2018届二轮语法专题复习动词的时态和语态课件(68张)

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2018届二轮语法专题复习动词的时态和语态课件(68张)

2018 届二轮复习 动词时态和语态 时态 构成 ( 以 do 为例 ) 用法 一般现在时 do/does 表示经常发生或反复发生的动作、现在或现阶段的情况或状态、客观事实或普遍真理、按计划要发生的动作以及在时间、条件或让步状语从句中表将来等。 知识梳理 常用时态归纳 一般过去时 did 表示过去的动作或状态、前一会儿发生的事、过去习惯性的动作、在时间或条件状语从句中表过去将来等。 现在进行时 am/is/are doing 表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作和发生的事、经常性的动作、在时间或条件状语从句中表将来、说话人的某种情绪、按计划要进行的动作等。 过去进行时 was/were doing 表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作、按计划过去某时要发生的动作等。 一般将来时 will/shall do 表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态、未来习惯性的动作、提出请求、作出允诺、表示同意等。 过去将来时 would/ should do 常用在宾语从句和间接引语中 , 从过去观点看将要发生的动作或存在的状态等。 现在完成时 have/has done 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 , 过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态等 ; 常与 already, so far, since 等连用。 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing 表示过去某时开始一直延续到现在 ( 这个动作可能刚停止 , 也可能还在进行 ), 不少情况下表示与现在状态有联系 , 有时表示动作的重复等。 过去完成时 had done 表示在过去某个动作或时间前已经发生或完成的动作; intend, mean, want 等的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望。 1 .一般现在时的用法 (1) 表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征 , 句中常用 often, usually, every day 等时间状语。 如: He goes to school every day.( 经常性动作 ) 他每天去上学。 He is very happy.( 现在的状态 ) 他很高兴。 时态的基本用法 (2) 表示按计划、规定要发生的动作 , ( 句中都带有时间状语 ) 但限于少数动词。如 begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close 等。 如: The train starts at nine in the morning. 火车早上九点钟开。 (3) 表示状态和感觉的动词 , 如 be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等常用一般现在时。 如: I like English very much. 我很喜欢英语。 The story sounds very interesting. 这个故事听起来很有趣。 (4) 书报的标题 , 小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。 如: Wen meets journalists. 温 ( 家宝 ) 出席记者招待会。 (5) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中 , 用现在时代替将来时。 如: If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting. 如果下午你来 , 我们就开会。 2. 一般过去时的用法 (1) 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。 如: He saw Mr. Wang yesterday. 昨天他看见王先生了。 He worked in a factory in 1986. 1986 年他在一家工厂做工。 (2) 表示过去经常发生的动作 ( 也可用“ used to” 或“ would +动词原形”代替 ) 。 如: During the vacation I often swam/would swim in the sea. 假期期间我常在大海里游泳。 I used to smoke. 我曾经吸烟。 注意 : used to 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。 3 .一般将来时的用法 一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态 , 其表达形式除了“ will 或 shall +动词原形”外 , 还有以下几种。 (1)“be going to +动词原形” , 表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。 如: It is going to rain. 天要下雨了。 We are going to have a meeting today. 今天我们开个会。 (2)go, come, start, move, sail, leave 等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。 如: I’m coming. 我就来。 (3)“be to +动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。 如: Are we to go on with this work? 我们要继续这项工作吗? (4)“be about to +动词原形”表示即将发生的动作。 如: The plane is about to leave. 飞机即将起飞。 (5) 某些词 , 如 come, go, leave, arrive, start 等的一般现在时可表示将来。 如: The meeting starts at five o'clock. 会议五点钟开始。 4 .现在进行时的用法 (1) 表示此时此刻正在进行的动作 , 由“ be +现在分词”构成。 如: What are you doing ?你在干什么? (2) 按计划、安排近期发生的动作。 如: I’m leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 明天我要到北京去。 (3) 与 always, constantly 等连用 , 表示感情色彩。 如: He is always helping others. 他总是帮助别人。 另外“系动词+介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。 如: The bridge is under construction. 桥梁正在建设中。 (4) 用进行时表示渐变过程。 如: His health is improving each day. 他的健康状况每天都在好转。 注意:下列动词不宜用进行时 ① 感觉类: look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear 等; ② 感情类: like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear 等; ③ 所有类: have, contain, own, hold, belong to 等。 5 .过去进行时的用法 (1) 表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作 , 由“ was (were) +现在分词”构成。 如: He was reading a novel when I came in. 当我进来时 , 他正在看小说。 (2) 与 always, forever, constantly 连用 , 表示赞成或厌恶的感情色彩。 如: He was always thinking of others, never thinking of himself. 他总是考虑别人 , 从未考虑自己。 6 .现在完成时的用法 现在完成时由“ have +过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况: (1) 所表示的动作在说话之前已完成 , 而对现在有影响 , 句中没有具体时间状语。 如: He has gone to Fuzhou . 他去福州了。 ( 说话人认为他不在此地 ) He has been to Fuzhou . 他去过福州。 ( 说话人认为他在此地 ) (2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去 , 持续到现在 , 也许还会持续下去。常与 for... 和 since... 等表示一段时间的状语或 so far 等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用。 如: He has studied English for 5 years. 他学习英语已经五年了。 He has studied English since 1985. 自从 1985 年以来他就学习英语。 注意 : 表示短暂时间动作的词 , 如 come, go, die, marry, buy 等的完成时不能与 for, since 等表示一段时间的词连用。 (3) 还可用在时间和条件状语从句中 , 表示将来某时完成的动作 , 强调此动作先于主句动作发生 。如: I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework. 我做完了作业就去你家。 Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped. 公交车停稳才能下车。 7. 过去完成时的用法 (1) 表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。句中常用 by, before, until, when 等词引导的时间状语。 如: By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年 , 爱迪生开始自己谋生。 I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university. 我上大学之前就已经学了 5000 个英语单词了。 (2) 表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。 如: Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours. 睡觉之前 , 他工作了 12 个小时。 8. 过去将来时的用法 表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。由“ should 或 would +动词原形”构成。第一人称用 should, 其他人称用 would 。 如: They were sure that they would succeed. 他们确信他们会成功。 英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者 , 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。只有及物动词或含及物意义的短语动词才能转换成被动语态。被动语态常由助动词 be 加及物动词的过去分词构成。 动词的被动语态 1. 几种形式的被动语态 ( 以动词 give 为例 ) 一般现在时态 am/is/are given 一般过去时态 was/were given 一般将来时态 shall/will be given 一般过去将来时态 should/would be given 现在进行时态 am/is/are being given 过去进行时态 was/were being given 现在完成时态 has/have been given 过去完成时态 had been given 将来完成时态 shall/will have been given 过去将来完成时态 should/would have been given 2. 特殊结构的被动形式 (1) 双宾动词的被动结构 双宾动词变为被动结构时 , 一般将主动结构中的间接宾语变为被动结构中的主语 , 直接宾语不变。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语 , 间接宾语之前则应加介词 to 或 for 。 (2) 带复合宾语的动词的被动结构 带复合宾语的动词变被动语态时 , 一般将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语 , 而将宾语补足语保留不动 ( 这时的宾语补足语为主语补足语 ) 。 (3)“be +过去分词+不定式”式的被动结构 如 : He is reported to have broken a world record. 据报道他已经打破了一项世界纪录。 She is said to know three languages. 据说她懂三门语言。 (4)“it + be +过去分词+从句”式的被动结构 如: It’s said that she has some supernatural powers. 据说她有一些超自然能力。 It’s reported that they have discovered a new star. 据报道他们已发现一颗新恒星。 常见的结构还有: It is known that... 众所周知 It is suggested that... 有人建议 It is believed that... 人们相信 (5)“get + done” 构成被动语态 此种形式用来表示状态或情况 , 常考的形式如下: get married 结婚; get engaged 订婚; get hurt/wounded 受伤; get lost 迷路; get drunk 喝醉了; get caught/stuck/trapped 被困; get dressed 穿好衣服; get run over 被 ( 车 ) 轧等。 考点归纳 动词时态考点归纳 动词的时态是历年高考中一个非常重要的考点。近几年高考试题命题常有以下三种情况: 一、题干中用了标志性的时间状语或某种句式     时间状语代表动作发生的时间点或时间段,不同类型的时间状语分别对应不同的时态。其次,注意一些常用句式中要用固定的时态。 【考例 1 】 The manager _____ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am. (2012 大纲全国卷 II) A. has told                      B. is telling C. has been telling         D. will have told 【分析】选 C 。由时间状语 since 9 am 判断 , 该句谓语动词应该用现在完成时 ; 又根据语境可知设空处强调动作现在还在进行 , 故用现在完成进行时。 【考例 2 】 Close the door of fear behind you, and you _____ the door of faith open before you.  ( 湖南 2012) A. saw                            B. have seen C. will see                       D. are seeing 【分析】选 C 。本题用了“祈使句 + and + 陈述句”句式。在该句式中 , 祈使句相当于 if 引导的条件状语从句 , 陈述句相当于主句 , 所以 and 后面的陈述句要用一般将来时 , 故选 C 项。 【考例 3 】 Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, _____ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. ( 安徽 2012) A. keeps                         B. keep C. have kept                   D. had kept 【分析】选 A 。本题考查时态和主谓一致。根据题干中的时间状语 on Mondays through Saturdays 可知 , 该句叙述的是现在的事实 , 所以用一般现在时 ; 且因为主语 Walmart 是第三人称单数 , 所以谓语动词用 keeps 。 【考例 4 】 — Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon? — I’m sorry, but by then I _____ to Beijing. How about five?  ( 陕西 2012) A. fly                               B. will fly C. will be flying               D. am flying 【分析】选 C 。根据题干中的 two o’clock this afternoon 以及 by then 可知 , 设空处表示在将来的某个时间点正在做某事 , 故选 C 项。 【考例 5 】 They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house _____. ( 四川 2012) A. is being rebuilt            B. has been rebuilt C. is rebuilt                     D. has rebuilt 【分析】选 A 。根据时间状语 for the moment 与 are living 可知 , rebuild 所表示的动作正在发生 ; 且 house 与 rebuild 之间是被动关系 , 所以要用被动语态。 二、题干所用时间状语或特殊句式有较强迷惑性 虽然题干中用了某个时间状语或某种特殊句式 , 但这些线索不足以构成判断动词时态的依据。这时 , 考生需要通过分析题意及其它逻辑关系 , 并挖掘隐含的时间信息 , 最后得出正确的选项。 【考例 1 】 Mum, I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I _____ on Friday.  ( 辽宁 2012) A. get paid                     B. got paid C. have paid                  D. had been paid 【分析】选 A 。 I was wondering if ... 句式表示委婉语气 , 并不表示过去 , 且根据 on Friday 可知, until 从句的动作尚未发生 , 但时间状语从句中需用一般现在时表将来 , 故选 A 项。 【考例 2 】 The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he _____ some European business partners.  ( 江苏 2012) A. would meet              B. is meeting C. meets                      D. had met 【分析】选 D 。题干中虽然用了句式 sb. is said to have done sth . ,但设空处并不能用一般现在时。从 have arrived back 可知,“回来”发生在过去,所以“会见”欧洲生意伙伴发生在“回来”之前,即过去的过去,因此设空处需用过去完成时。 三、题干不提供时间状语,也非某种特殊句式     结合题干中其它动词的时态以及前后句语境判断要用的时态。 【考例 1 】 — Did you ask Sophia for help? — I _____ need to — I managed perfectly well on my own. (2012 大纲全国卷 II) A. wouldn’t                       B. don’t C. didn’t                           D. won’t 【分析】选 C 。由 Did you ask 和 managed 可知,答语中破折号前的谓语动作发生在过去,故排除 B 、 D 两项; A 项为过去将来时,不符合语境。 【考例 2 】 The manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers _____.  ( 山东 2012) A. will leave                    B. are leaving C. have left                    D. were leaving 【分析】选 D 。主句谓语动词的时态是一般过去时,从句要用相应的过去时态,且 leave 的进行时可用来表达按计划或安排即将发生的动作,故选 D 项。 【考例 3 】 — Look! Somebody _____ the sofa. — Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it. ( 江西 2012) A. is cleaning                     B. was cleaning C. has cleaned                  D. had cleaned 【分析】选 C 。根据 Look! 可知,设空处表示现在的情况,且根据 I didn’t do it 可知,清扫沙发这件事已经有人做了,故选 C 项。 被动语态考点归纳 被动语态用法很多,除与各种时态或情态动词相结合考查外,还有以下几种常考点: 一、一些特殊动词或短语动词不用被动语态 有些及物动词或短语动词不能用于被动语态,如 cost, fit, have, wash, belong to, come true, consist of, come into being, date back to, take place, turn out, run out, break out 等。 【考例】 Food supplies in the flood-stricken area _____. We must act immediately before there’s none left. ( 重庆 2012) A. have run out                   B. are running out C. have been run out          D. are being run out 【分析】选 B 。 run out 意为“用完” , 不用于被动语态 , 且根据第二句可推断 , 食物快用完了 , 故用 are running out 表示即将发生的动作。 二、主动形式表示被动意义 1. 某些连系动词,如 feel, sound, smell, look, taste, prove 等。 2. 某些可与 well, easily 等副词连用的不及物动词,如 read, write, sell, wash 等。 3. 某些可与 can’t, won’t 等连用的不及物动词,如 move, lock, open, shut 等。 三、非谓语动词的某些主动形式表示被动意义 1. 在“ be + 形容词 + 不定式”结构中,不定式表示的动作与句子主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系时,用主动形式表示被动意义。用于此结构的常见形容词有: cheap, comfortable, difficult, hard, easy, light, heavy, expensive, pleasant, interesting, fit 等。 【考例 】 This machine is very easy _____. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. ( 辽宁 2012) A. operating                  B. to be operating C. operated                   D. to operate D 2. 在 have( 有 ), find, lend, give 等动词的宾语后跟不定式 , 不定式表示的动作与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系 , 且句子的主语是不定式动作的执行者时 , 不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。 【考例】 I have a lot of readings _____ before the end of this term.  ( 山东 2010) A. completing                   B. to complete C. completed                    D. being completed B 3. 在 be worth doing 和 be to blame 结构中,动词 -ing 形式或动词不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。 如: The book you bought me is worth reading. Officials believe that more than one person may be to blame for the fire. 4. 当 want, need, require 表示“需要”时,其宾语可用动词 -ing 形式的主动形式表示被动意义。 真题再现 1. When I first met Bryan I didn’t like him, but I _____ my mind. (2013 新课标全国卷 I) A. have changed             B. change C. had changed               D. would change 2. We _____ very early so we packed the night before. (2013 新课标全国卷 II) A. leave                           B. had left C. were leaving               D. have left 3. Hurry up, kids! The school bus _____ for us! ( 四川 2013) A. waits                            B. was waiting C. waited                         D. is waiting 4. — Could I use your car tomorrow morning? — Sure. I _____ a report at home. ( 江苏 2013) A. will be writing              B. will have written C. have written                D. have been writing 5. On Monday mornings it usually _____ me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.  ( 陕西 2013) A. takes                           B. is taking C. took                             D. will take 6. The girl has a great interest in sport and _____ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years. ( 福建 2013) A. took                             B. is taking C. takes                           D. has been taking 7. He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he _____ it for a very long time. ( 辽宁 2013) A. has had                       B. had had C. has                              D. had 8. If nothing _____, the oceans will turn into fish deserts. ( 湖南 2013) A. does                            B. had been done C. will do                        D. is done 9. — So what is the procedure? — All the applicants _____ before a final decision is made by the authority. ( 北京 2013) A. interview                    B. are interviewing C. are interviewed        D. are being interviewed 10. A Midsummer Night’s Dream _____ at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland. ( 重庆 2013) A. opens                          B. is opened C. will open                    D. will be opened 巩固练习 1. My brother is a successful businessman now, but he _____ as an ordinary clerk in a small company for five years. A. worked                       B. is working C. has worked                D. had worked 2. Forget the terrible experience, face the problem bravely, and you _____ a new way to success. A. find                             B. will find C. found                         D. have found 3. The workers _____ the road for two years, but nobody knows when they will finish it. A. had been building       B. have built C. have been building     D. had built 4. When we reached the school gate, some teachers and students _____ there and then they showed us around the school. A. wait                            B. had waited C. have waited               D. were waiting 5. By the end of next month, we _____ the eight chapters including all the language items. A. reviewed                     B. will review C. have reviewed           D. will have reviewed 6. After the two children _____ to bed at night, the tired mother has to wash clothes for the family. A. are sent                        B. were sent C. will be sent                   D. have been sent 7. The young man has been working in the foreign company since 2005, when the company _____ in China. A. is founded                     B. founded C. was founded                 D. has founded 8. The workers were very tired because they _____ for ten hours without a rest. A. worked                          B. have worked C. had worked                   D. had been working 9. Good morning! I want to know whether my computer I left here three days ago _____ yet. A. repairs                          B. repaired C. was repaired                D. has been repaired 10. All entertainment programs _____ since the earthquake broke out. A. cancel                           B. cancelled C. have been cancelled     D. had been cancelled
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