高中英语语法精讲第7章动词的过去分词形式

高中英语语法精讲第7章动词的过去分词形式

高中英语语法精讲第七章动词的过去分词形式 ‎ ‎ ‎ 动词的-ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。‎ ‎ 一、动词的-ed形式的特征 ‎ A．动词的-ed形式是由动词的过去分词构成 ‎ 动词的-ed形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。绝大部分的动词的-ed形式由动词原形加-ed构成，也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。‎ ‎ 1． 规则动词的-ed形式 ‎ limit →limited（限制）‎ ‎ pretend →pretended（假装）‎ ‎ escape →escaped（逃脱）‎ ‎ provide →provided（提供）‎ ‎ refer →referred（提交）‎ ‎ drag →dragged（拖）‎ ‎ pray →prayed（祈祷）‎ ‎ supply →supplied（供应）‎ ‎ 2．不规则动词的-ed形式 ‎ ‎ cast →cast（投掷）‎ ‎ spread →spread（传播）‎ ‎ bite →bitten（咬）‎ ‎ forgive →forgiven（原谅）‎ ‎ spit →spat（ 吐）‎ ‎ wear →worn（穿）‎ ‎ fight →fought（搏斗）‎ ‎ lose →lost（丢失）‎ ‎ 3．少数动词的-ed形式作定语时，读音与一般过去分词不同 ‎ learned →a learned professor 一位知识渊博的教授 ‎ aged →an aged man 老人 ‎ beloved →his beloved computer 他心爱的计算机 ‎ B．动词的-ed形式的否定形式 ‎ 动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。‎ ‎ Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside. 不允许他进去，他只好在外面等着。‎ ‎ Never invited to his party, she got angry with him. 从未被邀请过去他的聚会，她很生气。‎ 9‎ C．动词的-ed形式的特征 ‎ 动词的-ed形式有被动的意思，有时也可表示完成的动作。‎ ‎ 1．动词的-ed形式表示已完成的动作。‎ ‎ 除了作形容词用的-ed形式外，动词的-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。‎ ‎ Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。‎ ‎ One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。‎ ‎ The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 鲁迅写的这些书，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。‎ ‎ 2．及物动词的-ed形式一般表示被动的意思。‎ ‎ Given more time, I could have solved that riddle. 要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。（句子的主语I 和动词give之间是被动关系。）‎ ‎ When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. 你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。（动词make的宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。）‎ ‎ The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study. 在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。‎ ‎ 3．不及物动词的-ed形式只表示完成的意思，并不带有被动的含义。‎ ‎ an escaped prisoner 逃犯 （= a prisoner who has escaped）‎ ‎ a retired worker 退休工人 （= a worker who has retired）‎ ‎ a newly arrived guest 新来的客人 （= a guest who has just arrived）‎ ‎ We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.我们应该不时地从发达国家引进先进技术。‎ ‎ People should pay attention to the changed situation. 人们应该注意到变化了的形势。‎ 二、动词的-ed形式的用法 ‎ 动词的-ed形式在句中主要起形容词和副词的作用，可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。‎ ‎ A．动词的-ed形式作表语 ‎ 1．-ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。‎ ‎ The students are fully prepared. 学生们已做好了充分的准备。‎ ‎ When we got there, the shop was closed. 我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。‎ ‎ She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars. 她对自己在高低杠上的表现感到很满意。‎ ‎ The land remained unexploited. 这片土地尚未开发。‎ 9‎ ‎ Hearing the news, he looked disappointed. 听到这个消息，他看起来非常失望。‎ ‎ The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year. 山顶上终年积雪覆盖。‎ ‎ 比较：‎ ‎ 要把-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态中的-ed形式表示被动动作。‎ ‎ All the doors are locked. 所有的门都是锁着的。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态）‎ ‎ All the doors were locked by the guard. 所有的门都被卫兵锁上了。（被动语态，表示动作）‎ ‎ Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态 ‎ Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。（被动语态，表示动作）‎ ‎ 2．同一动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作表语时的区别。‎ ‎ 动词的-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而-ing形式作 表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。‎ ‎ They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。‎ ‎ At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved. 看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。‎ ‎ 提示：‎ ‎ 上述动词的-ed形式，有的（如pleased, tired, excited, disappointed等）已经变成形容词，可以被very, too等副词修饰。有的（如amused, puzzled, relaxed等）还不能被very, too修饰，只能被much修饰。‎ ‎ These problems are very puzzling. 这些问题很令人迷惑。‎ ‎ We are much puzzled by his failure to reply. 他不给我们回信使我们百思不得其解。‎ ‎ His speech was very moving. 他的演讲非常感人。‎ ‎ All the people present were moved to tears. 在场的所有人都被感动得流泪了。‎ ‎ B．动词的-ed形式作宾语补足语 ‎ 当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词的-ed形式作宾语的补足语。‎ ‎ 1．在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find后作宾语补足语。‎ ‎ I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night. 昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。‎ ‎ We found all the rivers seriously polluted. 我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。‎ ‎ Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop. 昨天我在商店里注意到一个小女孩偷东西被抓住了。‎ ‎ He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind. 他感觉到衣领被人从后面拉了一下。‎ ‎ 2．在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。‎ 9‎ ‎ ①动词的-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。‎ ‎ Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。‎ ‎ I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come. 我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。‎ ‎ 比较：‎ ‎ 动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。‎ ‎ I couldn’t get the car to start this morning. 今早我无法把汽车发动起来。‎ ‎ He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。‎ ‎ It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him! 让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。‎ ‎ Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？‎ ‎ ②动词的-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。‎ ‎ He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。‎ ‎ You should make your views known to the public. 你应该让公众知道你的观点。‎ ‎ 注意：‎ ‎ 动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词的-ed形式，但不可用动词的-ing形式。‎ ‎ 【误】Can you make the students understanding the text ‎ 【正】Can you make the students understand the text 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？‎ ‎ 【正】Can you make the text understood by the students 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？‎ ‎ ③动词的-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。‎ ‎ They all went home, leaving all the work undone. 所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。‎ ‎ The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night. 侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房间里。‎ ‎ 3．动词的-ed形式也可用在with（without）结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。‎ ‎ With everything well arranged, he left the office. 一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。‎ ‎ She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books. 她已经回来了，背包里塞满了有趣的图书。‎ ‎ Without any grain left in the house, the little girl had to go begging. 家里没有粮食，小女孩只好出去讨饭。‎ ‎ Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks. 如果不再给我们任何时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。‎ ‎ 4．某些动词后（如want, need, prefer, would like等），作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”，就成了-ed形式作宾语补足语。‎ ‎ I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately. 我希望这事立即得到解决。‎ 9‎ ‎ I'd prefer this book translated by my sister. 我情愿让我妹妹来翻译这本书。‎ ‎ We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday. 我们需要这项工作周六之前完成。‎ ‎ The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on. 农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。‎ ‎ C．动词的-ed形式作定语 ‎ 动词的-ed形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。‎ ‎ 1．前置定语 ‎ 单个的动词的-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。‎ ‎ A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。‎ ‎ All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. 所有的坏门窗都修好了。‎ ‎ When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。‎ ‎ 提示：‎ ‎ 如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。‎ ‎ Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。‎ ‎ 2．后置定语 ‎ 作后置定语的-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。‎ ‎ We have read many novels written by this author. 我们读过这个作家写的许多小说。（= that are written by this author）‎ ‎ Half of the honored guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。（= who had been invited to the reception）‎ ‎ The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。(= which was attended by one thousand students)‎ ‎ A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge. 一个律师装扮的女人走了进来，并作为法官就座。(= who was dressed like a lawyer)‎ ‎ 3．动词的-ed形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别 ‎ 动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动，而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在进行或和主动。‎ ‎ the risen sun 升起了的太阳 ‎ the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 ‎ boiled water 开水 ‎ boiling water 正沸腾的水 ‎ developed countries 发达国家 ‎ developing countries 发展中国家 9‎ ‎ fallen leaves 落叶 ‎ falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 ‎ changed condition 改变了的情况 ‎ changing condition 变化着的情况 ‎ 动词的-ed形式作状语和-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、 方式或伴随情况等。‎ ‎ 1．表示时间 ‎ 动词的-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。‎ ‎ Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. 从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。（= When the city is seen from the tower...）‎ ‎ Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。（= After we had been shown the lab...）‎ ‎ Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. 经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。(= After he was completely examined...)‎ ‎ 提示：‎ ‎ 有时动词的-ed形式前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。‎ ‎ When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame. 当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。‎ ‎ Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。‎ ‎ Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。‎ ‎ 2. 表示原因 ‎ 动词的-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。‎ ‎ Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying. 孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。（= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...）‎ ‎ Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. 因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。（=As it was written in haste ...） ‎ ‎ Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. 我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。(Because we were excited by...)‎ ‎ 注意：‎ ‎ 为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。‎ ‎ Even if invited, I won't go. 即使受到邀请，我也不去。‎ ‎ Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart. 虽然被对手打败，便他们并没有丧失信心。‎ 9‎ ‎ Unless invited, he will not come back to the company. 除非被邀请，不然他不会回到公司来的。‎ ‎ 3. 表示条件 ‎ 动词的-ed形式作状语表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。‎ ‎ Heated, water changes into steam. 加热，水就能变成蒸汽。（= If water is heated...）‎ ‎ Given more time, he would be able to do better. 假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。（= If he was given more time ...）‎ ‎ Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 与其他教授相比，她是一个优秀的演说家。‎ ‎ 4. 表示让步 ‎ 动词的-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。‎ ‎ Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。（= Although they were exhausted by the running ...）‎ ‎ Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。（= Even if he was laughed by many people ...）‎ ‎ Questioned many times a day, Andrew kept silent over the murder. 尽管一天被盘问了多次，安德鲁仍然对那件谋杀案保持沉默。‎ ‎ 提示：‎ ‎ 有时动词的-ed形式作状语和动词的-ing形式的被动式作状语，并没有多大的区别，可以互换。‎ ‎ Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。‎ ‎ = Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然发热不能来上学。‎ ‎ Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。‎ ‎ = Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life. 因为是在农村长大的，他感到很难适应城市生活。‎ ‎ 5．表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。‎ ‎ 动词的-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。‎ ‎ The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. 老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。（= and he was surrounded by the students）‎ ‎ He went into the office, followed by some children. 他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。(= and he was followed by some children)‎ 9‎ ‎ They turned around and stood in the middle of the room, completely astonished. 他们转过身来，站在房间中央，完全惊呆了。‎ ‎ She accepted the gift, deeply moved. 她接受了礼物，深深地感动了。‎ ‎ 注意：‎ ‎ 动词的-ed形式在句中不能用作主语或宾语。‎ ‎ 【误】Invited to the state banquet is a great honor.‎ ‎ 【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honor. 被邀请出席国宴是极大的荣耀。‎ ‎ 【误】I cannot stand laughed at.‎ ‎ 【正】I cannot stand being laughed at. 我不能容忍被人嘲笑。‎ ‎ 三、动词的-ed形式的逻辑主语 ‎ A．动词的-ed形式在句中作状语和表语时，它的逻辑主语一般来说就是句子的主语，-ed形式和主语之间是被动关系。‎ ‎ Locked up, he had no way to escape. 他被锁了起来，没有办法逃跑了。‎ ‎ Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 他陷入了沉思，几乎撞到了前面的汽车。‎ ‎ She became discouraged at the news. 听到这个消息，她泄气了。‎ ‎ Though it was 1000 a.m., the door of the shop remained locked. 尽管已经是上午10点了，商店的门仍然锁着。‎ ‎ ‎ B．当动词的-ed形式在句中作定语时，它的逻辑主语是被它修饰的名词，它和名词之间是被动关系。‎ ‎ The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 第一批编写出来作为英语教材的课本是16世纪出版的。‎ ‎ The computer center, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school. 去年开办的计算机中心深受这所学校的学生喜爱。‎ ‎ A lighted candle lit up the cellar. 一支点燃的蜡烛照亮了地下室。‎ ‎ C．当动词的-ed形式在句中作宾语补语或主语补语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语，它们之间的关系是被动关系。‎ ‎ Vivien got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain. 薇薇恩把手指卡在自行车链条里了。（trapped的逻辑主语是句子的宾语fingers）‎ ‎ The valuable vase was found stolen. 那个珍贵的花瓶发现被盗了。（stolen的逻辑主语是句子的主语vase）‎ ‎ We got home only to find the whole house turned upside down. Thieves obviously had broken in. 我们回到家发现整幢房子被翻得乱七八糟, 很明显小偷闯进来了。‎ 9‎ ‎ D．动词的-ed形式有时可有其独立的逻辑主语，常用作状语（详见“第8章 独立主格结构”）。‎ ‎ Everything done, we went home. 一切事情都做完了，我们就回家了。‎ ‎ All our money run out, Henry had to find another job. 钱都用完了，亨利不得不再找一份工作。‎ ‎ He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. 他躺在草地上，头枕着双手。‎ ‎ All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 考虑到所有的情况，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消。‎ ‎ E．动词的-ed形式作独立成分。‎ ‎ 动词的-ed形式的一些固定词组也可在句中作独立成分，不受逻辑主语的限制。‎ ‎ Put frankly, I don't agree with what he said. 坦白地说，我不同意他所说的。‎ ‎ Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. 考虑到他一般的身体状况，手术后的恢复可能需要一段时间 。 ‎ ‎ ‎ 9‎