【英语】2020届二轮复习省略现象讲解学案

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【英语】2020届二轮复习省略现象讲解学案

‎2020届二轮复习 省略现象讲解学案 ‎  在英语语言中,为了使语言简洁明了,重点突出或上下文紧密相连,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变,这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下:‎ ‎  一、并列复合句中的省略 ‎  在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如:‎ ‎  a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。‎ ‎  b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。‎ ‎  c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球,玛丽一直在写作业。‎ ‎  d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。‎ ‎  二、主从复合句中的省略 ‎  1.状语从句中的省略 ‎  一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句;由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句;由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句;由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则:‎ ‎  1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:(1) 连词(as, as if , once)+ 名词; (2) 连词( though, whether , when)+形容词;(3) 连词(whether, as if ,while )+介词短语;(4) 连词(when , while , though )+ 现在分词; (5) 连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 过去分词; (6) 连词(as if ,as though ) + 不定式。如:‎ ‎  a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .庞龙曾经是个工 人,现在变成一位著名的歌手。‎ ‎  b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习,要不然你会后悔的。‎ ‎  c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到处看似乎在找什么东西。‎ ‎  d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时,感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。‎ ‎  e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。‎ ‎  f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。‎ ‎  注意:‎ ‎  1) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略,如:‎ ‎  Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。‎ ‎  2) 当从句的主语是 it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时 ,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如:‎ ‎  Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要,你最好不要查字典。‎ ‎  2.定语从句中的省略 ‎  1) 一般说来,在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略;如:‎ ‎  Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗?(2002上海春季)‎ ‎  而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较:‎ ‎  Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。‎ ‎  Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了,你昨天见到他了。‎ ‎  2)在口语和非正式用语中,关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替,甚至还可省略。如:‎ ‎  a) This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。‎ ‎  b) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。‎ ‎  c) Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗?‎ ‎  3)当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时 ,从句不能用 how 来引导 ,应该用that 或 in which ,或将它们全部省略。如:‎ ‎  I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。‎ ‎  3.宾语从句中的省略 ‎  1)在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中,连词that 一般可以省略;但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句 ,那么只有第一个that可以省略。如:‎ ‎  a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary. 我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。‎ ‎  b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过,而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。‎ ‎  2)由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的 宾语从句,可以全部或部分省略。如:‎ ‎  a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。‎ ‎  b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。‎ ‎  4.在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中,须用虚拟语气形式“should +动词原形”,should可以省略。如:‎ ‎  Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。‎ ‎  5.主句省略多用于句首。如:‎ ‎  (It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾,我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。‎ ‎  6.在答语中,主句可全部省略。如:‎ ‎  —Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. —上周五你为什么没有上学? —因为我妈妈病了。‎ ‎  三、简单句中的省略 ‎  1.省略主语 ‎  1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略 如:‎ ‎  (You) Open the door, please. 请开一下门。‎ ‎  2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如:‎ ‎  a) (I) Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。‎ ‎  b) (It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。‎ ‎  2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 如:‎ ‎  a) (There is) No smoking. 禁止抽烟 ‎  b) (Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗 ?‎ ‎  c) (You come)This way please.请这边走。‎ ‎  d) (Will you) Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗 ?‎ ‎  3.省略宾语 如:‎ ‎  —Do you know Mr. Li ? 你认识李先生吗?— I don’t know (him.) 我不认识他 ‎  4.省略表语 如:‎ ‎  —Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗? Yes , I am (thirsty). 是的,我是。‎ ‎  5.同时省略几个成分 如:‎ ‎  a) —Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ?—(I am feeling ) Much better (now) 好多了。‎ ‎  b) (I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好运/祝你顺利。‎ ‎  四、动词不定式省略,只保留to 的场合 ‎  1.不定式作某些动词的宾语时,这些动词常见的有:love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如:‎ ‎  a)— You should have thanked her before you left . —I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做,但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。(2000上海春)‎ ‎  b) You can do it this way if you like to .如果你想做,你可以这么做。‎ ‎  2.不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时,这些动词常见的有:ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 :‎ ‎  a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上骑他的自行车,但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)‎ ‎  b) She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to (come). 她想来,可是她父母不让。‎ ‎  3.不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时,常见的形容词有:happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如:‎ ‎  — I will be away on a business trip .Could you mind looking after my cat ?   — Not at all.I would be happy to (look after your cat). —我要出差,你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗?—没关系,我很愿意。‎ ‎  4.不定式作某些复合谓语时,常见结构如:be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如:‎ ‎  He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他现在不喜欢吃鱼,但过去喜欢。‎ ‎  五、动词不定式to 的省略 ‎  1.主语部分有to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时 ,作表语的不定式通常省去to。如:‎ ‎  The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。‎ ‎  2.作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语,前面又有实意动词 do时,不定式通常省去to. 如:‎ ‎  He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外,什么也没有做。‎ ‎  3.主语部分暗含to do,表语中的不定式通常省去to。如:‎ ‎  All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .我想要(做)的就是上学,努力学习。‎ ‎  4.当两个或多个不定式并列时,其后的不定式符号可以省略,但有对比关系时不可省略。如:‎ ‎  It is easier to say than to do . 说起来容易,做起来难。‎ ‎  5.在would rather…than… 等结构中,不定式符号常常要省略. 如:‎ ‎  I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。‎ ‎  6.在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to;why (not) do 结构 中, 不定式不带to。如:‎ ‎  a) I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间 ‎  b) Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢?‎ ‎  六.其他一些省略结构 ‎  1.名词所有格修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如:‎ ‎  We spent the weekend at the Mary's. 我们在玛丽家过的周末。‎ ‎  2.What和 how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语 it 和be动词 如:‎ ‎  a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀!‎ ‎  b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。‎
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