起某种结果的必然原因,即主要事实方面的原因,常和effect连用,表示因果关系。如: ‎ I don’t know the cause and effect.我不知道此事的前因后果。 ‎ The cause of the fire was carelessness.失火的原因是粗心大意。 ‎ Ø  reason意为“理由”、“原因”,指用以解释某些已发生的事情的理由或借口,这种理由可能是也可能不是真正的理由,强调逻辑推理方面的理由。如: ‎ There are many reasons for animals dying out.动物的绝种有许多原因。 ‎ Tell us your reason for changing the plan.告诉我们你改变计划的原因。 ‎ Ø  excuse指为免受指责和推卸责任而找的“理由”、“原因”也就是我们常说的“借口”。如: ‎ Too much work is no excuse for absence.工作太忙不能成为缺席的理由。 ‎ I haven’t done the work well,my excuse is that I have been ill. 我没把工作做好,我的理由是我病了。 ‎ l   cheer/greet/welcomeØ  cheer意为“欢呼”,侧重表示高声呼叫以示欢迎,强调气氛的活跃,常含鼓励之意。如: The boys cheered their football team.孩子们为他们的足球队喝彩。Ø  greet表示用语言、行动等“迎接”,常含“友好、热情、亲切”之意。如: We greeted our guests at the gate. 我们在大门口迎接客人。Ø  welcome常表示“欢迎新人、新事、新主张”等。如: We welcome the new ideas. 我们欢迎新思想。 ‎ l   clear away, clear up, clear off Ø  clear away表示“清除掉”、“收拾掉”、“散掉”、“消散”;clear up表示“露出(喜色)”、“(天气)放晴”、“清理”、“整理”;clear off表示“走开”、“离开”。 ‎ ‎[EXERCISES] ‎ ‎1) We must ____ such ideas among ourselves. 2) She ____ her desk before she moved to another school. 3) The sky looks as if it would ____ soon. 4) ____ before I call the police. 5) His face ____ when he read the letter. Key: 1) clear away   2) cleared up  3) clear up   4) Clear off   5) cleared up ‎ l       close;closely Ø  close,‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ ‎ closely这两个词都可以用作副词,close表示“靠近”、“紧紧地”,closely则表示“紧密地”、“严密地”、“密切地”。如: ‎ ‎1) I went closer, and saw clearly a tall man in the moonlight. ‎ ‎2) Come close, I want to tell you something important. ‎ ‎3) The policeman followed the strange man closely. ‎ ‎4) The scientists got closely in touch with the astronauts. ‎ l   come up; come on; come out Ø  come up常表示位置“上升”;从水中或 土中“冒出”;芽苗等“长出”;“引起注意、被提出”等。如:‎ The seeds haven’t come up. 种子还没发芽。‎ ‎ Your question came up at the meeting.你的问题在会上被提出来讨论。‎ Ø  come on 常用来催促别人,意为“加油、加快”,也可表示“来临、袭击”。如:‎ ‎ I can feel a headache coming on.我觉得头痛了。‎ Ø  come out常表秘密等“传出、被获悉”,书籍等的“出版”;“结果是”。如:‎ ‎ When will her new book come out﹖ 她的新书什么时候出版?‎ ‎ The answer to the math problem came out wrong. 这道数学题的结果错了。‎ l      complete; finish ‎ Ø  finish是普通用语,用得比较广泛,可作及物动词或不及物动词,多用来指“完成”一项任务或活动,后面可接名词、代词或-ing,不接不定式。例如: ‎ Have you finished your work﹖  你的工作完成了吗? ‎ He finished writing the letter last night.这封信他是昨晚完成的。 ‎ Ø  complete一般用作及物动词,用法较正式,通常用来表示完成某个计划、理想、事业、工程、建筑、书籍及作品等,后面可接名词或代词,不接-ing或不定式。例如: ‎ He’s never completed a project on time. 他从未按时完成过计划。 ‎ The bridge is not completed yet. 这座桥至今尚未完工。 ‎ Ø  表示完成学业、精细的工作、吃完某物及在被动结构中表示“一切都完了;没希望了”等意时,均用finish。例如: ‎ He finished school in 1991. 他1991年从学校毕业。 ‎ The wood-work is beautifully finished. 这件木器做得很精细。 ‎ 注意:complete a book的意思是“写完一本书”;finish a book意为“看完一本书”。 ‎ l   common ordinary general 都含“普通的”意思。‎ Ø  common强调“常见的”、“ 不足为奇的”, ‎ ‎ 如:Colds are common in winter.感冒在冬天很常见。‎ Ø ordinary强调“平常的”、“平淡无奇的”, ‎ ‎ 如:His ordinary supper consists of only bread and milk. 他通常的晚餐不过是面包和牛奶。‎ Ø  general意为“普遍的”、“一般的”, ‎ ‎ 如:This book is intended for the general reader, not for the specialist. ‎ ‎ 这本书是为一般读者写的, 不是为专家写的。‎ Ø normal指“正常的”、“正规的”、“常态的”, ‎ ‎ 如:the normal temperature of the human body 人的正常体温 ‎ l   compare…with; compar…to; compared with/to ‎ Ø  compare…with意为“把……与……相比”,侧重指两者间的区别。‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ 如:Compare this car with that one, and you will find the differences between them. ‎ 把这辆汽车与那辆汽车相比较,你就会发现它们之间的区别。 ‎ Ø  compare…to…意为“把……比作……”,着重注意两者间的相似点。如: ‎ This song compares our country to a big family.这首歌把我们的国家比作一个大家庭。 ‎ Ø  compare既可以单独用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。用作不及物动词时,以compare with…形式出现,表示“与……相比”。如: ‎ Living here can’t compare with living in Shanghai.在这儿生活不能和在上海(生活)相比。 ‎ If you compare the two words, you can tell the difference between them.‎ 如果你比较这两个单词,你就会辨别出它们之间的不同。 ‎ Ø  compared with…和compared to…都可用作状语,意义基本相同,可互换。如: ‎ Compared to/with him, you are lucky. 与他相比,你是幸运的。 ‎ It was a small town then, compared to/with what it is now. 和现在比起来,那时它还是个小镇。 ‎ ‎ l   cover; interview Ø  两者都可用作动词,意为“采访”,cover的宾语是事情;interview的宾语是人。如: Reporters are then sent to cover the events.然后记者们就被派去采访这些事件。 He interviewed five people in the morning.他上午采访了五个人。 ‎ l   country; nation; state; land ‎ Ø  country意为“国家;国土”,侧重指版图;疆域。如: ‎ China is a great country with a long history.中国是一个历史悠久的伟大国家。 ‎ 注意:country含义广泛,适合各种文体,也可代替本组中的任何一个词,有时作“祖国”解,带有感情色彩。如: ‎ After many years abroad, he wanted to return to his country.在国外呆了多年后,他想回到自己的祖国。 ‎ Some parts of this country (land) are much warmer than others.该国某些地区的气候较其他地区温暖得多。 ‎ Ø  nation意为“民族;国家”,侧重指人民;国民;民族。如: ‎ The whole nation was in deep sorrow at this news.听到这一噩耗,全国人民悲痛万分。 ‎ 注意:在国际交往等正式场合,nation语体庄重,比country常用。如: ‎ the United Nations (UN) 联合国 the law of nations  国际公法 ‎ a most favored nation  最惠国 ‎ Trade between nations is much better than war.国与国之间进行贸易往来比兵戎相见好得多。 ‎ Ø  state意为“国家;政府”,侧重指政权;政体。如: ‎ In our country, railways are state-owned. 在我国铁路为国家所有。‎ Ø  land意为“国土;国家”,带有感情色彩,多用于文学作品中。如: ‎ This is my native land.I’ll defend it with my life! 这是我的祖国,我要用自己的生命保卫她! ‎ ‎ l      cross; across; crossing ‎ Ø  cross作动词用时,意思是“横过”。如: ‎ They are crossing the river. 他们正在过河。 ‎ The idea has just crossed my mind.  这个主意是我刚才想到的。 ‎ cross作名词用时,指“十字形的东西”。 ‎ Ø  across可作介词或副词,意为“横穿,横过”。如: ‎ They pushed the cart across the bridge. 他们推着车过桥。 ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ The post office is across the street.邮局在街道对面。 ‎ Ø  crossing意为“横穿,交叉,十字路口,人行横道”。如: ‎ They are standing at a crossing.他们正站在十字路口。 ‎ ‎ l   cut off; cut up; cut through Ø  cut off表示“隔绝”、“断绝”、“(电路)切断”、“剪下”、“砍掉”;Ø  cut up表示“切割开来”、“切碎”、“使难过”;Ø  cut through表示“凿穿”、“穿过”、“穿透”。 ‎ ‎[EXERCISES] ‎ ‎1) The building ____ our view. 2) We are going to ____ the mountain to build a free way here. 3) She _____ the cake and gave each of us a piece. 4) He ____ some flowers from the bush. Key: 1) cut off   2) cut through   3) cut up    4) cut off ‎ D l   daily; everyday; every day Ø  daily用作名词意为“日报” 如:China Daily《中国日报》用作形容词,意同everyday;用作副词意同everyday。Ø  everyday意为“每日的、日常的”,在句中作定语。everyday English=daily English日常英语;everyday life=daily life日常生活。 Ø  every day(分开写)意为“每天”,在句中作状语。如: He comes here every day.=He comes here daily.他每天来这儿。 ‎ ‎ l      damage; destroy; ruin 这三个词都有“破坏;损坏”的意思,区别如下:‎ Ø  damage意为“损坏、破坏”。它可用于表示损坏或破坏具体的物品,一般暗示损坏后价值或效益会降低,这种损坏是部分性的,通常指损坏的程度不那么严重,还可以修复再用。也可用于表示损坏抽象的东西,有时该词也用于借喻。如: ‎ The car was not damaged badly in the accident, but five people were seriously hurt. ‎ 汽车在事故中损坏不严重,但却有五个人受了重伤。 ‎ Her heart was slightly damaged as a result of her long illness.长期生病使她的心脏受到轻度损伤。 ‎ What they said and did damaged the relations between the two countries.‎ 他们的言行损害了这两个国家之间的关系。‎ Smoking has damaged his health badly. 吸烟严重地损害了他的健康。 ‎ Ø  damage还可用作可数或不可数名词。如: ‎ The earthquake did a lot of damages to the city.这场地震给这座城市带来了巨大的破坏。 ‎ Ø  destroy意为“破坏;摧毁;消灭;毁灭”,通常指程度非常严重的“毁坏”,一般情况下不可以修复再用。另外,它既可表示毁坏具体的物品,也可表示毁坏抽象的东西。如: ‎ The big fire destroyed the whole house. 这场大火把整座房子都烧毁了。 ‎ The Nazi wanted to destroy people's hopes, but in the end what was destroyed was the Nazi's dream by the power of people. 纳粹想摧毁人民的希望,最终是纳粹的梦想被人民的力量所摧毁。‎ Ø  ruin多用于借喻之中,有时泛指一般性的破坏,指把某物损坏到了不能再使用的程度。如: ‎ My new coat is ruined.我的外套不能再穿了。 ‎ The rain will ruin the crops.这雨会把庄稼毁掉的。 ‎ I was ruined by that law case; I'm a ruined man我被那场官司毁了,我破产了。 ‎ ‎ l   damp wet dank moist humid 都含"潮湿的"意思。‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ Ø  damp指"轻度潮湿, 使人感觉不舒服的", 如:‎ I don't like damp weather. 我不喜欢潮湿的天气。‎ Ø  wet 指"含水分或其他液体的"、"湿的", 如:‎ be wet to the skin 浑身湿透。‎ Ø  dank 指"阴湿的", 如:‎ a dark dank and chilly cave 一个既黑暗又潮湿、又阴冷的洞。‎ Ø  moist指"微湿的"、"湿润的", 常含"不十分干, 此湿度是令人愉快的"意思, 如:‎ Grasses were moist with dew. 草被露水润湿了。‎ Ø  humid为正式用语, 常表示"空气中湿度大的", 如:‎ In the east, the air is humid in summer. 在东方, 夏季空气潮湿。‎ l      day by day; day after day ‎ Ø  day by day意为“一天一天地”,“逐日”,表示事情的逐渐变化过程。该短语只能作状语。如: ‎ It's getting colder day by day.天气一天天冷了起来。 ‎ The boy is getting better day by day.那孩子一天天好了起来。 ‎ Ø  day after day意为“日复一日”、“一天又一天”,表示一个重复(周而复始或循环重复)的动作或事件。该短语可作主语和状语。如: ‎ Day after day went by, and still no message arrived.日子一天天过去,仍然杳无音讯。 ‎ I have to do the work day after day.我得天天做这项工作。 ‎ l       deal with; do with; get rid of ‎ Ø  get rid of表示“处理”,侧重“消灭;摆脱或清除”;deal with和do with侧重“处理”的手段、方法或方式。do的后面可接宾语,deal的后面不接宾语;do with常与what连用,deal with常与how连用。 ‎ ‎[练] ‎ ‎①If they are not coming, we can ___ the tickets. ‎ ‎②How did they ____ matters of this sort﹖ ‎ ‎③What did you ____ the broken car﹖ ‎ ‎④Mr Zhang wrote a book ____ life in England. ‎ ‎⑤We should ____ the weeds in the fields.‎ ‎(Key: ①get rid of   ②deal with   ③do with   ④dealing with   ⑤get rid of)‎ l       demonstrate,illustrate Ø  demonstrate 证明,论证,以科学严谨的态度,通过推理、辩论或提供证据来证明事物的正谬。illustrate 指用实物、图片等进行说明,illustrate后常用介词by,with。 ‎ A.The lecturer ____ his point with a diagram ont heblackboard. ‎ B.To ____ his arguments,he showed us a lot of facts. ‎ C.These figures clearly ___ the size of the economic problem facing the country. ‎ Answers:A.illustrated    B.demonstrate    C.demonstrate ‎ ‎ l   discover;invent;find;find out Ø  invent意为“发明”,指通过劳动运用聪明才智“发明/创造”出以前从未存在过的新事物。‎ ‎ Who invented the telephone? 是谁发明电话的? ‎ ‎ He invented a new teaching method.他发明了一种新的教学方法。‎ Ø  ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ find意为“找到、发现”,指找到或发现自己所需要的东西或丢失的东西,着重指找到的结果。‎ ‎ We've found oil under the South Sea.我们已在南海发现了石油。 ‎ ‎ They finally found a way. 他们终于找到了办法。‎ Ø  discover意为“发现”, 表示“偶然”或“经过努力”发现客观存在的事物、真理或错误,即指发现原来客观存在但不为人所知的事物,也可表示发现已为人所知的事物的新的性质或用途。‎ ‎ Columbus discovered America in1492. 哥伦布1492年发现了美洲。 ‎ ‎ We soon discovered the truth. 我们很快就弄清了真相。‎ Ø  find out指经过研究或询问查明某事或真相。 ‎ ‎  [EXERCISES]‎ ‎1.Edison ____ the electric lamp. ‎ ‎2.I lost my necklace last night.I haven’t ____ it. ‎ ‎3.Who ____ America first? ‎ ‎4.Can you ____ what time the train leaves? ‎ ANSWER: 1.invented  2.found  3.discovered  4.find out l   disgrace dishonor shame infamy scandal Ø  都含“丢人”、“耻辱”的意思。 ‎ Ø  disgrace 指“失去别人的尊敬”、“因自己或别人的行为所产生的耻辱感”, 如:‎ He was in disgrace after his ungentlemanly behavior. 他因为行为不检而为人所不齿。‎ Ø  dishonor指“因自己的言行而丧失自尊或玷辱名誉”, 如:‎ His desertion to the enemy was a dishonor to his family. 他的投敌行为对他的家庭是耻辱。‎ Ø  shame指“由于失去自尊心而感到羞愧或羞耻”, 如 I think it a shame to be so wasteful. 我认为那样浪费太可耻了。infamy指“声名狼藉”、“臭名昭著”, 如:‎ His name will live in infamy. 他的名字将遗臭万年。‎ Ø  scandal指“引起公愤的行为”、“丑事”, 如 Iran Scandal 伊朗丑闻(指美国向伊朗出售武器的秘密被揭露后, 所引起的批评)。‎ E l      ever before;ever since;ever after ‎ Ø  ever since意为“从……之后一直”,其中的since既可作副词,也可作连词,该短语与完成时连用。有时ever可以省略。‎ Ø  ever before意为“比以往任何时候”,其中的before为副词,常与比较级连用并放在than之后。ever用来加强before的语气,before有时可以省略。‎ Ø  ever after意为“从那以后”,其中的after可作连词,也可作副词,该短语常与过去时连用。‎ ‎  [EXERCISES]‎ ‎1.He went to Tibet in 1969 and has lived there ____. ‎ ‎2.The flowers grow more beautiful than ____. ‎ ‎3.The couple lived a hard life ____. ‎ ANSWER: 1.ever since  2.ever before  3.ever after l   except/but Ø  二者意思均为:除……之外。except强调所除外的人(或事物);而but则将重点置于其他人(或事物)。 ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ 如:We all passed the exam except Tom.除了汤姆没及格外,我们都及格了。(汤姆一人不及格) ‎ Nobody knew her name but me.除我以外,没有人知道他的名字。(强调除“我”知道外,其他人都不知道) ‎ Ø  except前常有all,any,every,no及其复合词等;but也常与no,nobody,nothing,all,anywhere等词连用。二者后都可接名词、代词、动词的ing形式和原形动词,可以互换;但except后还可跟副词、介词短语等,此时,不能用but来代替。 ‎ 如:He answered all the questions except/but the last one.除最后一个问题没答外,其余问题他都答了。 ‎ He has always been in high spirits except recently.除近来外,他总是精神饱满。(except后跟副词) ‎ The window is never opened except in summer.除夏季外,这扇窗户从来不开。(except后跟介词短语) ‎ Ø  except,but用于否定句时,可以互换。 ‎ 如:There aren't any other people to be considered except/but you.除你之外,其他人将不予考虑。 ‎ F l   fall off;fall down;fall onto;fall into ‎ Ø  fall off用作及物动词,表示“从……上落下,掉下,摔下”。如: ‎ The house moved and a few pictures fell off the wall,but that was all. ‎ 房子动了动,几幅画从墙上掉了下来,就这些。 ‎ He had fallen off a ladder and hurt his leg. 他从梯子上摔下来,伤了腿。 ‎ 有时,它也可用作不及物动词,表示“落下,掉下,脱落”;也可表示“减少,越来越少”。如: ‎ I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off. 我看着桌子上的杯子全掉下来。 ‎ His supporters were falling off. 支持他的人越来越少了。 ‎ Ø  fall down通常用作不及物动词,表示“(人)跌倒,摔倒,绊倒”或“(房屋等) 倒塌”。如: ‎ The old lady fell down in the street and broke her leg.那老太太在街上跌倒了,摔坏了腿。 ‎ Ø  fall onto意为“掉到……上”,其中onto为介词,也可用to。如: ‎ The books fell off the desk onto/to the ground. 书从桌上掉到了地上。 ‎ Ø  fall into意为“掉到……里陷入(困难)”等,into是介词。如: ‎ fall into the river 掉进河里 ‎ l   fasten; tie Ø  fasten意为“栓住、捆牢、扎紧”,常用作及物动词(用于fasten ... to...结构时,可以与tie互换,但语气上fasten比tie重);也可用作不及物动词,意为“(把目光、思想、注意力)集中于……”。‎ Ø  tie意为“系、栓、扎”,常用作及物动词,后接其同源宾语tie, knot等;用作不及物动词时,意为“打领带、打领结”。‎ l   feed...on;feed...to Ø   feed...to 指“将……喂给……”,feed 后跟表示食物的词;‎ Ø   feed...on 指“用……喂……”,feed 后接表示人或动物的词。如:‎ ‎ What did you feed to the baby just now?   你刚才给婴儿喂的什么﹖ ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ ‎   I feed the dog on meat. 我用肉喂狗。‎ l       festival,holiday,vacation Ø  festival指盛大的节日,或定期在某地举行的主题节日;如音乐节等。Ø  holiday源自“holy”,原意为“神圣的日子”,或指国家或民族规定的节日。后词意扩展,指一切不工作的日子。Ø  vacation任何节假日或休息日,持续时间较长,主要用于美国。在英国,则着重指法院和大学的假期。 ‎ A.The Spring ___ is the most important day in China. ‎ B.Will you spend your ___abroad this year? ‎ C.While I’m away on ___,Mr Smith will take over my job. ‎ Answers:A. Festival       B.holidays/vacation      C.vacation ‎ l   finally;at last;in the end 本组词语均有“终于”之意,但有区别。 Ø  finally的用法有二:ü  用来表示某一动作发生的顺序是在“最后”。例如:Finally,turn off the lights and lock the door.最后关上灯锁好门。 ü  是用在句中动词前,表示等了好久“终于……”。例如: We waited and waited,and finally they arrived.我们等了又等,(最后)他们终于来了。 Ø  at last是表示经过一番曲折或努力之后某事才发生,强调其结果,其语气和感情色彩较强。At last the project has been completed and we can rest.这项工程终于竣工了,我们可以休息了。 Ø  in the end用法有二:*表示经过若干周折或努力而“最后”发生了某事。例如: We did experiment after experiment,and in the end we got a good harvest of rice in Africa.我们作了一个又一个实验,(最后)终于在非洲获得了水稻丰收。 *表示预测未来(而finally和at last无此用法)。例如: He hopes that his son will be a fine teacher in the end.他希望他儿子最终成为一名优秀教师。 ‎ ‎ l       find/found/foundedØ  find意为“发现、找到”,为动词原形。Ø  found既是不规则动词find的过去式和过去分词,本身又是一个动词原形,意为“建立、成立、创办”。如: He has already found his watch. 他已经找到了手表。Ø  founded为动词found的过去式和过去分词。如: The school was founded ten years ago. 这所学校是十年前创办的。 ‎ ‎ l      fit; be fit for; be fit to ‎ Ø  fit可用作及物或不及物动词,意为“适合”,“合身”,主要指大小适合。如: ‎ This cap fits me well.这顶帽子很适合我。 ‎ The coat doesn’t fit me well. 这件大衣不太合身。 ‎ Ø  另外,fit还有“安装”、“试穿”之意。如: ‎ You can fit this skirt on your daughter.你可以给你的女儿试一下这条裙子。 ‎ I will fit my new house with a telephone.我要在新房间装电话。 ‎ Ø  be fit for意为“适合;能胜任”。其中,fit是形容词,意为“适合的;能胜任的”,for后面接名词或-ing形式。如: ‎ The water in the well is fit for drinking.这口井里的水可以喝。 ‎ The man is not fit for his office.那人不称职。 ‎ Your shoes are not fit for traveling.你的鞋子不适合旅行。 ‎ Ø  be fit to意为“适合;能胜任”。在这个短语中,fit也是形容词,to为动词不定式符号,因此后面只能接动词原形。如: ‎ The food is not fit to eat. 这食物不可以吃。 ‎ The girl is easy to get angry,so she is not fit to be a nurse. 这女孩容易发脾气,因此她不适合当护士。 ‎ l   forbid ban prohibit都含“禁止”的意思。‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ Ø  forbid系常用词, 指“命令某人不做某事”, 如:‎ The doctor forbids him to smoke. 医生禁止他吸烟。‎ Ø  ban 语气较重, 指权威机关“正式禁止”, 含“严厉谴责”之意,只能用事物作其宾语, ‎ 如:Ban atomic and nuclear weapons! 禁止原子武器和核武器! ‎ Ø  prohibit指“通过法律或政府法令禁止”, 如:‎ The soldiers were prohibited from leaving camp after dark. 天黑后士兵不准离开营房。‎ l      suit;fit;suitable Ø  fit用作及物动词,意为“与……相符、符合;合……身”;用作不及物动词,意为“适合、合身”。多指衣物等尺寸大小合身、合脚。‎ Ø  suit意为“适合”。多指衣物等的颜色、款式、质地等适合,穿起来协调、好看;合乎需要、口味、性格、条件和地位等。如:‎ This coat doesn't suit you.这件外套不适合你。(比较:This coat doesn't fit you.这件外套不合你的身。) ‎ Ø  fit直接可用作形容词,常构成be fit for意为“适于;称职”;suit的形容词为suitable,be suitable for相当于be fit for。另外:suit常用作名词,意为“一套/副(衣服等)”:a man's suit包括外套 jacket,背心waist coat和裤子trousers,a woman's suit包括上衣coat和裙子skirt; fit还可作“安装”解。 ‎ l      for example;such as;like Ø  such as用来举例说明,通常放在被列举的事物的前面以及需要说明的事物的后面。Ø  for example常用来补充说明,表示在众多的例子中仅仅取一、二加以说明、解释。Ø  like是介词,意为“像”。 ‎ ‎[EXERCISES] ‎ ‎1.Many books on English study,____ School English are popular among school students. ‎ ‎2.Some students,Wang Lin,____ like country music very much. ‎ ‎3.I’m going to be a pop star ____ Michael Jackson. ‎ ANSWER:1.such as   2.for example   3.like ‎ ‎ l   for the first time;the first time Ø  for the first time 首次;第一次。表示有生以来或一段时间内第一次做某事,在句中一般单独作状语。例如: The two girl students talked for the first time at the beginning of the term. 两位女生开学初首次交谈。 Ø  the first time 首次;第一次。常引导时间状语从句,其重点不是讲第一次做什么,而是说明另一动作或情况;也可以作表语,强调到说话为止某一情况或动作的次数。例如: I knew we would be good friends the first time I met her. 第一次见到她,我就知道我们会成为好朋友。 This is the first time I have been to the Great Wall. 这是我第一次去长城。‎ G l      gather round; gather in; gather up; gather from ‎ Ø  gather round表示“聚集在……周围”、“聚集在一起”。 ‎ Ø  gather in表示“收获庄稼”。 ‎ Ø  gather up表示“收拾起来”、“抱起来”。 ‎ Ø  gather from表示“从……推测”、“从……推想”,后面与that-clause连用。 ‎ ‎[练] ‎ ‎①I ____ her letter that she is very happy now. ‎ ‎②The students in our class ____ Mr Wang. ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ ‎③You'd better ____ your books and put them away. ‎ ‎④The farmers ____ the wheat now. ‎ ‎⑤All the workers ____ him and asked him what was wrong with him at all. ‎ ‎(Key: ①gather from  ②gathered round  ③gather up  ④are gathering in  ⑤gathered round)‎ ‎ l   get away (from); run away (from);escape (from);flee (from)这几个词均可表示“逃”,但含义有别:Ø  escape指安全地“逃走或跑掉”,强调结果;Ø  get away from及run away from表示“逃”的动作或行为,含有动作快速而敏捷之意,多用于口语中;Ø  flee强调“逃”这一动作急促或迅速,不强调结果。选用时根据上下文的含义来定。如: The bird has escaped from the cage.那只鸟逃出鸟笼了。 He ran away/got away/escaped from the fire.他从火灾中逃出来了。 He fled (from) the burning house.他从燃烧的房子中逃出。 Ø  另外,表示“从某处抽身”,一般用get away from。如: I’m afraid she can’t get away from the meeting. 我恐怕她很难从会议中抽身。  l   give up; give in; give out Ø  give up指行为或努力受挫或别的原因而主动放弃,可用作及物动词,跟名词或v-ing作宾语;也可作不及物动词;Ø  give in指不再坚持自己的行为或观点等,而按别人的要求去做,一般作不及物动词;Ø  give out意为“用完;耗尽;体力不支”,是不及物动词。例如: ‎ ‎①The wind was strong and the waves were big,so he had to give up attempting/his attempt to swim the channel.风急浪高,他只好放弃横渡海峡的打算。 ‎ ‎②All the girls finished the race except two who gave up half way.‎ 除有两个中途放弃外,其它所有的姑娘都跑完了比赛的全程。 ‎ ‎③As neither of the two sides would give in,the agreement fell through. ‎ 由于双方都不肯让步,所以没能达成协议。 ‎ ‎④After a long journey,my strength gave out and couldn’t walk any farther.‎ 走了很长的路,我已筋疲力尽,再也走不动了。 ‎ ‎ l       glance; stare; glare ‎ Ø  这组动词都与“看”有关。glance意为“匆匆一瞥”,是不及物动词,其后必须接介词at, over等才可以接宾语。如: ‎ ‎1) He glanced at his watch.他匆匆看了一下手表。 ‎ ‎2) She glanced down the list of names.  她由上而下匆匆地看了一下名单。 ‎ Ø  stare意为“凝视”,它也是一个不及物动词,其后通常接介词at才能接宾语。如: ‎ She stared at him in surprise.她惊讶地瞪着他看。 ‎ He was staring out to the sea.  他凝目眺望大海。 ‎ Ø  glare意为“怒视;瞪眼”,也是不及物动词,其后要接介词at后才能接宾语。如: ‎ They stood glaring at each other.他们互相怒目而视地站着。 ‎ l   go on to do sth;go on doing sth.;go on with sth. 这三个短语都有继续做某事的意思,但在含义上有所不同。 Ø  go on to do sth.表示“接着做另一件事”,即接下去做与原来不同的一件事;Ø  go on doing sth…表示“继续不停地做某事或间断后继续做原来没有做完的事”;Ø  go on with sth.表示“间断后继续做原来没有做完的事”,其后一般接代词作宾语。通常情况下,go on doing sth.和go on with sth.可互换。例如: After they had read the text,the students went on to do the exercises. 读完课文后,学生们继续做练习。 The students went on talking and laughing all the way. 一路上学生们一直有说有笑。 After a rest,we went on with our lesson(=After a rest,we went on having our lesson.). 休息以后,我们继续上课。 ‎ H 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ l   habit, practice, custom, convention这组名词一般含义为“习惯”。‎ Ø  habit指个人的“习惯”,通常用于表示做事、思考问题或行为举止的不自觉的方式方法 That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen. ‎ 这证明是我的失败,因为我不久就回到在电视屏幕前打瞌睡的坏习惯去了。‎ Ø  practice 既可表示个人的也可表示社会的“习惯”,这种“习惯”从性质上看是一种反复不断的或是有选择性的行为或者方法 On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat——the normally accepted practice in many northern countries. ‎ 在另一方面,一想到用动物油煎马铃薯,你便会作呕。然而在许多北欧国家里,这是为大家接受的通常习惯。‎ She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open,yet following her general practice she had shut them before going out. ‎ 她慢慢地走进厅堂,并且立刻发现所有的房门都是开着的。但是按照她自己的一般习惯,她在外出前总是把门全部关好的。‎ Ø  custom 具有 habit 和 practice 的一切含义,此外,custom 还包含这样一层意思:长期而广泛采用的行为或方法,即风俗习惯,按照某地区人们共同生活及其行为的准则或规范,它不仅有指导意义,而且具有必须遵循的意义 Don't be a slave to custom. 不要做风俗习惯的奴隶。‎ From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. ‎ 一个人从诞生的那一时刻起,他降生后所处的风俗习惯便给他的阅历和行为定型。‎ Ø  convention 其实是其他3个词的近义词,它的含义为:固定的或公众一致承认的行事或表达思想的方法 They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary. ‎ 他们不顾社会习俗,并未意识到自己在做些与众不同的事。‎ ‎ l      hand down;hand in;hand over;hand out ; by hand ;hands up Ø         hand down作“把……传下来”解。例如: ‎ ‎…knowledge, customs and memories were handed down by the elders of the race. ‎ ‎……他们的知识,生活习惯以及人们所怀念的事情,都是由他们的祖先传下来的。 ‎ The story was handed down from one generation to another.这个故事世代相传。 ‎ Ø  hand in为“把……交上来” 、“交给”、“递交”之意。例如: ‎ Time is up.Hand in your examination papers.时间到了,请把试卷交上来。 ‎ Ø  hand over作“转交”或“移送”解。例如: ‎ Please hand over this money to XiaoZhou.请将这笔钱转交小周。 ‎ The thief was handed over to the police.小偷已被移送到公安机关了。 ‎ Ø  hand out为“散发”之意。例如:‎ When I got to the classroom the teacher had already begun handing out the test papers.‎ 我赶到教室时,老师已开始分发试卷了。‎ Ø  hands up表示“举起手来”;Ø  by hand表示“用手”、“手工”,是介词短语,作方式状语。 ‎ ‎[EXERCISES] ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ ‎①This toy was made . ②After class, you must your homework. ③If you have any questions to ask,please . (Keys:①by hand ②hand in ③hands up) ‎ l   have sb.do sth.;have sb./sth.doing sth.;have sth.done Ø  have sb.do sth.为“使(让、请)某人做某事”之意,其中作宾补的不带to的不定式只表示发生过某事。例如: The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father. 士兵们让男孩背对着父亲站着。 Ø  have sb./sth.doing sth.为“让某人(某事)一直做某事”之意,其中作宾补的现在分词表示保持或一直存在的状态。例如: The two cheats had their lights burning all night long. 两个骗子让灯整夜地亮着。 Although the farm is large,my dad has only two men working for him. 虽然农场大,但我爸爸只雇了两人为他(一直)干活。 Ø  have sth.done 有两层含义和用法: *其一,作“(有意地)让他人为自己做某事”解,即过去分词所表示的动作由别人完成,而宾语是过去分词所表示动作的承受者或动作对象。例如: I’ll have a new suit made of this cloth. 我要用这种布料做一套新衣服。 *作“(无意识地)让某人(或某物)遭受不幸”解。例如: He had his handbag stolen. 他的手提包被人偷了。 ‎ ‎ l   hear of/ hear from/ hearØ  hear of表示“听人说起”、“听说过”,侧重于间接听说;Ø  hear from表示“收到……的来信”、“收到……的来电”,后面接指人的名词或代词;Ø  hear表示“听见”、“听到”,后面接名词、代词或宾语从句。 ‎ ‎[EXERCISES] ‎ ‎①I that our team won. ②I my brother twice a month. ③I her death last week. ④Can you some birds singing? (Keys:①heard ②hear from ③heard of ④hear)  ‎ l       holiday(holidays),leave, vacation 这三个词都有“假日(期)”的意思,但含义用法并不相同。‎ Ø  holiday(holidays)一般指“休假”‎ Tom and I are going to have a holiday. 我和汤姆准备去度假。‎ I've already had my holidays this year. 我今年已经度过假了。‎ During a holiday in Sweden, I found this note on my car. ‎ 在瑞典度假期间,我在我的车子上发现了这张字条。‎ Postcards always spoil my holidays. 明信片总是弄得我过不好假日。‎ My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send any cards to my friends. ‎ 我的假日过的很快,但是我一张明信片也没有寄给朋友。‎ 注:have a (或one's)holiday 度假,during a holiday 在一次假期中。这种用法的holiday 总用单数形式,但并不只是“一天”假。 复数形式的holidays 泛指“假日”,如summer holidays 暑假。但“Sunday is a holiday ”中的holiday 却是“一天”的假。‎ Ø  leave 指“请假”,被批准后离开自己的工作的一段时间 He stays at home on sick leave. 他请了病假呆在家里。‎ He asked for a six months' leave. 他请了6个月的假。‎ Ø  vacation 在英国指大学的寒暑假或法定不工作的日子,美国可指任何假日(期)‎ The students are planning how to spend their summer vacation. ‎ 这些大学生在计划着怎样过暑假。‎ Mr. Fuller is on vacation now. 费勒先生在度假。‎ l   honour homage reverence deference Ø  都含“尊敬”、“敬意”的意思。 ‎ Ø  honour 指“普遍承认或钦佩某人的人格、事迹等因而受到的尊敬”, 如:‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ in hono(u)r of the martyred dead 向死难烈士致敬。‎ Ø  homage 指“以诚恳恭敬的态度表示敬意” 如:‎ They bowed in homage to the Unknown Soldiers. 他们向无名烈士墓鞠躬致敬。‎ Ø  reverence指“崇敬”, 如 ‎ He held her in reverence. 他崇敬她。 ‎ Ø  deference指“听从长者、上司、或值得尊重的人表现出的尊敬”, 如:‎ Do you treat your parents and teachers with deference? 你对父母师长尊敬吗?‎ l   hurt; injure; wound; cut Ø  hurt为普通用语,既可指肉体上的伤害(可被badly, slightly, seriously等修饰),也可指精神上、感情上的伤害(被very much/rather/deeply修饰),多指伤痛。如: ‎ I hurt my leg badly in the football match.在那场足球赛中,我的腿受了重伤。 ‎ He felt rather hurt at your words.你的话使他很难过。 ‎ Ø  injure比hurt正式,主要指意外事故中损害健康、容貌等,强调功能的损失。如: ‎ A bullet injured his left eye.一颗子弹伤了他的左眼。 ‎ Ø  wound指枪伤、刀伤、刺伤等皮肉之伤,是出血的、严重的伤,尤其指用武器有意造成的伤口、伤疤或战场上受伤。也可指人们精神上的创伤。如: ‎ The thief wounded him with a knife.那小偷用刀刺伤了他。 ‎ You have wounded his pride.你伤害了他的自尊心。 ‎ Ø  cut指无意中造成的轻伤。如: ‎ How did you get that cut on your hand﹖你手上的伤口是怎么弄的?‎ I l       identical,alike,resemble Ø  identical adj.指同一个人或物时,表示“同一的”,可以与same互换。在描写两个或两个以上人或物时,表示“完全一样的”。Ø  alike adj.常作表语,表示在外表、性格或品质等方面几乎相同。Ø  resemble v.指看起来象。 ‎ A.After the earthquake the city ___ a battle field. ‎ B.The interests of both parties mayn ot be ____,but they do overlap considerably. ‎ C.You and your father don’t look very much ____. ‎ D.This gun is ____ to the one which the murderer used. ‎ Answers: A. resembled     B. identical      C. alike     D. identical ‎ l   illness;sickness;disease三者均有“病或疾病”之意。‎ Ø  disease 具体指身体上发生的任何不适或疾病,可引申为某种“弊端”,如:heart disease “心脏病”; disease of society“社会弊端”等。 ‎ Ø  sickness 和 illness 可指任何疾病或不适。但在英国,用法有些区别:sickness 多用来指恶心、呕吐之类的疾病及因某种外因引出的疾病;‎ Ø  illness主要用于因人体内部的虚弱或失调引起的疾病。在时间上,短时的病痛多用 sickness,较长时间的病痛多用 illness。例如:‎ ‎    He suffered from mountain sickness. 他患有高山病。‎ ‎    The child has suffered from illness for two years. 这孩子已经病了两年了。‎ ‎   Rough seas caused much sickness among the passengers. 汹涌的海浪使许多乘客感到恶心。‎ ‎ l   increase(decrease)…by;increase(decrease)…to Ø  与increase,decrease搭配时,by表示数量增加或减少的幅度,即在原有的基础上“增加或减少了多少”;to则表示“增加或减少到多少”。试比较: ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ The production cost of these trucks has decreased by one third compared to last year.‎ 与去年相比,这些卡车的生产成本降低了三分之一。 ‎ The population of India has increased to one billion.印度的人口已经增加到了十亿。 ‎ l   in all; at all; after all Ø  in all意为“总共”,既可放在句首,也可放在句末。如: ‎ There are 25,000 Inuit in all.(=In all, there are 25,000 Inuit.) 这儿共有25,000因努伊特人。 ‎ Ø  after all意为“毕竟”。表示“和预期相反”常放在句末;用来提醒不要忘记某个重要的结论或理由,一般放在句首。后者也可译为“要记住,别忘了”。如: ‎ I thought he was going to help us, but he didn’t after all. 我以为他会帮助我们的,但他终究没有帮我们。 ‎ After all your birthday is only two weeks away. 别忘了,再过两周就是你的生日了。 ‎ Ø  at all用在否定句或本身带不肯定意义的肯定句中,以加强语气,意为“根本;竟然”。如: ‎ I don’t agree with you at all.我根本不同意你的意见。 ‎ I was surprised at his coming at all. 我很奇怪,他竟然来了。(本来我以为他不会来的。) ‎ ‎ l      in the morning;on the morning of ‎ 按英语的习惯用法,in the morning(afternoon/evening)表示“在早上(下午)晚上”之意,而on the morning(afternoon/evening)of则表示“在某个具体的一天的早上(下午/晚上)”之意,试比较: ‎ ‎1)He often reads English and Chinese in the morning. 他常在早上朗读英语和语文。 ‎ ‎2)At 5∶13 on the morning of April 18th,1906,the city of San Francisco was shaken by a terrible earthquake. ‎ ‎1906年4月18日早晨5点13分,旧金山市发生了一次可怕的地震。 ‎ l       in the way; in a way; in no way; on the way Ø  in the way 意为“挡道;妨碍(某人)”。如: ‎ Tell the boy not to stand in the way.叫那个男孩别挡道碍事。 ‎ Ø  in a way 意为“用某种方法(做某事)”。名词way前面常有形容词或this/that修饰。如: ‎ He worked out the problem in a simple way.他用简单的方法算出了这道题。 ‎ In this way over several days the artist and his mouse became good friends. ‎ 就这样一连过了好几天,艺术家和他的老鼠成了好朋友。 ‎ 注意:如果in a way单独使用,way前不加任何修饰语,意为“在某种程度上;在某些方面(某一点上)”。如: The article is well written in a way.从某种程度上来说,这篇文章写得不错。 Ø  in no way 意为“决不;一点也不”,常用来加强语气。如: ‎ They are in no way similar to each other.他们毫无相似之处。 ‎ Ø  on the way 意为“在途中”,其后常接to,表示“在去某地或做某事的路上”。如: ‎ He lost his ticket on the way to the cinema.他在去电影院的路上把票弄丢了。 ‎ J l   just/just now 它们都有“刚”的意思,都与时间有关。 Ø  just表示“刚,刚刚”。多与完成时态连用。 ‎ 如:I've just borrowed a picture-book.我刚借了一本图画书。 ‎ Ø  just now表示“刚才”,强调过去的动作,所以与一般过去时态连用。 ‎ 如:She ate a big apple jus tnow.她刚才吃了一个大苹果。 ‎ K 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ l      knock…into;knock into;knock down;knock at/on Ø  knock…into…意为“把……插/撞/敲/打入……中”。如: ‎ Then they knocked a stick into the earth. 然后他们把木棒插入泥土中。 ‎ Ø  knock into意为“撞在……上”。into是介词,只能位于其宾语前。如: ‎ Look out!Don’t knock into others. 小心!别撞到别人身上。 ‎ Ø  knock down意为“撞倒、打倒”。down为副词,宾语是名词时,down可位于名词前或后宾语是人称代词时,down必须位于宾语后。如: ‎ The car knocked the house down(=knocked down the house).小汽车把房子给撞倒了。 ‎ Be careful with the little trees.Don’t knock them down. 注意小树,不要把它们撞倒了。 ‎ knock at/on意为轻轻而有节奏地“敲”。它常用来表示“敲门/窗”等。如: ‎ Who is knocking at the door﹖  谁在敲门? ‎ Knock on the window pane; they may be in.  敲一下玻璃窗,他们或许在里面。‎ L l   late; lately; later; latest Ø  late可作形容词或副词,意为“迟(的);晚(的)”。如: He often comes late for school.他上学常迟到。 They were late for the film.他们看电影迟到了。 Ø  lately是副词,意为“最近;近来”相当于recently,常与现在完成时连用。如: I haven’t heard from him lately.我最近没收到他的来信。 Ø  later为late的比较级,意为“较迟的(地)”。另外,还可用作副词,意为“后来”。如: He goes home later than anybody.他回家比谁都晚。 See you later.回头见。 Ø  latest为late的最高级,意为“最迟的(地)”;也相当于newest,意为“最新的”。如: I go to bed latest in the family.我是家里睡觉最迟的。 Here is the latest news from a broad.下面是来自国外的最新消息。 ‎ l      like;as ‎ Ø  二者都可以用作连词,作“像……一样”解,但like多用于非正式的美国英语里,as用于较为正式的场合。此外as从句中的谓语部分可以省略,而like从句中则不能省略谓语。如: ‎ Please do the experiment as Mr Li(does). 请像李先生那样做实验。(does可以省略) ‎ The fish doesn’t taste like(as)it should. 那鱼的味道不应该是那样的。 ‎ Ø 二者用作介词时,as强调同类属或完全像,往往指本身就是;like侧重于比较,本身不是。如: ‎ He works like a waiter. 他像侍者那样工作。(本身不是侍者) ‎ He works as a waiter. 他做侍者工作。(本身是侍者) ‎ l   likely; probable; possible 这三个词都表示“可能”,但possible和probable是形容词,只能修饰事、物;而likely既是形容词又是副词,可以修饰物,也可以修饰人。同时likely语气最强,probable次之,possible最弱。如:‎ The USA is likely to carry out another attack on Iraq with the excuse of fighting terrorism. ‎ 美国很可能以打击恐怖主义为借口,再次对伊拉克进行攻击。‎ It’s possible but not probable / likely that he will stick to his incorrect proposal. ‎ 他也许会坚持他的错误主张,但可能性不大。‎ l      living alive live 意思都含“活的”。 ‎ Ø  living 用于生物时, 指“活着的”, 如:‎ Shelly was still living when Keats died. 济慈死时, 雪莱还在世。‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ Ø  alive 指“活着的”、“在世的”, 着重于状态, 它用作表语, 或放有名词或代词后作定语, 如:‎ The spy was caught alive though he died from wounds the next day. ‎ 特务被活捉, 不过第二天便因重伤而死。‎ Ø  live 只用于物, 指“活的”, 如:‎ a live rat一只活鼠。‎ l   live on; live by Ø  live on意为“以……为主食”;“靠……过活”后接表示“食物”、“人”、“收入”等的词。如: ‎ The soldiers lived on wild plants. 那些士兵靠吃野菜为生。 ‎ The whole family lived on the earnings of the two sisters.全家靠两姐妹挣钱过日子。 ‎ Ø  live by意为“靠……(手段)谋生”,后常接表示“获得经济手段”的名词或-ing形式。如: ‎ Writers live by their pens while fishermen live by fishing. 作家靠笔谋生而渔夫以捕鱼为生。 ‎ l      luggage; baggage ‎ Ø  两者都表示“行李”,均是不可数名词。luggage属英式英语,是随身携带行李的总称;baggage属美式英语,是各种行李的总称。询问行李的多少,用how much引导疑问句;指行李的件数,需与a piece of或an article of连用。例如: ‎ two pieces of luggage/baggage 两件行李 ‎ three articles of luggage/baggage 三件行李 ‎ How much baggage/luggage does she have?她有多少行李? ‎ M l   manage;try Ø  manage to do sth.暗含succeed in doing sth.之意,指“(经过努力和克服困难之后)将某事做成”,即经过努力达到了目的,重点在于结果,后接动词不定式,不接v-ing。例如: He managed to finish the work in time. 他总算按时完成了任务。 Do you think you can manage to get us some tickets? 你看能想办法给我们搞几张票吗? Ø  try to do sth.指“设法或试图”做某事,强调要做某事或尽力做某事(但不一定成功)。例如: She will try to learn English. 她要设法学会英语。 Try not to be late again. 注意别再迟到了。 Ø  try doing sth.的意思是“(用某种方法)试一试或试试看”,指“试”的方法或方式,看看情况会怎样或结果是否满意。例如: Try knocking at the back door if nobody answers you at the front door. 如果前门没人应,试着敲敲后门。 He tried sending her flowers,but it didn’t have any effect. 他试着给她送花,但无济于事。 ‎ l       meet;meet with Ø  meet可作“遇见”、“迎接”解。Ø  meet with表示“遇见”、“碰到”时,常含有“偶尔”的意思(=come across,come upon)。此外,meet with还可表示“遭遇”或“经历”的意思。在美国英语中,meet with还可以表示“会见”。 ‎ ‎1) I often meet her on the street. ‎ ‎2) She said she had to go to the station to meet her uncle. ‎ ‎3) I have met with this word many times in my reading. ‎ ‎4) You should not lose heart when you meet with difficulty in learning a foreign language. ‎ ‎5) The department head met with her in his office. ‎ ‎ l       meeting; conference; gathering; party Ø  meeting可以用于两人或多人,表示偶然的或拟定的,短暂的或持续的聚会。它的用途很广,可用于日常普通场合,也可用于特殊的或官方的正式场合。如: ‎ The students had a class meeting last Friday. ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ The summit meeting of the state heads came to an end two days later. ‎ Ø  conference指专门性的正式会议,常用于就某个重大问题进行专门研究或交换意见的讨论会、协商会等。如: ‎ Many reporters came to attend the press conference. ‎ The annual conference of geologists will be held in Chicago this year. ‎ Ø  gathering一般指非正式的集会,常用于群众性的活动(像联欢会等)。如: ‎ A public gathering was held in Zhongshan Park on May Day. ‎ Ø  party指社交性或娱乐性的集会。如: ‎ Mary and I were invited to Jane’s birthday party the other day. ‎ Mr.Brown gave a dinner party last Thursday. ‎ ‎ l      merely; only; just Ø  这三个词作副词表示 “仅、只”可以换用,并且都放在它们所修饰的成分之前,merely的用法较正式。 如:‎ ‎    Instead of answering,she merely/only/just smiled. 她没有作答,只是微笑而已。‎ ‎    She’s come here just/only/merely to see you. 她来这里只是为了看你。‎ Ø  作形容词时, only表示“仅有的”;mere表示“仅仅的、单单的”;just意为“公正的”。如:‎ a just man 光明正大的人 ‎   They were the only people who had the keys. 只有他们有钥匙。‎ ‎    Mere words won’t help. 光说(不做)无济于事。‎ N l   none/nobody (no, one)/nothing Ø  none既可指人又可指物,意为“没有任何人或物;一个人也没有”,后可跟of短语连用,作主语时,谓语动词用单数或复数均可。例如: ‎ ‎—Have you bought any clothes?你买衣服了? ‎ ‎—None.一件也没买。 ‎ None of us has/have been to Macao.我们没有一个人去过澳门。 ‎ Ø  no one=nobody,只能指人,意为“没有人”;nothing只能指物,表示“没有什么(东西)”。它们不可与of短语连用,作主语时谓语动词只能用单数。例如: ‎ Nobody(No one)likes to lose money,does he?谁也不喜欢丢钱,对吗? ‎ There's nothing in the bag.口袋里什么也没有。 ‎ O l   occur;happen;take place ‎ 三者都表示“发生”,都是不及物动词。‎ Ø   happen指“偶然发生”时,主语为“事”;当主语是“人”时,意为“碰巧”。‎ Ø   occur 指“发生”时可与 happen 换用,但后接to sb./sth.时,两者含义不同:happen to sb./sth. 指不好的事情发生在某人(物)身上;occur to sb./sth. 指“某种思想等呈现于某人的知觉中”。‎ Ø   take place 表示“发生”,可与 happen 或occur换用,但其后面一般不接 to sb./sth.结构;指必然会发生的事情时,多用 take place;此外take place 还可表示“举行某种活动”。如:‎ ‎    He happened to know the place. 他碰巧知道那个地方。‎ ‎    When did the earthquake occur/happen? 地震是什么时候发生的﹖‎ ‎    Didn’t it occur to you to phone them about it? 你难道就没想过给他们打个电话﹖‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ ‎    Has anything happened to him﹖ 他出什么事了吗﹖‎ ‎    In 1919, the May 4th Movement took place in China.一九一九年,中国发生了五四运动。‎ l   official; officer Ø  official常指政府官员,行政官员,高级职员。 ‎ 如:the government officials政府官员。‎ Ø  officer常指穿着特别制服的官员军官,武官等。 ‎ 如:officers of state部长(职位较高的); customs officer海关人员;‎ railway officer乘务员; an officer of the law法官;‎ police officer警官。 ‎ l      on earth;on the earth;in the earthon earth有三层含义和用法: ‎ Ø  作“到底”或“究竟”解,置于 what,when等疑问词之后,以加强问句的语气。例如: ‎ ‎①What on earth is it?这到底是什么东西? ‎ ‎②Why on earth did you tella lie?你究竟为什么要说谎? ‎ Ø  作“当今”或“世界上”解,用于最高级之后,以加强语气。例如: ‎ He said,“I'm the happiest man on earth.”他说:“我是世界上最幸福的人。” ‎ Ø  用于否定词之后,作“一点儿也不”解,以加强否定的语气。例如: ‎ It's no use on earth.这一点儿也没有用。 ‎ He said,“Nothing on earth can change my mind.”他说:“无论什么也不能改变我的主意。” ‎ Ø  on the earth作“在地球上”解。例如: We live on the earth.我们生活在地球上。 ‎ Ø  in the earth为“在地下”之意。例如: ‎ Many other animals dig holes in the earth.许多其他动物在地下挖洞。 ‎ ‎ l   once;as soon as Ø  两者均为从属连词,引导时间状语从句,都表示主句的动作紧跟在从句的动作之后发生。主要区别在于:once除含时间之意外,还表示“条件”,一般译作“一旦……就……”。例如: Once he makes up his mind,he’ll never give it up.他一旦下定决心,就决不会放弃(本句不可用as soon as)。 Ø  而as soon as强调的只是时间,译作“刚……就……”或“一……就……”。例如: As soon as I get to Beijing,I’ll write to you.我一到北京就写信给你。 ‎ ‎ l   one another;each other Ø  两者均表示“互相;彼此”,为代词,仅作动词或介词的宾语,不作其它成分。两者虽可换用,但each other多用于两者之间的关系,one another多用于三者或三者以上之间的情况。例如: We both see each other at the office every day.我们俩每天在办公室碰面。 The six blind men couldn’t agree with one another.这六个瞎子各执己见。 They hate each other/one another.他们互相憎恨。 ‎ ‎ l   one's own/oneself Ø  如属于句子主语的“身内之物”(包括穿戴之物)或思想范畴内的东西,通常用one's own。 ‎ 如:He cut his own hand.他割了自己的手。 ‎ ‎   I won't believe you until I've seen you in the jar with my own eyes. 我要亲眼看见你在坛子里才会相信。 ‎ Ø  one's own有时可指代前面提到过的同类事物。 ‎ 如:I don't need to borrow your pen.I've got my own.我不需要借你的钢笔,我有我自己的。 ‎ Ø  oneself: 反身代词,强调句子主语发出的动作的承受者就是主语“自身”,即主语本身就是动作的承受者。 ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ 如:The little child cannot look after himself. 这小孩不能自己照顾自己。‎ ‎(该句中用himself,因为the little child 既是动作执行者,也是动作承受者。) ‎ The girl put on her new clothes and looked about herself in the mirror.‎ 那姑娘穿上新衣服,对着镜子打量着自己。 ‎ Ø  3)oneself一般不作定语,而one's own则可以作定语。 ‎ 如:This is myself's book.(×) ‎ ‎    This is my own book.(√) ‎ P l   particular; especial; special Ø  particular着重指同类事物中某一个具有独特性质的事例,是相当“一般”而言的“特殊”、“特定”。如: On that particular day the stores are closed. 在特定的那一天店铺都关了门。(平时没有这种现象) Ø  special和especial都有“特殊的,特别的”之意。如: What are your special interests? 你有些什么特别的爱好? Collecting stamps is a matter of especial interest. 集邮是特别有趣的事。 Ø  不同的是,special还有“专门的,额外的”的意思。如: You need a special tool to do that.干那个活儿要用专用工具。 Take special care of it.对这东西要特别细心。 ‎ l   persuade sb.to do sth.; advise sb.to do sth.; try to persuade sb.to do sth. Ø  persuade sb.to do sth.意为“说服某人干某事”,其结果是成功的(即成功地说服某人干某事)。如: ‎ Tom persuaded his father to give up smoking at last.汤姆终于说服他父亲戒烟了。 ‎ Ø  advise sb.to do sth.意为“劝说某人干某事”,其结果可能是劳而无功(即“说”而未“服”)。如: ‎ She advised her parents to give up smoking, but they wouldn’t listen. 她劝她的父母戒烟,但他们不愿听。 ‎ Ø  try to persuade sb.to do sth.意为“尽力说服某人干某事”,相当于advise sb.to do sth。如: ‎ I tried to persuade him to continue his study, but I failed. 我尽力劝他继续学习,但没有成功。 ‎ ‎ l   penny; pence; penniesØ  penny“便士”,为硬币,是英国及爱尔兰等国的货币单位,100便士等于一英磅。pence及pennies都是penny的复数,但用法有别:pence指钱的总额,pennies指一个一个的硬币。例如: ‎ This pen costs thirty pence. 这支钢笔卖三十便士。 ‎ Give me ten pennies for this ten-penny piece. 请把这枚十便士的硬币换成十枚一便士的硬币。 ‎ Ø  “数词+penny”表示“……便士的”,为形容词,作定语;“数词+pence”表示“……便士”,为名词。试比较: ‎ five penny五便士的(形容词) five pence五便士(名词) ‎ l   pity; shameØ  两者均可表示“遗憾的事”,常与a连用,指没实现某种愿望而感到遗憾、懊悔或可惜,可以换用。例如: ‎ What a pity/shame that she can not come! 她不能来真是遗憾! ‎ It is a shame/pity that you can’t help us. ‎ 你不能帮助我们真是遗憾。 ‎ Ø  shame还可表示“可耻之事;令人难堪的事”,指说话人对某种行为感到厌烦、憎恶或讨厌,而pity没有这一意思。例如: ‎ It’s a shame to be so wasteful.这么浪费,太可耻了。 ‎ It’s a shame to treat animals like that.那样对待动物真是太过分了。 ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ ‎ l   point to/ point outØ  point to表示“指向”、“指着”,其中to表示方向;point out表示“指出”。EXERCISES:①Mr Li one of these things. ②Can you my mistakes? (Keys:①points to ②point out) l   possibly; probably; perhaps; maybe 这几个副词都有“可能”的意思,用法如下:Ø  possible“或许;也许”,所指的可能性较小,为加强语气,可与can或could连用;与may连用,表示的可能性更小。例如: ‎ It may possibly be true.也许是真的。 ‎ Please call me as soon as you possibly can.请尽快给我打电话。 ‎ Could you possibly tell me the answer﹖你能告诉我这个答案吗?‎ Ø  probably“很有可能;十之八九”,其语义较强,可能性较大。在否定句中,probably不能紧跟在否定词之后。例如: ‎ It will probably be fine tomorrow.明天大概会是晴天。 ‎ 译:她大概不会来这里。 ‎ 正:Probably she won’t come here. ‎ 正:She probably won’t come here. ‎ 正:She won’t come here probably. ‎ 误:She won’t probably come here.‎ Ø  perhaps“或许”,含有“可能这样,也可能不这样”之意,其含义和用法与maybe一样,多用于口语。maybe多用于美国英语。在这几个单词中,语义最强的是probably,其次是perhaps和maybe,最弱的是possibly。例如: ‎ Perhaps we will be late for work.或许我们上班会迟到。 ‎ Perhaps we’d better take a bus.也许我们最好乘公共汽车。 ‎ ‎ l   power force strength 都含"力"、"力量"的意思。‎ Ø  power 指 "身体上、精神上或心理上的力量, 不管是表现出来的还是潜在的", 如:‎ It's beyond his power. 这是他力所不及的。‎ Ø  force 指"运用或发挥出来的力量, 可以克服阻力, 使人或物按要求方向运动", 如:‎ He did it with a great force. 他用了很大的力才把它做完了。‎ Ø  strength 指"内部固有的力量", 表示物质力量时, 着重"体格或构造健全、完善等方面的力量, 如体力强度等"; 表示精神力量时, 指"持久、坚定、无畏、坚韧等", 如:‎ the strength to lift something 举起某物的力。‎ ‎ l   prefer…to…;prefer to… rather than… Ø  两个动词短语均可作“喜欢……而不喜欢……”或“宁愿……而不愿……”解,其后均可接名词。例如: I prefer volleyball to basketball(=I prefer to volleyball rather than basketball). 我喜欢排球而不喜欢篮球。 Ø  主要区别在于:prefer…to…之后接动词时,均用-ing形式。例如: He prefers walking to cycling. 他宁愿步行而不愿骑自行车。 Ø  而prefer to…rather than…之后接动词时,均要用动词原形。例如: Liu Hulan preferred to die rather than surrender before the enemy. 刘胡兰在敌人面前宁死不屈。 Xiao Wu prefers to work rather than sit idle. 小吴喜欢工作而不喜欢闲坐。    ‎ l      prepare;prepare for;prepare…for;be prepared for;be(get)ready ‎ Ø  prepare sth.意为“准备某事”强调准备的过程或动作,宾语必须是这一动作的直接承受者;另有“配置、调制”之意。‎ Ø  prepare for意为“为……作准备”,for后面的宾语是准备的目的,即所要应付的情况。‎ Ø  prepare sth.for意为“为……做好准备”。‎ Ø  be prepared for强调准备好的状态。‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ Ø  be(get)ready意为“准备好”,着重指准备的结果。be(get)ready to do还有“乐于干……”的意思。 ‎ ‎  [EXERCISES]‎ ‎1.We ____ the mid-term examination. ‎ ‎2.Wheat can be ____ in many different ways. ‎ ‎3.The students ____ their lessons ____ the exam. ‎ ‎4.Can you ____ your future job? ‎ ‎5.He ____ always ____ to help others. ‎ ‎6.Miss Li said,“Everyone should ____ before class.” ‎ ‎7.Mother ____ lunch in the kitchen. ‎ ANSWER: 1.are preparing for   2.prepared   3.are preparing…for   4.be prepared for 5.is…ready   6.be ready    7.is preparing l   prize;medal Ø  prize是表示“奖品”或“奖(彩)金”之意。例如: Einstein won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. 1921年,爱因斯坦获得了诺贝尔物理奖。 She took the first prize for her singing. 她获得了唱歌一等奖。 Ø  而medal是指“奖牌(章)”或“勋章”。例如: Carl Lew is won four gold medals. 卡尔·刘易斯夺得四块金牌。 A medal was given to the brave fighter. 勋章授给了那位英勇的战士。 ‎ l   put; place; lay 三个词都能作“放”解,细微的差别在于: Ø  put常指把某物弄到某个地方,并把它留在那里。如: ‎ Please put the umbrella behind the door.请把伞放在门后。 ‎ Ø  place主要指把东西放在一定的位置上。如: ‎ She placed the table in the middle of the room.她把桌子放在房间的中央。 ‎ Ø  lay常指把某物平放在某处。如: ‎ She laid the table for lunch.她摆好桌子准备吃饭。 ‎ ‎*注意下面几个动词的词形、词性及意义的区别。如: ü  lie (vi).-lied-lied-lying 撒谎。如: ‎ He has lied since his childhood.他从小就一直撒谎。 ‎ ü  lie(vi.) lay-lain-lying 躺;位于。如: ‎ He lay on the floor, reading a book.他躺在地板上看书。 ‎ ü  lay (vt.) laid-laid-laying 放;搁。如: ‎ He laid the book on the table.他把书放在桌子上。 ‎ Q l   quiet; silent; still Ø  quiet意为“安静的、寂静的”。用于自然环境,指没有活动、喧闹的寂静状态;指人时,表示生性安静、不易激动。如: ‎ Be quiet.Your father is sleeping now.安静点,你爸爸正在睡觉呢。 ‎ Jane was a quiet girl.简是个天性好静的女孩。 ‎ Ø  silent意为“寂静的、沉默的”,表示不说话、不弄出声响,但不一定指没有活动。如: ‎ He always keeps silent when the teacher questions him. 老师向他提问时,他总是保持沉默。 ‎ The class was silent as the teacher explained the exam rules. 当老师解释考规时教室里寂静无声。 ‎ Ø  still意为“安静的、不动的”,不指心理状态,而指环境和人表面上无动作的平静状态。如: ‎ Stand still while I take your photo.站着别动,我给你拍照。 ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ R l       raise; keep; support; feed 这四个词都有“抚养”、“养家”、“赡养”的意思,但也有区别。 ‎ Ø  raise意为“抚养(指人);饲养(指动物或禽畜)”之意。如: ‎ He raised the children himself;his wife died years ago.‎ 他的妻子多年以前就去世了,他一手把孩子拉扯大。 ‎ He raised those goats from new-born kids.那些羊从小羊羔时就是他喂养的。 ‎ Ø  keep表示“养活(指人);饲养(指动物或禽畜)”。如: ‎ John has his wife and six children to keep(support).约翰要养活妻子和六个孩子。 ‎ They kept some hens and pigs.他们养了一些鸡和猪。 ‎ Ø  support意为“养活”,不用于饲养动物。如: ‎ She supports her old mother.她赡养老母亲。 ‎ He has a large family to support.他要养活一大家子。 ‎ Ø  feed意为“喂养;饲养;以……为食”。如: ‎ Have you fed the baby/cow yet?婴儿/牛喂了吗? ‎ She fed meat to her dog. =She fed her dog with/on meat.她用肉喂狗。 ‎ Foxes feed on small animals.狐狸以小动物为食。 ‎ ‎ l   rather than/would rather(…than)Ø  rather than是连词,前后两端所连的词性是一致的,通常译为“而不是”或“与其说是……不如说是”,有时可用短语介词instead of替代。例如: He was writing a letter rather than=(instead of)reading the newspaper.他那时正在写信而不在看报纸。 John should go rather than=(instead of)Jean.应该去的是约翰,而不是简。 These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.这些鞋子谈不上漂亮,但穿起来倒很舒服。 Evans is a doctor rather than a teacher.与其说埃文斯是个老师,不如说是个医生。Ø  would rather表示选择或主观上的愿望,其中的would亦可理解为had。它表示“宁愿、宁可”的意思。如果要把取舍的双方都表达出来,则应该用would(or:had)rather…than,表示“宁愿……也不……”的意思。例如: My aunt invited me to the film, but I said I'd rather go on a picnic with the girls. 我的姑妈邀请我去看电影,可是我说我倒愿意跟女孩子们一起去野餐。 I am sure they would(or:had)rather die than give up.我深信他们一定会宁死不屈。 ‎ ‎ l   refer to; refer…to Ø  refer to意为①“谈及”,“提到”;②“查阅”,“参考”。如: ‎ You are the very person I referred to just now.你正是我刚才所指的人。 ‎ Please refer to the map of the city when you first drive here. 当你第一次在这儿驾驶时,请参看市政地图。 ‎ Ø  refer…to意为①“把……提交给”,“把……归功于”②“让……处理/查找”,可用于被动语态。如: ‎ The dispute was referred to the United Nations.争端被提交联合国解决。 ‎ He referred me to the notes.他建议我参看一下注释。 ‎ We referred our great development to the correct leadership of the Party. ‎ 我们把我们所取得的巨大发展归功于党的正确领导。 ‎ l   reply;answer ‎ Ø  二者均可表示“回答”,可作名词和动词。answer 为一般用语,主要用于对问题、指责等的回答;reply的用法较正式,多用于对问题作出解释、辩论或陈述性回答。二者作名词时都指“……的答案或答复”,均与 to 连用。例如:‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ ‎    Answer this question. 回答这个问题。‎ ‎    I asked her the reason, but she didn’t reply. 我问她为什么,她却不回答。‎ ‎     I received no reply / answer to my request. 我的要求没有收到任何答复。‎ Ø  answer 后面可直接跟宾语,而reply 跟宾语时须与 to 连用;answer 可表示对电话、敲门等作出的“应答”,reply 则不能。例如:‎ ‎    You must reply to/answer this letter right away. 你应当马上回复这封信。‎ ‎    Who answered the telephone? 谁接的电话?‎ Ø  如果是指练习题的“答案”,一般用 answer。例如:‎ ‎    The answer to 6×10 is 60. 6乘以10 的答案是60。‎ l   reporter; journalist Ø  reporter=news reporter“新闻记者”,特指外出采访的记者。Ø  journalist“记者”泛指新闻工作者,如报纸的编辑、采访记者、摄影记者都可以叫journalist。 ‎ ‎ l   road/street/way/pathØ  road意为“路”,“道路”,指供车辆或人通过的广阔平坦的大道,常指“公路”,“马路”等,两侧一般没有建筑物。例如: Jim and Li Lei meet on the road.吉姆和李雷在路上相遇。 The car is running along the road.汽车沿着这条路行驶。Ø  street指城镇、乡村两旁有建筑物的“街道”。“在街上”可以说on the street,也可以说in the street,前者是美国英语,后者是英国英语。例如: Go along the street,and take the third turning on the right.沿着大街走,在第三个路口往右拐。 There are many shops in the street. 街上有许多商店。Ø  way意为“道路”,指street,road或任何可以通行的路,含义较抽象。口语中问路时常用way。way还可指路程距离。例如: How can I get there? I don't know the way. 我怎么能到达那里?我不知道路。 I asked the way to the station.我打听去车站的路。 It was a long way from here. 它离这儿很远。Ø  path通常指“小路、小径”,只供人行走的路,可以是人们践踏而成的路,如山中、林间的羊肠小道;也可以指公园、田间的小路,还可以指供人或事物移动的“路线”等。例如: They walked along the path across the field.他们沿着穿越田野的路走去。  ‎ l      room;place;space ‎ Ø  room有两层含义,一为“房间”,是可数名词;二表示人或物体所占的“空间或场所”、处事的“余地”等意思,是不可数名词,可用little,much,no,plenty等词修饰。可构成make room for给……让出地方;take up room占地方;leave room for留出空间给……等短语。‎ Ø  place指人们从事各种活动的“地方,场所,位置”,是可数名词,常用的短语有take one’s place就坐,入席;in place在适当的位置。‎ space意为“空间”,是不可数名词,表示万物存在之处;作“空隙、空白”解时,是可数名词。‎ ‎ [EXERCISES]‎ ‎1.There isn’t ____ in the classroom for thirty desks. ‎ ‎2.Wuhan’s a hot ____ in summer. ‎ ‎3.There is ____ in improvement in your work. ‎ ANSWER: 1.space/room  2.place  3.room l   run away/run after/ run throughØ  run away意为“逃走;逃跑;溜掉”等。Ø  run after意为“追赶;追逐;寻找;搜寻”等。Ø  run through意为“穿过;流过”等。 ‎ ‎[EXERCISES] ‎ ‎①The dog the hare(野兔)now. ②The river the village. ③When the policeman arrived,the thief . (Keys:①is running after ②runs through ③had run away) ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ l   run out; run out of Ø  run out of表示“某人用完某物”,相当于及物动词,后面可接宾语,并可用于进行时。如: We are running out of fuel.我们的燃料快用完了。 Ø  2run out指“某物用完了”,为不及物动词,不能用于被动语态。如: The fuel was rapidly running out.燃料很快就要用完了。 Time is running out.时间快到了。 ‎ S l       satisfaction; content ‎ Ø  satisfaction“满足”,为名词,指达到希望时所感觉到的较强的满足感,其形容词为satisfactory(指事物,不可用人作主语)或satisfied(可用人作主语)。例如: ‎ His success gave me great satisfaction. 他的成功令我非常满意。 Your work is satisfactory. 你的工作令人满意。 I am satisfied at your success. 我对你的成功感到满意。 ‎ Ø  content“满足”,为普通用语,语气较弱,其要求值不高,一般的事情只要过得去或没有什么不满就算content,可作名词或形容词(可用人作主语)。例如: ‎ He takes content in nothing. 他这人从不知足。 He takes content in everything. 他这人容易满足。 He is content to live in the countryside. 他满足于住在乡下。 ‎ l       search;search for; search…for;in search of ‎ Ø         search  vt.search sb.搜某人的身;search a place 搜某个地方。如: ‎ The policeman is searching a thief.那警察正在搜小偷的身。 ‎ Ø  search for sb./sth.搜寻、寻找某人、某物。如: ‎ They searched for that man everywhere.他们到处寻找那个人。 ‎ Ø  search…for sb./sth.搜……寻找某人、某物。如: ‎ They searched the woods for a lost child.他们在树林里搜寻一个丢失的孩子。 ‎ Ø  insearch of中的search为名词,意为“寻找;寻求”。如: ‎ They went to Australia in search of gold.他们去澳大利亚寻找金子。 ‎ l   search; search for; look for Ø  search用作及物动词,后跟“人”时,意为“搜身”;后跟地点名词时,表示“对某地进行搜查”。也可在宾语后加for短语,表示搜查具体目标。如: The policemen searched everyone at the party. 警察对参加聚会的每个人都进行了搜身。 The enemy searched the mountain for the Red Army, but they failed. 敌人在山上搜寻红军,但没找到。 Ø  search for意为“寻找”,可视为是search...for的省略式,此时search为不及物动词。如: She searched for her lost cat everywhere,but failed. 她到处寻找走失的猫,但没找到。 Ø  另外,search用作名词,常构成短语:in one’s search for相当于in search of, 后者search前不用冠词或人称代词。如: They went out in their search for food.=They went out in search of food.他们外出寻找食物。Ø  look for意为“寻找”,但没有search for注意力集中,地点名词不可直接跟在look后作宾语,其前需加介词。如: What are you looking for on the playground﹖ 你在操场上找什么呢? ‎ l       set up;set out;set off;set about ‎ Ø  set up 建立政权、组织、国家等。如: ‎ The government has set up a working party to look into the problem of drug abuse.‎ 政府已成立工作组调查毒品泛滥问题。 ‎ Ø  set out 出发;动身。如: ‎ They set out for Beijing yesterday.他们昨天动身去北京。(此种情况下out可用off替换)。 ‎ Ø  set out to do sth.开始做某事。如:‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ She set out to break the world land speed record.她决心打破陆上速度的世界纪录。 ‎ Ø  set off使(地雷、炸弹)等爆炸。如:‎ Do be careful with those fireworks; the slightest spark could set them off. ‎ 要格外小心这些烟火,稍有火星就会引起爆炸。 ‎ Ø  set sb.off doing sth.使某人开始干某事。如: ‎ Her imitations always set us off laughing.她模仿别人的动作,每次都把我们逗笑。 ‎ Ø  set about用于set about sth./doing sth.结构中,表示开始做某事,着手干某事。如: ‎ The new government must set about finding solutions to the country's economic problems. ‎ 新政府必须立即找出解决国家经济问题的办法。 ‎ l   so/suchØ  两者都可以表示“如此”、“这样”。so是副词,用来修饰形容词或副词;such是形容词,用来修饰名词,如果修饰单数可数名词(名词前常有形容词修饰),其后需加不定冠词a或an,即把不定冠词置于such的后面,形容词的前面。 ‎ 例如:He writes so well.他字写得这么好。 ‎ ‎      He told us such a funny story.他给我们讲了一个很有趣的故事。 ‎ Ø  另外,当名词前有many,much,few,little等词修饰时,用so,不用such;当单数可数名词前有形容词修饰时,也可以用so,但要调整冠词的位置,即冠词置于形容词之后,单数可数名词前。例如: ‎ They made so much noise,our teacher got angry.他们吵得这么历害,老师生气了。 ‎ It's so cold a day to day.(=It's such a cold day today.)今天是这么寒冷的一天。 ‎ ‎ l   so as to; in order to; so…as to Ø  so as to与in order to二者均表示“以便;为了”,后接动词不定式作目的状语,可以换用;但so as to引导的目的状语不能置于句首,而in order to则可以。如: He stopped working in order to/so as to take a rest.他停止工作以便休息。 In order to make a living, he had to work day and night.为了谋生,他不得不日夜工作。 Ø  “so+形容词/副词+as to”的意思是“如此的……以致于”,引导表示结果的状语。如: He ran so fast as to get a pain in his side.他跑得太快,结果导致腹侧疼痛。 ‎ l   sometimes/sometime/some time Ø  sometimes是个频度副词,意为“有时”,表示动作发生的不经常性,常与一般现在时或一般过去时连用。如: ‎ Sometimes I have lunch at school.有时我在学校吃午饭。 ‎ Ø  sometime是个副词,意为“某时”,指时间上不确定的某一点,常用于过去时或将来时。如: ‎ I saw him sometime in July.七月有一天我曾见到过他。 ‎ Ø  some time是个名词短语,意思是“一段时间”,在句中常与for,take等词连用。如: ‎ I'll stay here for some time. 我将在这儿呆一段时间。 ‎ l   sow;plant;grow ‎ Ø  sow意为“播、撒、播种、种”,其后跟(the)seeds或“植物(结成种状的)”。如: ‎ It’s time to sow wheat now. 现在该种小麦了。 ‎ Don’t sow the seeds of hatred. 请不要撒下仇恨的种子。(比喻用法) ‎ Ø  plant意为“栽、插、移植”,其后跟作物(多为苗状的)。如: ‎ He plants rice fastest in the village. 他在那个村子里插秧的速度最快。 ‎ The garden was planted with Chinese roses. 园子里栽上了月季。 ‎ Ø  grow作及物动词时,意为“种植、培植”,后接宾语(不表明种状还是苗状,强调种植后的栽培及管理过程);作不及物动词时,意为“生长、发育”;作系动词时,意为“变得”。如: ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ They can only grow potatoes in the fields. 他们只能在地里种土豆。 ‎ It grows up straight and thin. 它长得又直又细。 ‎ It began to grow dark. 天渐渐黑了。 ‎ ‎ l   spend/take/pay Ø  spend“花费”常用于 Sb.spend(s)some money(time)on sth.或 Sb.spend(s)some money(time)(in)doing sth.其主语一般是人。 ‎ 如:He spent 20 yuan on the pen.他花了20元钱买了这支钢笔。 ‎ I spent a week(in)finishing reading the book.我花了一周时间读完这本书。 ‎ Ø  take常用于占用或花费“时间”,其句型为:Sth.takes sb.time 或 It takes sb.time to do sth. ‎ 如:The work will take us two hours.这项工作将花费我们两小时。 ‎ ‎  It took me three days to travel to Beijing.我在北京旅游了三天。 ‎ Ø  pay“付款、给……报酬”,它可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。pay常用于以下几种句型:①Sb.pay(s)sb.money意为“某人付款给另一个人或某人给另一个人多少报酬”。 ‎ 如:He pays me fifty yuan a week.他每周给我五十元的报酬。 ‎ ‎②pay for sth.意为“付……款、给……报酬”。 ‎ 如:He has paid for the meal.他已付了那顿饭的钱。 ‎ ‎③pay money for sth.意为“花多少钱买某物”。‎ 如:My father paid 40 pounds for the desk.我父亲花了40英磅买了这张书桌。 ‎ ‎ l   step/walk Ø  这两个词都与“走、步行”有关,它们都可以作动词或名词。step多用来指“短步,台步或急步”,而walk多用来表示“漫步,散步或稳步”。 ‎ 如:作动词The young man stepped into the house.那位年轻人走进房子里。(表示走的动作短、急)‎ The young man walked into the house.那位年轻人走进房子里。(表示走的动作慢、稳) ‎ 作名词 We heard his steps of coming home.我们听到了他回家的脚步声。(表示脚步声) ‎ Let's have(take)a walk,shall we?咱们散散步,好吗?(表示四处走动走动) ‎ ‎ l       steady;firm ‎ Ø  firm常译为“坚固的”,“坚决的”,表示具体的事物地位牢固不易动摇;也可表示意志、信仰的“坚定”。如: ‎ We must stop people walking on this floor until it is firm. 我们一定不能让人在这地板上走动,要等地板牢固了才行。 Our friendship is as firm as a rock. 我们的友谊坚如磐石。 ‎ Ø  steady则意为“稳固的”,“扎实的”,强调保持平衡不动摇,如指有形物,则指根基的稳固;也可用于指运动中的平稳。如: ‎ It is hard to hold a steady position on the beam. 在平衡木上保持平衡是很困难的。 He is making steady progress.他正取得稳步的进步。  ‎ l   stop/pause/end 三者都表示“停止”,都可作动词用。Ø  stop后跟to do时,表示停下来去做另一件事;后跟doing时,表示停止正在做的事情。如: He stopped to greet us. 他停下来向我们打招呼。 I have stopped smoking. 我已戒烟了。Ø  pause含有“休、止”之义,强调“中止”。如:Ø  end多指“自然的结束”。如: The book ends on page 364. 该书在第364页结束。 ‎ l   struggle; fight Ø  fight意为“打仗,战斗,和……作斗争”。常构成词组:fight for为……而战;fight against为反对……而斗争;fight with和……一起战斗。如: ‎ Lincoln fought hard for freedom of all people.林肯为全民的自由而奋斗。 ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ Some countries who fought with each other in World War II fought against each other in the Cold War. ‎ 有些在二战中并肩作战的国家在冷战中却互相进行争斗。 ‎ Ø  struggle意为“挣扎”,也可指“斗争”,与fight相比,斗争更为费力,处境更难。struggle against和(同)……斗争; struggle for为……斗争。如: ‎ The Canadians struggled all through the years with us against the Japanese. ‎ 那些加拿大人那些年一直和我们一起同日本人斗争。 ‎ The book is about their struggle for liberation. 这本书写的是他们为解放而作的斗争。 ‎ ‎ l       supply; provide ‎ 两者均可表示“供应;供给”,指对于缺乏或不足的事物进行补充或供给,用法如下: ‎ Ø  supply常与to/for或with连用,其结构是:supply sth.to/for sb.或supply sb.with sth.。例如: ‎ They supply food to/for the survivors.=They supply the survivors with food.他们供应食物给幸存者。 ‎ Ø  provide常与for或with连用,其结构是:provide sth.for sb.或provide sb.with sth.。例如: ‎ He provides food and clothes for his family.=He provides his family with food and clothes.他给家人提供衣食。‎ T l       take along; take care of; take place; take out ‎ ‎1) Miss Wang ___ a handkerchief and blew her nose. ‎ ‎2) Mr Zhang ___ some of his pictures in the hope of getting a job there. ‎ ‎3) Since 1996, great changes ___ in our school. ‎ ‎4) My grandmother was ill.I must stay at home to ___ her. ‎ 析: ①took out。表示“拿出;掏出”。 ②took along。表示“携带;随身带着”,其中along是副词。 ③have taken place。表示“发生”,相当于一不及物动词,无被动语态。 ④take care of。表示“照料;照管;照顾”。 ‎ l   tell ... from; tell ... between Ø  二者均为习惯用法:tell A from B意为“区分A和B”,也可以说成tell the difference between A and B。如:‎ Can you tell American English from British English﹖  你能分辨出美国英语和英国英语吗?‎ To tell the truth, I really can’t tell the differences between the Maori and American Indians. ‎ 老实说,我真的分不清毛利人和印第安人。‎ l   the same as;the same that Ø  the same as是表示“相似或同一类的人和事”之意。例如: Many of the sports were the same as they are now. 过去的很多体育项目和现在的一样。 This is the same book as Mr Wang lost. 这本书跟王先生丢失的那本一模一样。 Ø  而the same that作“同一个人或同一件事”解。例如: This is the same book that Mr Wang lost. 这本书就是王先生丢失的那本书。 That is the same bike that I lost. 那辆自行车就是我丢失的那辆。 ‎ l   think of/think about/think over Ø  这三个词组都与“想”有关,但所表达的含义有所不同。 Ø  think of多用来指“想起,认为”。 ‎ 如:Last night,before I went to bed,I thought of my parents.昨晚我睡觉前,想起了我的父母。 ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ What do you think of that book?你认为那本书怎么样? ‎ Ø  think about 多用来指“考虑某事情或对某事进行思考”。 ‎ 如:Think about what you have done!想想你所做的这一切吧! ‎ Ø  think over意思是“仔细考虑,认真思考”。 ‎ 如:Before you answer this question,please think it over.在回答这个问题之前,请认真考虑一下。 ‎ ‎ l   this kind of, of this kind Ø  二者都表示“这种……”,但“this kind of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的数常与kind保持一致;“名词+of this kind”作主语时,谓语动词的数常与该名词保持一致。如: This kind of actress is easy to find but directors of this kind are scarce. 这种女演员不难找,可是这种导演却不多见。 ‎ l       though;although;as Ø  这三个词都可以表示“虽然”、“尽管”。though和although引导让步状语从句时,常可互换,只是although的语气更强一些。如: ‎ Though/Although it was late,the farmers kept on harvesting the crops by the lights of the tractors. ‎ Ø  此外,though可以用于省略句,although很少这样用though引导的从句可以部分倒装,although引导的从句不用倒装语序。如: ‎ Though poor, he is always neatly dressed. ‎ Poor though I am, I can afford it. ‎ Ø  as表示“虽然”、“尽管”引导让步状语从句时,从句要用倒装语序,将表语、状语等置于句首。 ‎ Tired as he was, he went on working with his workmates. ‎ Child as he is, he knows a lot about the computer. ‎ 注意:as引导让步状语从句时,若充当表语的名词位于句首,则该名词前面不用冠词。 ‎ l       through; over; across; into ‎ ‎1) The PLA man jumped ___ the water to save the boy. ‎ ‎2) The highway goes under the river ___ the tunnel. ‎ ‎3) There is a bridge ___ the river. ‎ ‎4) The ship sailed ___ the Atlantic. ‎ ‎5) The students walked ___ the gate with Mr Liu. ‎ 析: ①into。意为“进入;到……里”,含动作方向为由外向里之意。 ⑤through。意为“通过;穿过”,侧重于指从物体的中间穿过。 ③over。此处意为“(位置)横跨;在……上面”,表示动作时为“越过……”之意。 ④across。意为“横过;穿过”,一般指从房间、原野、海洋等一端横越到另一端或两个动作方向成十字交叉状。   ‎ l   trip;journey;travel;tour ‎ Ø  trip是非正式用语,指短时间内往返的商业旅行或观光旅行。如: ‎ We went on a pleasant trip to the nearest seaside during our vacation. ‎ 在假期里我们到最近的海滨作了一次愉快的旅行。 ‎ Ø  journey常指由某一地点到另一地点的旅行,也指旅行的路程,是比较正式的用语。如: ‎ He made a long journey from Beijing to London. 他从北京到伦敦做了一次长途旅行。 ‎ Ø  travel泛指旅行、游历,是最为普通的用语,但无路程的含义。如: ‎ He came home after five years of travel. 五年的旅行后,他回到家中。 ‎ Ø  tour常指访问多处的观光旅行,常指周游后回到原出发地之意。如: ‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ Confucius began to make his tour among the states. 孔夫子开始周游列国。 ‎ l       try on; try out ‎ Ø  try on指“试穿(衣服、鞋子)”及“试戴(帽子)”等,其中的on为副词,当宾语是代词时,该宾语要放在on之前;如果宾语是名词,该宾语放在on之前或之后均可。例如: ‎ try on a coat=try a coat on  试穿衣服 The new hat is for you.Please try it on. 这新帽子是给你的,请试试看。 ‎ Ø  try out指“试验或试用”某种机器、理论或方法,其中的out为副词,当宾语是代词时,try out要分开用。例如: ‎ We tried out this new crop on a large area last year. 去年我们大面积试种这种新庄稼。 I'll try it out and see if it works. 我来试试看能否行得通。 ‎ U l   used to; be used to; get used to Ø  used to意为“过去常常(做某事)”,后接动词原形。常用来表示今昔对比,含“(现在)已不那样做了”之意。如: ‎ She used to work hard.她过去工作很努力。(暗指现在工作不努力了。) ‎ Ø  be used to 有两个含义:①“被用来做某事”,后接动词原形。②“习惯于;适应”,后接名词、代词或v-ing,表示一种状态。如: ‎ Computers are used to do many things for people now. 现在计算机被用来做许多事情。 ‎ He is used to hard work. 他现在习惯于艰苦的工作。 ‎ She isn’t used to living in the countryside now. 她不习惯在乡下生活。 ‎ Ø  get used to 意为“习惯于”,表示一个动作,含“由不适应向适应的转变”,其后接名词、代词或v-ing。如: You’ll soon get used to the weather here.你很快就会适应这儿的天气。‎ V l      vast; huge ‎    两者都是形容词,意思是“巨大的、庞大的”。 在强调面积和范围的宽广或博大时,用vast;指体积或容量等方面“巨大、超过一般标准”时,用huge。如:‎ ‎    This area is covered in vast forests. 这个地区被一片广阔无垠的森林覆盖。‎ ‎     That’s a huge ship. 那艘船好大。‎ l      very; right; just 三者都含有“正好;就是”之意,Ø  very是形容词,用来修饰名词,位于the, this,my等限定词后;Ø  right和just作副词,用来修饰谓语(常为动词be)或作状语的介词短语等,须放在the, this,my等限定词之前。如: ‎ At the very beginning of this term, they took an exam. 就在学期开始的时候,他们举行了一次考试。 ‎ He is just the actor I want.他正是我所想要的演员。 ‎ The police looked at the thief right in the eye.警察目不转睛地盯着小偷。 ‎ W l   wash/wash awayØ  wash表示“洗(手、衣服等)”,既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词;Ø  wash away表示“冲走”、“冲垮”、“洗掉”,作及物动词短语用。 ‎ ‎[EXERCISES] ‎ ‎①The flood some of the houses in the village. ②He his face and hands,then went downstairs. ③You must before dinner. (Keys: ①washed away ②washed ③wash)   ‎ l   wear;have on;put on;dress;(be)in+颜色(服装、眼镜等)‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎ Ø  wear主要用于穿衣服、戴眼镜(手套、首饰、帽)等,以强调“穿(戴)着”的状态。例如: ‎ Mr Wu always wears a blue coat in winter. 吴老师冬天总是穿着一件蓝色大衣。 ‎ Ø  have on作“穿(戴)着”解,同wear一样,也表状态,但不用于进行时态。例如: ‎ Xiao Wang has on a white shirt today.(=Xiao Wang is wearing a white shirt today.) ‎ 小王今天穿着一件白衬衫。 ‎ Ø  put on着重强调“穿(戴)上”的动作。例如: ‎ I like to put on my hat when I go out in winter. 冬天,我喜欢外出时戴上帽子。 ‎ Ø  dress既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词,所接宾语是人而不是衣、帽等物。例如: ‎ ‎1)Her mother is dressing her. 她母亲正在给她穿衣服。 ‎ ‎2)The nurses are dressed in white. 护士穿着白衣服。 ‎ Ø      “(be)in+颜色或服装、眼镜等”也表示“穿着”的状态,在句中作表语或定语。例如: ‎ He is in uniform today. 他今天穿着制服。 ‎ l   work on/work at Ø  work on表示“从事”、“创作”、“进行”,后面接名词、代词或V-ing,强调做具体的事;还可表示“继续工作”、“努力说服”,既可作及物动词短语用,又可作不及物动词短语用。例如: ‎ Miss Liu is working on a new book.刘老师正在写一部新书。 ‎ We'll work on till midnight.我们将继续工作到午夜。 ‎ Ø  work at表示“致力于”、“从事于”、“研究”、“学习”,后面接名词、代词或V-ing,强调把时间和精力等用在某一方面的事情上,侧重于说明所从事的工作性质。例如: ‎ Mr.Zhang is working at a new invention.张先生正从事于一项新的发明。 ‎ He has worked at this subject for many years.他研究这门学科已经好多年了。‎ l   would do sth.; used to do sth.‎ 这两个短语都可以表示“过去经常做某事”,但区别是:‎ Ø  would do sth.表示过去某一段时间内习惯性的行为、活动;‎ used to do sth.在时间上主要是同现在对比,暗含“现在已不这样了”的意思;其后既可接表示动作的动词,也可接表示认知或状态的动词。‎ 41‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. ‎
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