2019届二轮复习阅读理解词义猜测类型试题解题指导课件（19张）

2019届二轮复习阅读理解词义猜测类型试题解题指导课件（19张）

一、根据上下文的解释猜测词义 出现猜测词义的设题时,很多情况下都会在上下文出现对该词或词组或 句子的解释和说明。只要我们能够正确地理解上下文,准确把握解释和 说明的信息,对词义的猜测准确率将会大大提高。 例　 I am Peter Hodes,a volunteer stem cell courier . Since March 2012, I ' ve done 89 trips—of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞)in my little box because I ' ve got two ice packs and that ' s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested 方法技巧 2019 届二轮复习阅读理解词义猜测类型试题解题指导 from a donor(捐献者)to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we ' ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said:“Well, I ' m really sorry, I ' ve got some bad news for you—there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said:“In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient—please, please, you ' ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed(改 道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than origi- nally scheduled. For this courier job,you ' re consciously aware that in that box you ' ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody ' s life. Which of the following can replace the underlined word“courier”in Paragraph 1? A.Provider.　　B.Delivery man. C.Collector.　　D.Medical doctor. 分析 　本题中,该设题的词courier是一个生词,但是,文章后面的故事和 说明表明“我”的旅行就是运送干细胞,从而可以容易地判断出该词的 词义就是“delivery man”,意为“运送人”。 二、根据上下文的特殊关系词猜测词义 词义猜测设题的另一个重要方式是对应于相应的特殊关系,如转折、对 比、递进等。在进行词义猜测的时候,我们可以根据目标词和上下文的 这些特殊的关系词来进行判断。 例　 Henrietta Lacks was born in 1920 in Virginia and raised on a tobacco farm. She married her cousin, David Day and later settled in Turner Station where Day worked at a steel mill. After giving birth to her fifth child, she was diagnosed with cervical cancer. She was treated at Johns Hopkins, the only hospital within twenty miles that treated black patients. In an attempt to grow everlasting cells, Dr. George Gey took samples of all women who came to Hopkins with cervical cancer. After taking a biopsy (活体检视)of Henrietta ' s cervical cancer, Dr. George Gey discovered that unlike any cells he had seen before, Henrietta ' s cells could not only repro- duce, but thrive outside the body—a breakthrough that would change mod- ern medicine. Actually, her cells doubled in size every 24 hours and Dr. Gey shared these cells for free with any researcher interested. Later, Dr. Stanley Gartler found that Henrietta ' s cells were even capable of jumping out of the petri dish(培养皿)and taking other cell types. As a result, these cells, named HeLa(for Henrietta Lacks)have been essential in the research into cancer, AIDS, the effects of radiation and poisonous substances, gene mapping, and countless other scientific pursuits. And they ' ve been used in tens of thousands of research studies. Henrietta Lacks died not too long after her diagnosis in 1951.She unknow- ingly held the key to unlocking medical advancements in tumor cells. Now, decades after Henrietta ' s death, her cells are still alive. For many years, her family knew nothing about the impact her cells had on medical science —she provided a crucial sample of cells that has furthered the knowledge of medical science and disease prevention. Now nearly 60 years after her death, in May 2011, Morgan State Universi- ty in Baltimore awarded her an honorary degree. What does the underlined word“thrive”mean probably? A.Die.　　B.Grow. C.Break.　　D.Change. 分析 　本文中,目标词前面有“could not only reproduce, but”, 从而可 以判断有递进关系,同时,再根据后面的her cells doubled in size every 24 hours可推知,thrive一词与选项B意思相近,意为“生长”。 三、根据上下文,利用指代关系来解题 有时候画线目标单词是it或they等代词,要求考生推断其指代的对象。 这类题目主要考查考生对文章结构和内容的准确掌握程度。我们要根 据文章的内容和句子结构来仔细判断画线词的指代。 例 　In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest, there still remain un- usual groups of indigenous(土著的)people. Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs. And yet, people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony(殖民地)of the French Republic since 1946. In theory, they should live by the French law. However, their remote locations mean that the French law is often ig- nored or unknown, thus making them into an interesting area of“lawless- ness”in the world. The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the efforts of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin. Gin spent five months in early 2015 exploring the most remote corners of this area, which sits on the edge of the Amazon rainforest, with half its population of only 250,000 living in its capital, Cayenne. “I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years,”says Gin.“I ' ve been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I don ' t see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom.” “I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life,”continues Gin.“I prefer to work in black and white, which allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly.” His black-and-white pictures present a world almost lost in time. These pic -tures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unpre- pared for. These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self- supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide. What does the underlined word“it”in the last paragraph refer to? A.The modern French lifestyle. B.The self-supporting hunting. C.The uncivilized world. D.The French Republic. 分析 　本文是一篇记叙文。文章记述了在远离法国本土的圭亚那的热 带雨林深处土著居民的自由生活。画线词所在句的句意是“这些居民 现在不得不在他们传统的经济独立的狩猎的生活方式和现代的法国政 府提供的生活方式中保持平衡。而这种现代化的生活不只带来了必要 的政府福利,而且也带来了酗酒、背叛甚至是自杀”。which引导的是 非限制性定语从句,根据以上叙述的段意可以推断出画线的it指的是现 代的法国生活方式,所以答案为A项。B项:自给自足的狩猎方式; C项: 未开化的世界;D项:法兰西共和国。本题错误率很高。其主要原因就是 对画线词所在的句子理解不到位,对相关句子结构的把握也不准确。 四、利用构词法猜测词义 构词法是词义猜测题解题的重要方法之一。设题的词汇很难,但是根据 其词根却可以对单词的词义进行判断。因此,为了提高这类题的解题正 确率,我们要在平时注意积累英语词汇的词根知识。 例 　The stories we share with one another are important.They show wis- dom and provide inspiration.They are important to our development.But sometimes people choose not to tell. Consider the negative effects of not sharing a story in the news:People are wondering if public health officials are holding back too much information about the recent outbreak of Ebola. There is a danger in holding back stories that ought to be told.Bobette Buster said it like this,“The fact is,history has shown us that stories not told can become like a dangerous genie(妖怪)left in a bottle.When they are finally uncorked ,their power to destroy is set free.” There are a number of reasons why we hide parts of our story:they often show our weaknesses or expose our disadvantages;they require courage and strength to share;and of course,there are some stories that should be kept secret—especially those that embarrass someone else. Most of us have two selves:the one we display on the outside and the one we actually are on the inside.And the better we get at hiding the stories that show our true selves,the more damage we may be causing to ourselves and to others. Honesty and openness is important:It proves we are trustworthy.It displays we are human.We are not perfect or better.It highlights the importance of hard work and personal development.Hard work may not allow us to over- come our disadvantages completely.But with hard work,we do not have to be restricted to our mistakes. Does this mean we admit every weakness,every disadvantage,and every secret regret to everybody we meet?No,of course not.There is a time and a place and a certain level of relationship necessary for some stories to be told in an appropriate manner. Which is close in meaning to the underlined word“uncorked”in Para- graph 3? A.Freed.　　B.Broken. C.Unfolded.　　D.Untouched. 分析 　本题可以根据构词法来确定画线词的词义。cork的意思是“软 木塞”“用软木塞封(瓶)”。该词在前面加上否定前缀,那么就是把塞 子打开。和选项中的A(freed)语义相近。 当然,猜词可以通过多种方法。如此题,还可以根据后面的句意,尤其是 “set free”来猜测词义。 五、利用定义语来猜测词义 画线词一般都是高中学生不太熟知的单词。此时,文章中可能会给出该 词的定义或解释。通过阅读定义或解释部分,读者便可理解该词的基本 含义。线索词有 that,which,is 等。 六、利用同位语来猜测词义 通常引出该词同位语的词语有 or,that is,in other words 等,还有的同位语 以括号或破折号的形式出现。在这些标记词语后考生可较易找到同画 线词意义相同或相近的词。 七、利用文章中的举例来猜测词义 在阅读理解中考生可以根据文章所举的例子,从具体到一般,推断出该 生词的意思。 八、利用对比或比较的词语来猜测词义 当作者强调的事物之间有区别或对立时往往会运用对比的手法,即会用 到对比的词语,例如反义词,也可以暗示出生词的含义。能体现对比关 系的词汇很多,主要有 but,yet,however,while,instead,on the other hand,on the contrary,in contrast with 等。标点符号中的分号也可表示对比。 九、利用因果关系来猜测词义 因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。 一定的原因会导致一定的结果,某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起 的。作者在叙述原因的过程中就必然会把词或句子置于因果关系中。 常见的表示因果关系的词汇有:since, as, because, for, so, thus, conse- quently, therefore, hence, due to, result in,result from,as a result,for this reason,accordingly,so that等。