【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专题状语及状语从句学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专题状语及状语从句学案

‎2020届二轮复习语法专题状语及状语从句学案 ‎　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ ‎[思维导图]‎ Ⅰ.状语 ‎1．概念：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。‎ ‎2．功能：一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。‎ ‎3．充当状语的词：状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。‎ ‎4．位置：(1)通常在句子基本结构后，强调时放在句首；‎ ‎(2)修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；‎ ‎(3)表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般放在时间状语之前；‎ ‎(4)一些表示频度的副词(如often，almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。‎ He did his homework carefully.(副词作状语)‎ 他认真地做了作业。‎ She goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.(介词短语作状语)‎ 她星期天出去购物。‎ Feeling tired，he went to bed without supper.(非谓语动词作状语)‎ 他感到很累，没吃晚饭就上床睡觉了。‎ Ⅱ.状语从句 一、时间状语从句 ‎1．when，while与as引导的时间状语从句 连词 从句谓语动词 用法 when 延续性动词或非延续性动词 从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生 while 延续性动词 从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生 as 延续性动词 强调主从句动作相伴发生，可译为“一边……一边……；随着”‎ Metals expand when they are heated.‎ 金属受热时膨胀。‎ While /When I was reading，he came in.‎ 我正在看书时，他进来了。‎ The students sang as they walked.‎ 学生们边走边唱。‎ ‎2．before与since引导的时间状语从句 ‎(1)before与since的常用句式 连词 词义 常用句式 before 在……之前；还未……就……；……才……；趁……；还没来得及……‎ ‎(1)It will be＋一段时间＋before...“过……(时间)才……”‎ ‎(2)It won’t be long before...“不久……就……”‎ ‎(3)It was＋时间段＋before...“过了……(时间)才……”‎ since 自从……以来 It is/has ‎ been＋一段时间＋since...(从句用一般过去时)‎ It will be half a year before I come back.‎ 我半年之后才回来。‎ It won’t be long before we meet again.‎ 用不了多久我们就会再见面。‎ It was three days before he came back.‎ 三天后他才回来。‎ ‎(2)since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词，所表示的是自从句谓语动作算起；若用延续性动词或状态动词，所表示的就是自动作或状态的完成或结束时算起。‎ It’s two years since we arrived here.‎ 我们到这儿两年了。‎ It’s three years since we lived here.‎ 我们不住在这里有三年了。‎ ‎3．表示“一……就……”含义的词(短语)引导的时间状语从句 ‎(1)引导时间状语从句，且表示“一……就……”含义的词或短语有as soon as，the moment，the minute，immediately，directly，hardly/scarcely...when，no sooner...than...等。‎ Directly you feel any pains，you must go to the doctor.‎ 你一感觉疼痛就必须去看医生。‎ We will leave the minute you are ready.‎ 你一准备好，我们就出发。‎ ‎(2)在hardly/scarcely...when，no sooner...than...中，主句应用过去完成时，从句应用一般过去时；当no sooner...和hardly/scarcely...位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。‎ Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.‎ 他一听到这个消息就哭了。‎ No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.‎ 我们刚到火车站火车就开了。‎ ‎4．until与till引导的时间状语从句 ‎(1)until与till引导时间状语从句的区别：‎ 连词 位置 用法 until 可以放在句首 not...until可用于强调句型 till 不可放在句首 一般不用于强调句型 We walked along the river until/till it was dark.‎ 我们沿着河散步，一直走到天黑。‎ It was not until the professor came that we began the experiment.‎ 教授来了之后，我们才开始实验。‎ ‎(2)not until位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。‎ Not until he told me about it again did I have any idea of it.‎ 直到他又告诉我一遍我才明白。‎ ‎(3)until/till用于肯定句时，主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，用于否定句时，主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词。‎ They waited till/until I returned.‎ 他们一直等着我回来。‎ He didn’t know anything about it until/till I told him.‎ 直到我告诉他，他才知道这件事。‎ ‎5．引导时间状语从句的其他常见连词(短语)‎ ‎(1)其他常见的引导时间状语从句的连词(短语)还有after，whenever，every time，each time，next time，the first/last time，any time，by the time，the day/year等。‎ Every time I express an opinion，she always argues back.‎ 每当我发表意见时，她总是反驳。‎ ‎(2)by the time引导的时间状语从句如果用一般现在时，主句则用将来完成时；从句如果用一般过去时，主句则用过去完成时。‎ By the time you come back，we will have finished the job.‎ 到你回来的时候，我们将已经完成了这项工作。‎ By the time we got there，the rain had stopped.‎ 到我们到达那儿时，雨已经停了。‎ 二、让步状语从句 ‎1．although，though，as与while引导的让步状语从句 ‎(1)although引导让步状语从句时，只能用正常语序； though引导让步状语从句时，可用正常语序，也可用倒装语序；as引导让步状语从句时只能用倒装语序，即从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。‎ Although/Though he may be troubled，he always presents a calm smiling face.‎ 尽管他可能会遇到麻烦，但他总是露出平静的微笑。‎ Much as/though I have traveled，I have never seen anyone who’s as capable as John.‎ 虽然我已经去过很多地方，但我从未见过像约翰这么能干的人。‎ Child as/though he was，he helped me a lot.‎ 尽管他是个孩子，他却帮了我很大的忙。‎ Try as/though he might, he could not open the door.‎ 不管他怎样努力，他还是不能打开那个门。‎ ‎(2)although与though都可以与yet，still连用，但不能和but连用。‎ ‎(3)while引导让步状语从句时，一般置于句首。‎ While I admit that there are problems，I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.‎ 尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意这些问题不能解决。‎ ‎2．even if与even though引导的让步状语从句 even if与even though表示“即使，纵然”，引导让步状语从句时，可用虚拟语气，也可以用陈述语气。‎ I’ll do it，even if it takes me all the afternoon.‎ 我要做这件事，即使它将花去我整个下午的时间。‎ Even if I were in your place，I wouldn’t take the job.‎ 即使我处于你的位置，我也不会接受这份工作。‎ ‎3．“no matter＋疑问词”与“疑问词＋－ever”引导的让步状语从句 ‎(1)“no matter＋疑问词”相当于“疑问词＋－ever”，二者都可以引导让步状语从句。‎ Don’t trust him，no matter what/whatever he says.‎ 无论他说什么，不要相信他。‎ ‎(2)whoever，whatever，whomever，whichever还可以引导名词性从句，但“no ‎ matter＋疑问词”不可以。‎ ‎4．whether...or (not)．..引导的让步状语从句 whether...or...不论……还是……，提供两种对比情况。‎ We’ll go on with the work，whether we can find the necessary tools or we cannot.‎ 不管我们能否找到所需的工具，我们都要把这项工作做下去。‎ 三、地点状语从句和条件状语从句 ‎1．地点状语从句 where，wherever可引导地点状语从句。‎ We must camp where we can get water.‎ 我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。‎ ‎2．条件状语从句 引导条件状语从句的常见从属连词(短语)有if，unless，as/so long as，in case (万一)，once，on condition that，provided/providing (that)，supposing/suppose (that)，assuming that(假设)等。‎ You’ll fail the exam unless you study hard.‎ 除非你努力学习，否则你会考试不及格。‎ Supposing that they refuse us，who else can we turn to for help?‎ 假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还能求助于谁？‎ They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend.‎ 他们同意把车借给我们，条件是我们必须在周末前归还。‎ My parents don’t mind what job I do as long as I am happy.‎ 我的父母不在意我从事什么工作，只要我高兴就好。‎ ‎3．在条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时 In case there is a fire，what will we do first?‎ 万一发生火灾，我们首先做什么？‎ ‎ 四、原因状语从句和目的状语从句 ‎1．because/as/since/now that 连词(短语)‎ 位置 内涵 语气 能否回答why 能否被强调 because 主句前或后 直接因果关系 强 能 能 as 主句前或后 双方都知 道的原因 弱 不能 不能 since/now that 通常位于 主句前 The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.‎ 那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上，因为他想挨着妻子坐。‎ It was because he was late for class that he was scolded by the teacher.‎ 就是因为他上课迟到了老师才批评他。‎ I can’t go with you，as I have a lot of work to do.‎ 我不能和你一起去，因为我有很多工作要做。‎ Now that/Since everyone is here，we can begin our discussion.‎ 既然大家都在这儿，我们可以开始讨论了。‎ ‎2．when(既然)，seeing that(鉴于，由于)，considering that(考虑到)，in that(因为)等也可以引导原因状语从句。‎ The book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history.‎ 这本书不同于那本书，因为这本是关于化学的而那本是关于历史的。‎ It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could walk there in five minutes.‎ 既然步行五分钟就能到那里，你却乘出租车，真够愚蠢的。‎ ‎3．in order that 引导的目的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后，而so that引导的从句通常置于主句之后。目的状语从句常与情态动词can，could，may，might等连用。‎ My old father began to study computer at the age of sixty so that he might keep up with times.‎ 父亲六十岁时开始学习电脑，以便跟上时代。‎ ‎4．for fear that/in ‎ case引导目的状语从句时，从句谓语动词常用“(should)＋动词原形”。‎ He wrote the name down for fear that/in case he (should) forget it.‎ 他把名字写下来以免忘了。‎ 五、结果状语从句 ‎1．引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so that，so...that...，such...that...。在非正式语体中，由so...that...，such...that...引导的句子中的that可以省略，注意其结构：‎ Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe in him.‎ ‎＝Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe in him.‎ 迈克是一个如此诚实的工人，以至于我们都信任他。‎ It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.‎ 天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。‎ These were such difficult questions that none of us could answer them.‎ 这些问题如此难，以至于我们没人会回答。‎ He earned so little money that he couldn’t support his family.‎ 他挣这么少的钱，以至于他养不起家。‎ ‎2．为了强调形容词和副词，当so或such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。‎ So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult questions.‎ 他是一个如此聪明的学生，以至于能够解出所有难题。‎ ‎[名师指津] so...that...与such...that用法助记 名前such，形副so，that从句跟在后；‎ 多多少少必用so，特别注意是little；‎ ‎“小”用such，“少”用so。‎ 六、其他状语从句 状语从句类型 从属连词 方式状语从句 as，as if/though 比较状语从句 as...as，not as/so...as，比较级＋than The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.‎ 那个老太太对待那个男孩就好像他是她的亲生儿子一样。‎ He is taller than any other student in our school.‎ 他比我们学校的任何一个学生都高。‎ ‎[名师指津] what引导的比较状语从句的句式：A is to B what C is to D．“A对B而言正如C对D一样”。‎ Air is to us what water is to fish.‎ 空气之于我们就如同水之于鱼一样(重要)。‎ 单句语法填空 ‎1．Pahlsson screamed ________ loudly that her daughter came running from the house.(2017·浙江高考)‎ 答案　so　[分析句子结构可知，此处为so...that...句式，表示“如此……以至于……”，so在此处修饰副词loudly。]‎ ‎2．Over time，________the population grew，people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)‎ 答案　as/when　[句意：慢慢地，随着人口的增加(或：当人口增加时)，为了使食物熟得更快，人们开始把食物切成小块。根据句意可知，as/when引导时间状语从句。]‎ ‎3．The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does.________it cried，she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.(2016·四川高考)‎ 答案　When/If　[第二句句意：当它哭的时候/如果它哭了，熊猫妈妈会来回摇晃它，轻轻拍打，给它安慰。根据句意可知，when (当……时)和if (如果)用在此处都合适。]‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．Not until we succeed in letting wildlife live in peace，can we smile in relief.(2019·杭州模拟)‎ ‎2．Mrs White said “The children are just beginning to get excited about using words and forming sentences.I don’t want to damage their interests with red ink.Spelling and grammar can wait while the wonder of words won’t...”．(2019·宁波模拟)‎ ‎3．The explosion rocked the lake with such a force that__dead fish immediately began to surface.(2019·温州模拟)‎ ‎4．If the guests are seated at the table，the hosts may serve the food，or it may be passed so that__each person may help himself.(2019·余姚中学模拟)‎ ‎5．Well，I’m working on a huge assignment and if__I don’t do well，that will ruin my reputation as an excellent accountant！(2019·慈溪中学模拟)‎ ‎6．If you do as much as you can to build a network when/before you are ready for a job，you will be more likely to succeed.(2019·浙江师大附中模拟) ‎ ‎7．In addition，forests have been decreasing rapidly because/as too many trees have been cut down.(2019·鄞州中学模拟)‎ ‎8．Air pollution is getting more and more serious，so we must take action before it is too late.(2019·金华模拟)‎ ‎9．These valuable natural resources will run out before long unless better use is made of them.(2019·台州模拟)‎ ‎10．Whatever our dreams are，we must try hard to achieve them.(2019·丽水模拟)‎ Ⅱ.语法填空 ‎(2019·湖州联考)One day，about ten years ago，while 1.________ (work) at the cash register in the gift shop at my University Museum of Natural History，I saw an elderly couple come in 2.________ a little girl in the wheelchair.As I looked closer at this girl，I found that she 3.________ (fix) on her chair.I then realized she had no arms or legs，just a head，a neck and her upper body，dressed in a little white skirt.As the couple wheeled her up to me，I turned my head towards the girl.When I took the money from her grandparents，I looked back at the girl，who was giving me the most ‎ optimistic smile I had ever seen.All of 4.________ sudden，her handicap was 5.________(go) and all I saw was this beautiful girl，6.________ smile just melted me and almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of 7.________ life is all about.She took me from a poor，unhappy college student and 8.________ (bring) me into her world: a world of smiles，love and 9.________ (warm)．‎ I’m a successful businessman now and 10.________ I think about the troubles of the world，I think about that little girl and the remarkable lesson about life that she taught me.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文主要讲述了一个大学生在打工期间被一个重度残疾的小姑娘感动的故事。‎ ‎1．working　[考查状语从句的省略。在含有while引导的状语从句的复合句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且含有be动词的某种形式时，可将从句的主语和be动词省略，构成省略结构。本句补充完整为：while I was working at the cash register in the gift shop at my University Museum of Natural History。故此处应填working。]‎ ‎2．with　[考查介词。分析句子结构可知，此处为with复合结构，在句子中作状语，故填介词with。]‎ ‎3．was fixed　[考查动词时态和语态。在that引导的宾语从句中，fix和主语she构成被动关系，且表示发生在过去的动作，故用一般过去时的被动语态。]‎ ‎4．a　[考查冠词。all of a sudden为固定搭配，意为“突然”，符合语境。]‎ ‎5．gone　[考查非谓语动词。过去分词gone充当形容词，意为“不见了”，符合语境。]‎ ‎6．whose　[考查定语从句。whose引导定语从句，在从句中作定语，修饰smile。]‎ ‎7．what　[考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作介词about的宾语，表示物的概念，故填what。]‎ ‎8．brought　[考查动词的时态。空处与上文中的took构成并列关系，表示过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。]‎ ‎9．warmth　‎ ‎[考查词性转换。根据空前的内容可知，空处与smiles和love构成并列关系，故此处用名词形式，故填warmth。]‎ ‎10．when/whenever　[考查连词。此处表示“我无论何时想起世界上的困难，总是会想起那个小女孩”，故此处应用when/whenever引导状语从句，在从句中作时间状语。]‎