【英语】2018届语法二轮复习情态动词和虚拟语气学案（10页）

【英语】2018届语法二轮复习情态动词和虚拟语气学案（10页）

‎2018届语法二轮复习 情态动词和虚拟语气 ‎ 真题搜索 单句改错 ‎1．(2016·新课标Ⅱ) Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.‎ ‎2．(2015·新课标Ⅰ) We must found ways to protect our environment.‎ ‎3．(2015·四川) If you are me，would you talk to them?‎ 答案及解析 ‎1．can→should或去掉can句意：一些同学建议我们去附近的名胜古迹。suggest作动词，表示“建议”时，宾语从句的谓语通常用虚拟语气“(should＋)动词原形”，故此处可把can改为should，也可去掉can。‎ ‎2．found→find 句意：我们必须要找到保护环境的方法。情态动词must后接动词原形。‎ ‎3．are→were句意：如果你是我，你会跟他们谈吗？根据句子可知，此处为虚拟语气，与现在事实相反，be动词应用were。‎ 单句语法填空 ‎1．(2016·浙江，15) ________ (have) the governments and scientists not worked together，AIDSrelated deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005.‎ ‎2．(2016·浙江，17) George can't ________ (go) too far.His coffee is still warm.‎ ‎3．(2016·北京，34) Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week？If you ________(tell) me，I could have helped.‎ ‎4．(2015·北京，29) —Can't you stay a little longer?‎ ‎—It's getting late.I really ________go now.My daughter is home alone.‎ ‎5．(2015·福建，27) —Sorry，Mum！I failed the job interview again.‎ ‎—Oh，it's too bad.You ________ have made full preparations.‎ ‎6．(2015·陕西，23) Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish I ______ (dance) as well as her.‎ ‎7．(2015·天津，7) I ________ have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates here are very friendly to me.‎ ‎8．(2015·天津，13) I wish I ________ (be) at my sister's wedding last Tuesday，but I was on a business trip in New York then.‎ ‎9．(2015·重庆，12) You ________ be Carol.You haven't changed a bit after all these years.‎ ‎10．(2014·湖南，25) —I've prepared all kinds of food for the picnic.‎ ‎—Do you mean we ________ not bring anything with us?‎ ‎11．(2014·福建，32) ______ (be) there no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world.‎ ‎13．(2014·重庆，13) It was John who broke the window.Why are you talking to me as if I________ (do) it?‎ ‎14．(2014·陕西，25) My book，The House of Hades，is missing. Who ________ have taken it?‎ ‎15．(2014·四川，6) I still remember my happy childhood when my mother ________ (will) take me to Disneyland at weekends.‎ ‎1．Had句意：如果政府和科学家不共同努力，与艾滋病相关的死亡就不会从2005年的最高点下降。这是一个省略了从属连词if的虚拟语气句，‎ 使用了倒装句式。根据主句的would not have fallen可知，这里是表示过去的虚拟语气，所以用had。‎ ‎2．have gone句意：乔治不可能走得太远了。他的咖啡仍然是温的。can't have done是对过去的否定推测。‎ ‎3．had told句意：上个星期你为什么不告诉我你的麻烦事？如果你告诉我了，我就能帮你。根据句意和相关信息判断，条件句表示与过去事实相反的假设，此时从句用过去完成时，主句谓语用“情态动词＋have done”形式。‎ ‎4．must句意：——你不能再多待会儿吗？——太晚了。我必须要走了，我女儿一个人在家呢。由“时间不早了”和“女儿一个人在家”这两个条件可以推断出“我”必须要走了。所以填must。‎ ‎5．should句意：——对不起，妈妈。我面试又失败了。——噢，太糟糕了。你本应该做充分准备的。should have done形式表示对过去的推测，意为“本应该……”。‎ ‎6．danced句意：艾伦是个极好的舞者，我多么希望我和她跳得一样好。wish从句中与现在事实相反的虚拟语气用一般过去时表达。‎ ‎7．needn't句意：在来到新学校之前我本不必担心，因为这儿的同学对我非常友好。needn't have done 表示“本没有必要做某事，但是做了”。‎ ‎8．had been句意：我多么希望上周二我去参加了妹妹的婚礼，但是当时我正在纽约出差。wish 引导的虚拟语气，与过去事实相反用had done形式表达。‎ ‎9．must句意：你一定是卡罗尔，这么多年来你一点都没有变。表示肯定推测要用must。‎ ‎10．need句意：—— 我已经为这次野餐准备好了各种食物。——你的意思是我们不需要再带任何东西吗？根据prepared all kinds of...可知，此处为“不需要再带任何东西”，故填need。‎ ‎11．Were句意：如果没有现代通信手段，‎ 我们需要等待数周才能获得来自世界各地的新闻。由句意和主句中的“would＋动词原形”可知，逗号前是一个表示与现在事实相反的从句，应为if there were...。此处条件句中的if省略，把were提到主语前，故填Were。‎ ‎12．(2014·陕西) We would rather our daughter ________ (stay) at home with us，but it is her choice，and she is not a child any longer.‎ ‎12．stayed句意：我们宁愿让女儿和我们一起待在家里，可那是她的选择，而且她也不再是个孩子了。would rather后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，用一般过去时表示与现在或将来相反的事实。‎ ‎13．had done句意：是约翰打破了窗户。你为什么以好像是我打破了的语气对我说话？as if 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词与wish 引导的宾语从句的虚拟语气形式相同。结合语境可知，此处表示对过去的虚拟和假设，填had done。‎ ‎14．could句意：我的书《哈迪斯之屋》不见了。是谁拿走了呢？结合语境可知，此处表示对过去事实的推测，用在疑问句中，填could。‎ ‎15．would句意：我仍然记得我的幸福童年，那时我母亲总会在周末带我去迪士尼乐园。would表示过去的一种习惯。‎ 解题指导 ‎1．正确理解句子，把握说话人的语气。情态动词主要表示说话人的语气、情感或态度，因而解题时一定要把握说话者的语气，即应正确理解句子，从说话者的角度去考虑问题，结合具体的语境来分析和判断，最后确定所填情态动词是否符合特定的情感需要或句中情态动词的使用是否符合情态动词的特定要求，并予以改正。‎ ‎2．分析语境，明确时间信息。解题时考生应认真分析语境，确定与虚拟语气相对应的真实情况存在的时间，然后根据主、从句中不同的谓语形式来确定正确答案。另外，由于在不同的主、从句中，虚拟语气用不同的动词形式来体现，因而考生应熟练掌握各类主、从句中虚拟语气的动词形式。‎ ‎3．把握句意，‎ 寻找解题的特定信息词。英语中某些单词或短语往往暗示虚拟语气的使用，如If it were not for/had not been for (要不是)，but for (要不是)，if only...(要是……该多好)，without，otherwise等，考生解题时应留意是否有这些信息词，然后根据时间关系来确定相关主、从句中的谓语形式该如何填写或更改。‎ ‎ (2015·四川，2) You ________ be careful with the camera.It costs!‎ ‎【解析】must句意：你一定要小心使用这部相机。它花了不少钱呢！根据句意应该用must“一定”。‎ ‎ (2014·广西) So real friendship should able to stand all sorts of tests.‎ ‎【解析】should后加be句意：真正的友谊应该能经得起各种考验。情态动词不能独立使用，后面须接动词原形。根据able 可知，须加be动词，be able to为固定短语，意为“能，能够”。‎ ‎ (2015·安徽，32) It is lucky we booked a room，or we ________ (have) nowhere to stay now.‎ ‎【解析】would have句意：幸运的是我们预定了一个房间，否则现在我们就没有地方待了。由时间状语now可知，主句是对现在的虚拟，所以使用would have。‎ 语法知识梳理 一、 can，could 情态动词 用法 can/could 表示能力 can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力 表示请求 could不表示过去，只表示委婉、客气的语气，但回答时必须用can 表示可能性 一般用在否定句及疑问句中，could 也可用于肯定句 ‎ Although he is only four，he can play the piano.‎ ‎ Can I use your computer for a while?‎ ‎—Could I borrow your bicycle?‎ ‎—Yes，you can./No，you can't.‎ ‎ That can't be Mary，for she is in hospital.‎ can有时也用于肯定句，表示理论上的可能性或一时的情况。常译为“有时会”。‎ Mother can be very forgetful sometimes.‎ In general Tom is a good man，but he can be very hard sometimes.‎ can与be able to ‎(1)表示能力时，can与be able to意义相同，但是can仅用于一般现在时及一般过去时，be able to可用于更多时态。‎ ‎(2)过去形式的could与was/were able to相比，could仅说明具备某种能力，而was/were able to则侧重通过某种努力达到某种结果，常译为“成功做到了”。‎ As a boy of ten，he can operate the computer skillfully.‎ He was able to get out of the room when the fire broke out.‎ 二、 may，might 情态动词 用法 may/might 表示请求、允许 might不表示过去，仅表示语气更加委婉、客气 表示可能性 表示把握性不大的推测，不用于疑问句中；might表示的可能性比may更小 表示祝愿 may可以用来表示祝愿，但句子要用部分倒装 固定用法 may/might as well do sth.“不妨做某事；还是做某事为好”‎ ‎ Might I make a suggestion?‎ ‎ This coat may be Peter's.‎ He might be doing his homework now.‎ ‎ May you succeed!‎ may表示请求许可时，其否定回答一般用mustn't。may not意为“可能不”，而can't意为“不可能”。‎ ‎—May I use your computer?‎ ‎—Yes，you may.(No，you mustn't.)‎ 三、will，would 情态动词 用法 will/would 用于第二人称作主语的疑问句表示请求 表示意志、决心或愿望 表示客观上的习惯，will表示现在，would表示过去 表示推测或猜想 表示按规律“注定会”‎ ‎ Will you help me with the luggage?‎ Would you pay me in cash，please?‎ They asked if we would do that again.‎ ‎ Oil will float on water.‎ would与used to would表示过去的习惯时仅指动作，而且不与现在作对比；used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，而且与现在作对比，说明现在这种动作或状态已经不存在。‎ In those days he would sit silently at the door for hours.‎ He used to swim in the little river when he was a boy.‎ 四、shall，should 情态动词 用法 shall 用在第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中，表示征求对方的意见或请示 用于第二、三人称作主语的陈述句中，表示说话者命令、警告、许诺等的语气 用在第三人称作主语的陈述句中，表示法律条文等的规定，意为“必须”‎ should 表示义务、责任、劝告或建议，意为“应该”，与ought to基本相同；should表示主观，ought to表示客观 表示预测，意为“应该会；按理说；想必会”‎ 表示意外、惊讶、纳闷等感情色彩，意为“‎ 竟然；到底”‎ ‎ Shall he come in or wait outside?‎ ‎ You shall remain in your seats until all papers have been collected.‎ ‎ You should be careful when doing your job.‎ ‎ We should arrive home before dark.‎ ‎ How should I know it?‎ 五、must，have to ‎ must表示非常有把握的推测，仅用于肯定句。‎ ‎ You must be tired after the long journey.‎ ‎ 表示“必须；一定”，must侧重主观，have to 侧重客观。‎ ‎ The children must be back by 4 o'clock.‎ ‎ 表示说话者的感情色彩，暗含不耐烦或与自己的愿望相反，意为“偏要；非要”。‎ ‎ If you must leave，please do it quietly.The baby is sleeping.‎ 在回答must的问句时，否定回答通常用needn't或don't have to。‎ 六、need，dare need意为“需要”，dare意为“敢”，二者都既可作情态动词也可作实义动词，一般在疑问句和否定句中作情态动词用，在肯定句中作实义动词用。‎ ‎ —Need he go yesterday?‎ ‎—No，he needn't.‎ ‎ She dare not go out alone at night.‎ 七、“情态动词＋have done”的用法 ‎ “情态动词＋have done”表示推测 可以这样用的情态动词有can，could，may，might，must，它们都表示对已经发生或完成的情况的推测。can仅用在否定句及疑问句中；must仅用在肯定句中；may/might不用于疑问句中。‎ ‎ There is nowhere to find them.Where can they have gone?‎ You can't have seen her in her office last Friday；she's been out of town for two weeks.‎ ‎ He is upset.He must have been punished.‎ ‎ Tom may have passed the driving test，but I am not sure about it.‎ ‎ “情态动词＋have done”表示虚拟语气 可以这样用的情态动词有could，might，should，need(只用否定形式)等，它们都表示与事实相反的情况，一般意为“本……(事实却不这样)”。‎ ‎ Considering his ability，he could have done it better.‎ ‎ He might have given you more help，even though he was busy.‎ ‎ You should have told me earlier.‎ I'm sorry.I shouldn't have been so rude to you.‎ ‎ He needn't have gone to the station yesterday.‎ 虚拟语气回顾 一、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法 ‎ 基本用法 情况 从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词 与现在事实相反 动词的过去式(be的过去式用were)‎ should/would/could/might＋动词原形 与过去事实相反 had done should/would/could/might＋have done 与将来事实相反 动词的过去式、‎ should＋动词原形、‎ were to＋动词原形 should/would/could/might＋动词原形 ‎ If I were you，I would do it in another way.‎ If I saw her now，I would be very happy.‎ ‎ If he had taken my advice，he would have succeeded in the competition.‎ ‎ If he should come here tomorrow，I should/would talk to him.‎ If it were to rain tomorrow，the football match would be put off.‎ ‎ 混合虚拟语气 有时非真实条件句的动作和主句的动作不同时发生，或主从句的动作有一个是事实，这种情况下谓语动词要根据各自的具体情况来确定。‎ ‎ If he had worked hard at his lesson，he would be in college now.‎ ‎ 含蓄虚拟语气 有时非真实条件不是通过if引导的条件句来表现的，而是通过一些词或短语来表示，如without，but for，otherwise，but等。‎ ‎ I couldn't have finished the work on time without your help.‎ ‎ But for your timely warning，we would have got into great trouble.‎ ‎ 非真实条件句中省略if的用法 如果非真实条件句中有had，were，should，可省略if，而将had，were，should提前形成部分倒装。‎ ‎ Had he taken my advice，he would not have made such a mistake.‎ ‎ Should it be sunny tomorrow，we would go hiking.‎ ‎ Were there no air or water，there would be no living things on the earth.‎ 二、虚拟语气在其他从句中的应用 ‎ 在suggest，order，demand，command，request，require，insist，desire，urge，recommend等动词后的宾语从句，要用“(should＋) 动词原形”来表示愿望、建议、命令、要求等；由上述动词派生或转化的名词的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式。‎ ‎ The doctor suggested that she (should) come another day.‎ ‎ Her suggestion is that we (should) give up the plan.‎ ‎ He insisted that we (should) accept these gifts.‎ ‎ The boss ordered that the job (should) be finished in three days.‎ ‎ 在“It is/was＋某些形容词/过去分词＋that从句”句型中，that从句常用虚拟语气，即谓语动词为“should＋动词原形”。这些形容词有strange，astonishing，surprising，过去分词有desired，suggested，requested，recommended，ordered等。‎ ‎ It is strange that she shouldn't have been invited.‎ ‎ 在由for fear that，in case等引导的状语从句中，用“should＋动词原形”表示“唯恐……”。‎ ‎ He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.‎ ‎ 在“It is(about/high)time＋that从句”中，谓语动词常用过去式或“‎ should＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气。‎ ‎ It is high time that people learnt/should learn English.‎ ‎ 在as if/as though引导的从句及wish引导的宾语从句中，与现在情况相反，从句谓语用过去式；与过去情况相反，从句谓语用“had＋过去分词”；与将来情况相反，从句谓语用“would/could＋动词原形”。‎ ‎ He works with such enthusiasm as if he were never tired.‎ ‎ He speaks English as though he were an American.‎ ‎ 在if only...句子中，谓语动词的形式与wish后的宾语从句相同。‎ ‎ If only the driver didn't drive so fast!‎