2019届二轮复习阅读理解细节理解类型解题指导课件（20张）

2019届二轮复习阅读理解细节理解类型解题指导课件（20张）

一、掌握辨认细节的原理 辨认细节属于客观理解,要求读者寻找支撑主题思想的主要的事实。细 节的辨认分为直接辨认和间接辨认两种。 方法技巧 2019届二轮复习 阅读理解细节理解类型解题指导 二、掌握获取信息的策略   1.查读法 查读是在读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的。查读的特点是带着问 题寻找答案。 1)用略读的方法通读阅读材料,对原文有一个大概的了解,掌握其主 旨。将注意力集中在与who,what,when,where等与题干问题有关的细节 或数字方面。关注同位语和标点符号,如:破折号、括号、省略号等。 2)按文章的体裁,如按记叙文、说明文和议论文等及作者写作的组织模 式及有关的信息词,如for example,first,second等预测应该到何处寻找自 己所需要的事实。 3)把主要精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上。快速通篇跳读,眼睛自左至 右,自上而下呈Z形扫视,直至找到你所需要的部分。待找到你所需要的 部分时,可放慢速度,细读要查找的内容。 2.主干信息定位法 细节理解题总是会有特定的主干信息,如某人、某事、某地等。解题时 根据题干中的关键词,找准相关句、段的内容,再仔细对照,不符合原文 意思的选项要首先排除,反之,则是正确选项。 1)是非判断题。这类题的选项有两种形式:四项中有三对一错或三错一 对。四项内容通常是对同一问题进行判断或对不同问题进行判断。不 管什么形式、什么内容,通常都用原文定位法,把选项内容与原文内容 进行对比分析,判断是否符合相关句的意义或在原文中提到过,然后进 行排除解答。 2)例证题考查的是文章的逻辑结构。原文的结构通常采用“论点—— 例证”或“例证——论点”的形式。举例是为了说明一定的道理,在所 举例子的前面或后面通常会出现一句总结说明性的文字,该句就是答 案,但要注意有的例子是为了例证文章主题,有的是为了例证段落主题, 这两种在结构上很明显,选答案时当然是选择能概括文章主题或段落主 题的选项。对选项内容要特别注意,命题者常把事例本身内容设置为选 项,但它们不符合题干的要求,所以,选择时要首先排除它们。 3)关于对年代和数字的考查通常分两类:直接考查和计算考查。对前 者,根据文中信息能很容易地确定答案;对后者,首先要弄清题干问的是 什么,然后找到与它相关的年代和数字,对它们进一步分析、整合,最后, 结合题干计算出正确答案。 4)排序题:可采用“首尾定位法”。即先找出最先发生的事和最后发生 的事,迅速缩小选择范围,从而快速选出正确答案。 5)选图题:从文中找出描绘图形的句、段,按“文”索“图”。 6)计算题:要弄清数据间的逻辑关系,选择正确的数据进行计算,同时弄 清单位之间的换算关系。 7)对于广告、演出信息、航班时间表等的阅读,不必阅读全文,宜采用 “题干定位法”。 3.使用高效的阅读模式 根据高考阅读理解的考查模式,我们要学会使用对应性的方法。推荐采 用RQRQ模式。此模式即先读文章(reading)的一部分,一般为三分之一 左右,对文章的主旨有一定的了解,然后阅读问题(question),了解本文考 查的信息点有哪些,做到阅读时心中有数,然后再继续阅读文章(read- ing),在读文章的过程中或读后回答问题(question)。此方法的优势是能 够带着问题去阅读,提高解题的效率。 三、掌握正确的解题方法 (一)题干信息定位法 细节理解阅读题的大部分题目的设题思路都是寻找直接信息。对这类 题目,题干信息定位法是比较有效的方法。所谓提干信息定位,就是快 速准确地确定题目的核心信息,然后在文章定位该信息。发现目标信息 后,对相关的上下文内容进行细致准确的阅读,即可解题。当然,我们要 注意部分题目并非简单的直接信息题。题目的目标信息不仅仅和一处 信息有关,而是和文章其他地方的信息也有关,我们在阅读时就要仔细 辨别。 例　You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years? Jane Addams(1860—1935) Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first Ameri- can woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Rachel Carson(1907—1964) If it weren't for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not ex- ist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world's lakes and oceans. Sandra Day O'Connor(1930—present) When Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员)and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. O'Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court. Rosa Parks(1913—2005) On December 1,1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in,”said Parks. 1.What is Jane Addams noted for in history? A.Her social work.　　B.Her teaching skills. C.Her efforts to win a prize.　　D.Her community background. 2.What was the reason for O'Connor's being rejected by the law firm? A.Her lack of proper training in law. B.Her little work experience in court. C.The discrimination against women. D.The poor financial conditions. 分析　第1题的核心信息是Jane Addams。解题时,首先迅速定位核心信 息是在文章的第二段,然后细读本段内容即可知道Jane Addams帮助穷 人,为和平而努力,为社会做出了很大的贡献。因此选A。 第2题的核心信息是O'Connor's。迅速定位相关性信息是在第四段。 阅读相关内容即可知道O'Connor于1952年在斯坦福法学院毕业之后, 因为是一位女士而不能在律师事务所找到工作,因此可以判断当时社会 对妇女有歧视,故选C。 (二)首尾定位法 细节阅读题经常会涉及排序题。这类题目一般都出现在具有多个发展 过程的信息意群中。在解这类题目的时候,首先是定位相关信息,然后 可以采用“首尾定位法”,即先确定最先发生的事情和最后发生的事 情,对选项进行一定的范围缩小,即可快速选出目标选项。 例　A schoolgirl saved her father's life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic(过敏的)reaction which stopped his heart. Izzy,nine,restarted father Colm's heart by stamping(踩)on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing. Izzy's mother,Debbie,immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father,so decided to use CPR. However,she quickly discovered her arms weren't strong enough,so she stamped on her father's chest instead. Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions (按压)until the ambulance arrived. Izzy,who has been given a bravery award by her school,said:“I just kicked him really hard.My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn't strong enough to use hands.I was quite scared.The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse.My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.” “She's a little star,”said Debbie.“I was really upset but Izzy just took over.I just can't believe what she did.I really think all children should be taught first aid.Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up.Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and we've got to see an ex- pert.” Truck driver Colm,35,suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital,but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day.The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled,prevent- ing him from breathing,his blood pressure dropped suddenly,and his heart stopped for a moment. He has now made a full recovery from his suffering. What's the right order of the events? ①Izzy kicked Colm. ②Debbie called 999. ③Izzy learned CPR. ④Colm's heart stopped. A.③①②④　　B.④②③① C.③④②①　　D.④③①② 分析　此题涉及的选项信息贯穿整个文章,但是,我们可以确定的信息 是首先女儿学会了急救知识,最后踩在爸爸的胸部实施挤压措施,因此 可以判断先是发生③,然后发生①,从而可以确定选C。 (三)干扰信息排除法 有些细节理解题在设题时会有多个同类信息的干扰。我们在解题时要 仔细甄别,不要被干扰。 例　There are energy savings to be made from all recyclable materials, sometimes huge savings. Recycling plastics and aluminum, for instance, uses only 5% to 10% as much energy as producing new plastic or smelting (提炼)aluminum. Long before most of us even noticed what we now call “the environ- ment”, Buckminster Fuller said, “Pollution is nothing but the resources (资源)we are not harvesting. We allow them to be left around because we' ve been ignorant of their value.” To take one example, let's compare the throwaway economy(经济)with a recycling economy as we feed a cat for life. Say your cat weighs 5 kg and eats one can of food each day. Each empty can of its food weighs 40g. In a throwaway economy, you would throw away 5,475 cans over the cat's 15-year lifetime. That's 219 kg of steel— more than a fifth of a ton and more than 40 times the cat's weight. In a recycling economy, we would make one set of 100 cans to start with, then replace them over and over again with recycled cans. Since almost 3% of the metal is lost during reprocessing, we'd have to make an extra 10 cans each year. But in all, only 150 cans will be used up over the cat's life- time—and we'll still have 100 left over for the next cat. Instead of using up 219 kg of steel, we've used only 6 kg. And because the process of recycling steel is less polluting than making new steel, we've also achieved the following significant savings:in energy use—47% to 7 4%; in air pollution—85%; in water pollution—35%; in water use—40%. How many cans will be used up in a cat's 15-year lifetime in a recycling economy? A.50.　　B.100.　　C.150.　　D.250. 分析　根据文章第四段的数据,尤其是最后一句话可知,在猫的一生我 们要消耗总计150罐食物。这道题目涉及数字问题,但是其实并没有涉 及数字计算,而是获取直接信息。文章中出现的多个数字只是对此信息 的补充和说明。我们解题时要认真阅读,仔细甄别,不要被多个数字所 误导。