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非谓语动词系统讲解
非谓语动词系统讲解 在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。它包括动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词。 一. 动词不定式 不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not to do”或“never to do”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语用“for或of + 名词或代词宾格”构成。 1. 动词不定式的时态和语态 动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征,具有时态和语态的变化;动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式;有主动式,也有被动式。 动词不定式的时态、语态形式(以动词write为例) 语 态 时 态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to write to be written 完成式 to have written to have been written 进行式 to be written 完成进行式 to have been writing 不定式的时态 A. 一般式:不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其之后发生。如I want to have a holiday as soon as possible. He seems to know the secret. B. 完成式:动词不定式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。 如I am sorry to have given you so much trouble. C. 进行式:不定式的进行式表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生。 如Thousands were reported to be working in concentration camps. D. 完成进行式:不定式表哦市的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前已经发生,并仍在进行。 如He appears to have been waiting a long time. 不定式的语态 A. 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。如He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. B. 不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。 如Have you got a key to unlock the door? C. 不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语(有时是宾语)构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式。如I have got a letter to write. 但句子如改为下列形式,不定式就得用被动形式:I know what is to be done.这是因为what is to be done是宾语从句,从句中的主语what是动词do的动作对象。 D. 不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for one或for people。 如He is hard to tale to (to talk to him). The book is difficult to understand (to understand the book). 但如果强调句中的动作承受者时,亦可用不定式的被动式。如The handwriting is very difficult to be read. The box is too heavy to be lifted. 2. 动词不定式的句法功能 由于动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,所以它在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语。 作主语:如To ask him for help is necessary. 温馨提示: 形式主语it常常代替作主语的不定式,而将不定式或不定式短语放在后面。如To talk with him is a great pleasure. →It is a great pleasure to talk with him. 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加引起的短语,即“for + 名词 / 代词宾格 + 不定式”。在这一结构中的for本身无实义。而某些表示人的品行的形容词(kind,good,nice,wrong,careless,wise,foolish,polite,clever,right,unwise,stupid,thoughtful,rude,silly,impolite等)作表语时,不定式常可用of引起的短语,即“be + 形容词 + of + 名词 / 代词宾格 + 不定式”。如It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. It was stupid of her to make such a mistake. (= She was stupid to …) 作表语:如Her wish is to become a pop singer. He doesn’t seem to like the idea. 作宾语:常用不定式作宾语的动词有:want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,perfer,afford,ask,decide,expect,intend等。 如You must learn to look after yourself. 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面。如I find it interesting to work with him. 作定语:不定式作定语时,须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它修饰的词有动宾关系。因此,如果这个不定式是不及物的,它后面就应有必要的介词。 如There is nothing (for us) to think about. 温馨提示:不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。如Please find a way to express yourself. He had no money and no place to live. 作宾语补足语: A. 动词不定式作动词feel,hear,see,watch,notice,observe等感官动词以及have,let,make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时,不定式符号to要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时,就必须带to。如I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road. B. 不定式可以和名词或代词构成复合宾语,作动词的宾语,不定式作宾语补足语;常跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:ask,tell,invite,get,advise,allow,want,permit,warn,hate,encourage,prefer,expect,order,wish等;有些动词常跟“to be + 形容词”构成复合结构,如think,consider,imagine,prove,understand,find,know,suppose等。 如We advised him to have a good rest. We proved these facts to be correct. 作状语 A. 作目的状语:如I got up early in order to catch the 6:30 train. 易错误区:so as to / in order to都可以用来引导目的状语。但是so as to不能置于句首,而in order to可以。 B. 作原因状语:如She smiled to think of her clever plan. C. 在某些形容词后面作状语:如I am glad to see you. You are sure to succeed. D. 作结果状语 a. … only to“出乎意料的结果” 如I hurried to the post office, only to find it closed. b. too … to …“太……而不能……”(to后面译作否定) 如He is too old to read. 温馨提示:当不定式前的形容词为nervous,pleased,willing,delighted,happy,glad时,too … to …可译作肯定。如They are too nervous to leave. 当too前有only,即“only too … to …”译作肯定。如I am only too pleased to help you. 当不定式前有否定意义的词时译作肯定。如We are never too old to learn. 3. “疑问词 + 不定式结构” 疑问代词who,what,which和疑问副词when,where,how等后面加上动词不定式,构成具有名词作用的短语,可以作主语、表语、宾语等。在tell,know,advise,teach,find out,decide,discuss等动词(短语)后常用“疑问词 + 不定式”结构作宾语。 如When to start has not been decided. The question is how to put the plan into practice. 4. 动词不定式省略to的情况 在make,let,see,watch,hear,notice,feel,have,listen to,look at等动词后(作宾语补足语)。如Let me hear you play the piano. 当and或or连接同一概念的不定式时,或者当它们之间的关系并列一致时,可将and或or后面的to省去。如He had to have a job or go hungry. 在had better,would rather,would rather… than,would sooner,would sooner … than,cannot but,do nothing but等结构后面。如You’d better tell him the truth. 不定式在but(除了……以外),except后面的使用。如果but,except前有行为动词do,则but,except后省去to;反之则须带to。如They had nothing to do but wait for the doctor. 当被省略的不定式的内容是作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时,to后要保留原形have或be。如He didn’t come, but he ought to have. “to”代表整个不定式:有时为了避免重复,省去不定式后面的内容,保留到不定式符号to,如果是to be,保留到be。如---Will you please give him a message when you see him? ---I’ll be glad to. 二. 动名词 动名词由动词原形加-ing构成,形式上与现在分词相同。动名词保留了动词的一些特征,可带宾语或受状语修饰。动名词加宾语或状语构成动名词短语。 1. 动名词的时态、语态 动名词保留了动词的一些特征,具有时态和语态的变化,它有一般式和完成式两种形式。 动名词的时态、语态形式,以动词write为例: 语 态 时 态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 writing being written 完成式 having written having been written 动名词的时态 A. 动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作,即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作,或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。如We are interested in playing chess. B. 完成式:动名词的完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。 如I regret not having taken your advice. 动名词的语态 当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词的动作对象时,动名词用被动语态。被动语态由“being + 过去分词”或“having been + 过去分词”构成。 如I forget once having been taken to the city zoo. 温馨提示:在多数情况下避免使用动名词被动语态完成式,而用一般式代替,以免句子显得累赘,尤其在口语中,上句可改为:I forget once being taken to the city zoo. 2. 动名词的句法功能 动名词具有名词的性质,因此在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语。 作主语:动名词作主语往往表示比较笼统的一般性的动作。 如Learning new words is very useful to us. 温馨提示:当动名词短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,常用句型: no use / no good useless / foolish It is fun / enjoyable + 动名词(短语) nice / expensive / dangerous a waste of time / a good pleasure 如It is no use quarrelling. It is foolish behaving like that. 作表语:动名词作表语时,句子常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。 如Your task is cleaning the windows. (Cleaning the windows is your task.) 作宾语:如We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 温馨提示:常跟动名词而不跟不定式作宾语的动词有:admit,appreciate,avoid,advise,consider,delay,deny(否定),dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,face,feel,fancy,finish,forgive,give up,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,postpone(延期),put off,resist,risk,suggest,can’t help(情不自禁),can’t stand(无法忍受)等动词或词组 。 作介词的宾语:如He insisted on watching the football game. 能接动名词作宾语的短语常见的有:look forward to doing sth“盼望做某事”,be / get used to doing sth“习惯于做某事”,prevent sb(from)doing sth“防止某人做某事”,have difficulty(in)doing sth“做某事有困难”,put sb to the trouble of doing sth“麻烦某人做某事”,insist on doing sth“坚持做某事”,aim at“瞄准”,be afraid of,be clever at“善于”,be capable of“有……能力”,be dilighted in“高兴”,be engaged in“忙于”,be fond of“喜欢”,be opposed to“反对”,be proud of“自豪”,be responsible for“对……负责任”,get down to“着手干……”,lead to“引向,导致”,object to“反对”,pay attention to 作定语:如He can’t walk without a walking stick. There is a swimming pool in our school. 温馨提示:动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如a walk stick = a stick for walking = a stick which is used for walking 3. 动名词的复合结构 物主代词或名词所有格加动名词构成动名词的复合结构,在该结构中,物主代词或名词所有格是逻辑上的主语。动名词的复合结构在句中可以作主语、宾语等。 如Your going there will help a lot. I don’t mind his / him going. 三. 现在分词 现在分词由动词原形加-ing构成,在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语等。 1. 现在分词的时态、语态 现在分词保留了动词的一些特征,具有时态和语态的变化,又具有形容词和副词的功能,其否定式为not + 现在分词,它有一般式、完成式,也有主动形式和被动形式。 现在分词的时态、语态形式(以study和go为例) 类 别 语 态 时 态 及物动词 不及物动词 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态 现在 分词 一般式 studying being studied going 完成式 having studied having been studied having gone 现在分词的时态 A. 一般式:现在分词的一般式表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或现在分词表示的动作发生后,谓语动词表示的动作紧接着发生。 如Being a studeng, he was interested in books. Leaving school, he joined the army. B. 完成式:现在分词的完成式表示的动作在句中谓语动词发生的动作之前发生,具有主动意义。如Not having received an answer, he decided to write again. C. 现在分词的语态:现在分词有一般式被动语态和完成式被动语态,当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时,分词用被动语态;如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动词,就用分词完成式的被动形式。如The question being discussed is important. 2. 现在分词的句法功能 现在分词在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。 作定语: 分词作定语有两种形式:作定语用的现在分词如果是单个词,一般放在被修饰词的前面,称为前置定语;如果是现在分词短语,则放在被修饰词的后面,称为后置定语,相当于一个定语从句。如He is a promising young man. The girl standing there (= Who is standing there) is my sister. 易错误区:表正在进行的动作转换为从句时需要进行时态;表经常性、习惯性的动作或状态转换为从句时多用一般时态。 如Did you see the girl dancing (= Who was dancing) with your brother? The factory making (= that makes ) these pens is a small one. 作表语:如The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 温馨提示:现在分词作表语,常见的有:exciting,interesting,disappointing,discouraging,encouraging,puzzling,missing,surprising,confusing,amusing,charming,astonishing,shocking,inviting“诱人的”等。这些现在分词几乎已经变成形容词,常可用very修饰。 如The news is very interesting. I found it annoying. 作宾语补足语:现在分词常可用在see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,have等动词的宾语后面作宾语补足语。如They kept me waiting for a long time. 上述句子结构变为被动语态时,原来的宾语变为主语,现在分词的位置保持不动,但变成了主语补足语。如上面的句子可变为:I was kept waiting for a long time. 作状语:现在分词(短语)作状语,表示原因、时间、方式、伴随、结果或条件等。 A. 相当于原因状语从句:如Being ill (= As she was ill), she didn’t go to school today. B. 相当于when引起的从句: 如Hearing the good news (= When he heard the good news), he jumped with joy. C. 表示行为方式、伴随状况或补充说明等。如He sat at table reading China Daily. D. 表示结果:如The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it. E. 表示条件:如Turning to the right (If you turn to the right), you will find the place you want. 四. 过去分词 过去分词是动词的另一种非限定形式;它兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征,可以带宾语或受状语修饰。过去分词和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。 1. 过去分词的基本形式 过去分词的基本形式是“动词 + -ed”,不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作。如She turned away, disappointed.2. 过去分词的句法功能 过去分词在句中可以作表语、定语、状语或宾语补足语。 作表语:如The window is broken. They were frightened at the sad sight. 注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态则是系表结构;如果表示被动的动作则是被动结构。 区别:The window is broken. (系表) The window was broken by the boy. (被动) 过去分词作表语用,相当于形容词,常见的有:delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,amused,astonished,hurt,interested,crowded,tired,satisfied,pleased,surprised,worried,excited,married,puzzled,upset等。 作定语:过去表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。 如This is a book written by a famous Chinese writer. 作定语用的过去分词若是单个词,一般放在被修饰的词的前面;过去分词短语作定语,则放在被修饰的词的后面。如The play put on by the teachers was a big success. The bridge built last month needs repairing. 作状语:过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,说明动作发生的背景或情况。这类状语大多数放在句子前部,也有部分可以放在句子后部,或挂在中间。 A. 表示原因:如Praised by the neighours, he became the pride of his parents. B. 表示时间:如Once seen, it can never be forgotten. C. 表示条件:如Given more time, I’ll be able to do it better. D. 表示让步:如Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 作宾语补足语 A. 过去分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,keep,find,get,have,feel等动词后与名词(代词)构成复合宾语。如I must get my bike repaired. B. 用于使役动词have,make等之后。如When did you have the work finished? I’ll have my bike repaired soon. The old man had his wallet stolen in the market. 注意:上述三个句子虽然都用过去分词作宾补,但表示的含义不同:表示一般被动关系;表示让别人去干一件事;表示宾语遭遇到不好的事情。 五. 非谓语动词之间的区别 1. 现在分词与过去分词的区别 在语态和时间关系上的区别 A. 语态上不同:现在分词表示主动,而过去分词表示被动的含义。 如surprising→使人感到惊讶的(主动);surprised→感到惊讶(被动,……使惊讶) disappointing→令人感到失望的(主动);disappointed→感到失望(被动,……使失望) B. 时间关系上的不同:一般来说,现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行;而过去分词所表示的动作往往已经完成。 如boiling water→正在开的水;boiled water→已经煮开过的水(也可能是凉开水) the changing matter→正在变化着的物质;the changed matter→变化了的物质 作定语的区别:一般来说,现在分词修饰事物,常与非人称主语连用;而过去分词修饰人,常与人称主语连用。常见的分词有:amazed / amazing,excited / exciting,bored / boring,annoyed / annoying,interested / interesting,pleased / pleasing,tired / tiring,surprised / surprising,worried / worrying,satisfied / satisfying,amused / amusing等。 如I was interested in your plan. This plan is interesting. 作宾补的区别:过去分词可以作宾语补足语,表示被动,有时表示已经完成的动作,有时并不表示已经完成;现在分词的被动式也可以作宾语补足语,表示被动和正在进行的动作。如I’ll have my hair dyed this afternoon. We found the flat being decorated. 2. 现在分词与不定式的区别 在see,watch,notice,hear等动词后,既可用现在分词,也可用不带to的不定式构成复合宾语。两者的区别在于:用现在分词时,表示动作正在发生(进行),用不定式表示已经发生,动作的过程已经结束。 如Do you hear someone knocking at the door?(动作正在进行) I heard him knock three times.(动作已经结束) 3. 现在分词与动名词的区别 动名词作定语时要放在被修饰词之前,动名词通常表示目的或用途。现在分词作定语时,单个的分词放在被修饰词之前,分词短语要放在被修饰词之后。现在分词作定语时与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如分词a waiting car(= the car that is waiting) 动名词waiting room(= the room for waiting) 动名词作表语时,相当于名词,可以和主语互换位置,另外,动名词作表语时可带宾语或状语。现在分词作表语时,起形容词作用,不可与主语互换位置,也不可带宾语。 如Her favorite sport is swimming.(动名词) Her job is interesting.(现在分词) 4. 某些动词后不定式和动名词作宾语的不同含义 remember to do sth记着去做某事(未做);remember doing sth记得做了某事(已做) 如Do you remember meeting me at a party last year?(已“见面”) You must remember to leave tomorrow.(还没有“动身”) forget to do sth忘记去做某事(未做);forget doing sth忘记做过某事(已做) 如The light in the office is still on. She forgot to turn it off。(“关灯”的动作没做) The light in the office is off. It was she who turned it off, but she herself forgot turning it off.(“关灯”的动作已做过,她忘记了) stop to do sth停下来去做另一件事;stop doing sth停止正在做的事 如She reached the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path. As long as you live, your heart never stops beating. regret to do sth对尚未做的或正在做的事表示遗憾;regret doing sth对做过的事表示后悔 如I regret going to his hometown. I regret to tell you the truth. try to do sth尽力去做某事;try doing sth试着做某事 如You must try to do it again. Let’s try doing the work in some other way. mean to do sth打算做某事;mean doing sth意味着 / 意思是干某事 如---What do you mean by saying I’m lucky.---I mean admitting your success. He meant to help you. 六. 非谓语动词独立主格结构 “名词或代词 + 非谓语动词”构成非谓语动词的独立主格结构,它们之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。 1. 不定式构成的独立主格结构:如So much homework to do, he has to stay at home. 2. 动词-ing形式构成的独立主格结构:动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时,就应用动词-ing形式的独立主格结构,在句中作时间、原因、条件、伴随状语等。 表示时间:如The audience having seated themselves, the concert began. (= After the audience had seated themselves…) 表示方式或伴随:如The boy lay on the grass, his head resting upon his left forearm. 表示原因:如The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. (= As the guide led the way …) 表示条件:如Weather permitting, we will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. (= If weather permits …) 3. 动词-ed形式构成的独立主格结构:由“逻辑主语 + 动词-ed”构成;在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件状语等。 表示时间:如The task completed, we had a global traveling. 表示方式或伴随:如All her attention fixed on it, she was listening to the lecture. 表示原因:如Thousands of eyes fixed upon him, he felt nervous. 表示条件:如More time given, we can finish the work in advance. (= If more time is given …) 温馨提示:“名词 / 代词 + 非谓语动词”构成的独立主格结构中,用不定式、动词的-ing形式和动词的-ed形式,意义是不同的:不定式表示将要发生但还没有发生;动词-ing形式表示正在进行;而动词-ed形式则表示已经完成。 如So much work to do, he felt worried. So much word done, he felt happy. Much work being done, he went home.查看更多