【英语】2018届二轮复习：名词性从句学案（7页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习：名词性从句学案（7页）

‎2018届二轮复习 名词性从句 一. 名词性从句 ‎ 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其引导词有从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。从属连词that、 if（whether）。that无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if（whether）虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语或定语。连接副词when，where，why，how有词义，在从句中担任成分(状语)。‎ Whether he will come out (主语从句) is unknown ‎ It is unknown whether he will come out or not (主语从句)‎ I don’t know whether he will come out (宾语从句)‎ The question is whether he will come out (表语从句)‎ The question whether he will come out or not is not settled(同位语从句). ‎ ‎1. 主语从句 ‎ 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。‎ 由从属连词引导：如That the earth turns around the sun is known to all.‎ ‎ Whether it is true remains a question.‎ ‎ It’s not sure if he will succeed.‎ ‎ 易错误区：if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，而whether引导的主语从句既可放在句首，也可放在句尾。‎ 由连接代词引导：如What we need is more practice.‎ ‎ Which team will win the championship is uncertain.‎ 由连接副词引导：如Where the meeting will be held hasn’t been decided.‎ ‎ When he will return is the most important question.‎ 由it作形式主语的几种情况：‎ A. It + 系动词 + 名词 + that从句 ‎ 常用名词：a fact“事实”；an honour“荣耀”；common sense“常识”； a wonder“奇迹”；good news；a shame“遗憾，耻辱”；a pity“遗憾”；no wonder“难怪”。‎ ‎ 如It is no wonder that he’s made so much progress. ‎ ‎ It is a pity that you didn’t attend the lecture yesterday.‎ B. It + 系动词 + 形容词 + that从句 ‎ 常用形容词：natural，strange，obvious，important，clear，certain，likely，wrong，necessary，unlikely，right。 如It is likely that there will be a heavy rain tomorrow.‎ ‎ It is strange that you should like him.‎ C. It + 不及物动词 + that从句 ‎ 常见不及物动词：seem，happen，appear，seem。‎ ‎ 如It happened to me that I had been away when she called.‎ ‎ It seems that you didn’t like her.‎ D. It + be + 过去分词 + that从句 ‎ 常用过去分词：reported，decided，suggested，said，announced，told，heard，hoped，thought，advised，ordered，remembered，considered，worked out。‎ ‎ 如It is said that he is studying abroad.‎ ‎ 温馨提示： It is necessary / important / strange / natural + that从句中，从句常用：“should + 动词原形”，其中should可省略。如It is necessary that one master the skills of operating computers. It + be + suggested / advised / ordered / requested / insisted / required +‎ ‎ that从句中，从句常用“should + 动词原形”，其中should可省略。如It was suggested they start the project the next month.‎ ‎2. 宾语从句 ‎ 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句、表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。‎ 由从属连词引导：如I think (that) watching TV too much is bad for people’s health.‎ ‎ I wonder if you can do me a favour.‎ 由连接代词引导：如I wonder what has happened to him.‎ ‎ He asked me whose handwriting was the best in the class.‎ 由连接副词引导：如I wonder why she refused my invitation.‎ ‎ Can you tell me where the nearest post office is?‎ 介词后的宾语从句：如Tom is a nice boy, except that he is sometimes late for school.‎ ‎ It depends on whether the manager will agree to the plan or not.‎ 非谓语动词后的宾语从句：如Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smiled and said nothing.‎ ‎ 温馨提示： 宾语从句的时态呼应：当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况而使用不同时态；当主句动词是过去时，从句则用相应的过去时态形式，当从句表示的是客观真理、自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。‎ ‎ 宾语从句的否定转移：在think，believe，imagine，suppose等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式，即将从句中的否定形式转移到主句中。如We don’t think you are here. I don’t believe he will do so. 。这类句子后若带有附加疑问句，应用肯定形式来反问，反问部分主语应和从句一致。 如：I don’t believe she has finished the job, has she?‎ 动词find，feel，think，consider，make，believe等后面有宾语补足语时，须用it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。如I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.‎ ‎ 有些动词，如hate，like，dislike，appreciate等后跟when或if引导的宾语从句时需要在宾语从句前加it。如I hate it when they talk whit their mouths full of food. ‎ ‎ 同时有些短语，如see to，count on，depend on，rely ‎ on等后跟that引导的宾语从句时，其前需要加it。如Would you see to it that the children get a hot meal after their swim?‎ ‎3. 表语从句 ‎ 一般位于主句中的系动词之后，常用that，whether，as if / though，what，how，when，where，why等引导。‎ 以that引导的表语从句，that无词意，且通常不能省略，但在口语或非正式文体中可省略。‎ 如：The cause is that the temperature of water is lower than needed. ‎ 以whether引导的表语从句不可用if替代。The question is whether he is able to do it alone.‎ 由连接代词引导：代词主要有who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whomever，whosever，whatever，whichever等。如This is what I am interested in.‎ 由连接副词引导：副词主要有when，where，why，how，whenever，wherever，however等。如That was where we camped last time.‎ ‎ The question is how we can do the work better.‎ 由连词because，as if，as though等引导：‎ 以as if /‎ ‎ though引导的表语从句通常位于系动词look，seem，feel等之后，从句有陈述和虚拟两种语气，若所表达的意思是真实的，就用陈述语气；若表述与客观事实相反的假设，则用虚拟语气。‎ 如It seems as if it is going to snow. It looks as if he were a Japanese. ‎ ‎4. 同位语从句 ‎ 同位语从句用于某些抽象名词之后，说明名词的具体内容，这些名词有fact，hope，desire，thought，suggestion，idea，news，problem，possibility，truth，decision，rule，evidence，conclusion，opinion，feeling等，对前面的名词起补充作用。‎ 由从属连词that，whether引导：‎ 如I didn’t receive the news that the meeting had been put off. ‎ ‎ The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed.‎ ‎ The fact that you haven’t enough time to do the work is simply unbelievable.‎ 由连接代词引导：如You can have no idea what he said.‎ 由连接副词引导：如I have no idea when he will be back.‎ ‎ 温馨提示： 同位语从句中特别要注意：表示建议、命令、要求等的名词（如suggestion，proposal，advice，order，request）等后接同位语从句时，从句通常使用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“（should）+ 动词原形”。‎ 如：That is my suggestion that we (should) try to cut back on production and reduce the amount of things we make and buy.‎ 、同位语从句与定语从句的区别 ‎ 同位语从句不同于定语从句，前者通常放在fact，hope，desire等抽象名词后面对名词加以补充说明，二者之间是同位关系；后者对名词加以限制，二者之间是修饰与被修饰的关系：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.‎ We must face the fact that we had spent all the money. (同位语从句)‎ The letter that I received was from my father. (定语从句)‎