【英语】2018届二轮复习短文改错发现错误三方面探讨学案（43页word版）

【英语】2018届二轮复习短文改错发现错误三方面探讨学案（43页word版）

‎2018届二轮复习 短文改错发现错误三方面探讨 高考短文改错主要从词法、句法、行文逻辑等三个角度设问，考查学生对语言知识的掌握和综合运用语言的能力。‎ 一、从词法设问 检查考生对词汇的理解、记忆和辨别能力。在高考短文改错题中，这类改错题主要考查考生对单词、短语及固定搭配的理解、记忆和辨别能力。‎ ‎1.多词或少词 ‎(1)介词 ‎[1]Please help with me and give me some advice. (2015 课标)‎ ‎[2]My soccer coach retired in last week. (2015 陕西)‎ ‎[3]...and wait your teacher to lead you outside. (2014 四川)‎ ‎ (2)冠词 ‎[4]I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning. (2015 浙江)‎ ‎[5]...as a result, nobody knew truth. (2012 浙江)‎ ‎[6]He was right there in the front of me. (2011 陕西)‎ ‎2.错词 ‎(1)介词误用 ‎[7] Unfortunately, on the development industrialization, the environment has been polluted.  (2015 课标)‎ ‎ (2)a, an, the混用 ‎[8]...Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day. (2014 辽宁)‎ ‎(3)名词单复数的误用 ‎[9]...looking at some of the picture we had taken together. (2014 辽宁)‎ ‎[10] The teacher was angry because we had the same answers in the tests. (2013 四川)‎ ‎[11] It felt very strange to travel without any luggages. (2011 课标)‎ ‎ (4)词性的混用此类错误主要集中在形容词与副词的混用，形容词与名词的混用和动词与名词的混用等。‎ ‎[12] Dad and I were terrible worried. (2015 课标)‎ ‎[13]That is too much for us, considering how closely the houses are. (2014 辽宁)‎ ‎[14]...but I know I’ll never fall sleep. (2013 浙江)‎ ‎[15]Unfortunate, I had an accident and hit another car... (2012 浙江)‎ ‎[16]He has ruined his healthy. (2013 辽宁)‎ ‎1.因help是及物动词，直接接宾语me，故with多余，应删除。2.因last week前习惯上不用介词，故应删去in。3.因wait for sb. to do(等待某人做某事)是固定搭配，故wait后加for。4.因in a hurry是固定短语，所以在hurry前加a。5.是特指，应在truth前加the。6.因in the front of意为“在……（内部）的前面”；in front of 意为“在……（外部）的前面”，“他就在我前面”肯定是我外部的前面，故删除其中的the。‎ ‎7.on应改为with，表示“随着……”。 8.average 前的a应换成 an, 因average以元音音素开头。9.picture 应改为pictures，因picture为可数名词，此处表示“一些照片”，故用其复数形式。10.tests应改为test,因本句指的是这一次测试，不用复数形式。11.luggages应改为luggage,因luggage为不可数名词，无复数。‎ ‎12.修饰形容词worried应用副词,  故改terrible为terribly。13.作are的表语要用形容词，故改closely为close。14.作表语要用形容词，故改sleep为asleep，事实上可将fall asleep(入睡)作为固定短语来记。15.放句首作状语，修饰整个句子，要用副词，故改Unfortunate为Unfortunately。16.作宾语或者说在形容词性物主代词后要用名词，故把healthy改为health。‎ 二、从句法设问检查考生对句子结构、复合句的理解、掌握及运用能力。这类错主要表现为：非谓语动词的错误，主谓不一致，连词的误用。‎ ‎1. 非谓语动词的错误 ‎[17] I also shared with my friends many photos taking in Beijing. (2013 陕西)‎ ‎[18] I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou. (2011 课标)‎ ‎[19]Suddenly Mary, my best friend, asking me to let her to copy my answers. (2013 四川)‎ ‎2. 主谓不一致 ‎[20]...what you should do when a fire alarm go off. (2014 四川)‎ ‎[21]Hard work have made him very ill. (2013 辽宁)‎ ‎[22]...but the only clothes I had was those I had on. (2011 课标)‎ ‎3. 连词的误用 ‎[24]But before long they began to see which was happening. (2012 课标)‎ ‎[25]…we drove to a service station and waited there unless the road was clear.(2012 辽)‎ 三、从行文逻辑设问 检查考生对文章整体结构的理解和逻辑推理能力。考生经常遇到这种情况：单独看某个句子，很难查出其错误，但上下文联系起来、把前后句结合一起读，才会发现问题。如：时态不一致、代词所指不一致、句子间转折、因果、并列关系错误等。‎ ‎1. 时态不一致 ‎[26]Before long, a train inspector comes to check our tickets. (2014 浙江)‎ ‎[27]… by the time I got back, they have finished the scene… (2011 陕西)‎ ‎2. 代词所指不一致 ‎[28] If you are me, would you talk to him? (2015 四川)‎ ‎ [29] I was eager to see him, but outside her room, I stopped. (2013 辽宁)‎ ‎[30] I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party. (2015 陕西)‎ ‎[31]But after the test, all of us were called to the teacher’s office. (2013 四川)‎ ‎3. 句间逻辑指句子之间转折、因果、并列、顺承、前后等逻辑关系错误。‎ ‎[32] It is in the downtown area, but it is easy to go to (删to) anywhere from the hotel by public transport. (2013 陕西)‎ ‎ [33] If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forgot it.(2015 浙)‎ ‎ [34] If it’s a false alarm and there is no fire, your teacher will lead us back to the classroom. (2014, 四川)‎ ‎ [35] His new job meant I had to say goodbye to my classmate (classmates), my school or just everything else I love in the world. (2013, 浙江)‎ ‎ [36] My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up. (2014 陕)‎ ‎17.因句中已有谓语动词shared了，take应为非谓语动词；又因take与逻辑主语photo是被动关系，要用过去分词短语作后置定语，故taking应改为taken。18.buy应改为buying, 因为此处buy是主句谓语动词was的伴随状语，与主语I是主动关系，故用buy的现在分词。19.因本句无谓语动词，asking应为谓语动词，根据上下文时态可知，要用一般过去时，故改asking为asked。20.在when引导的时间状语从句中，主语为a fire alarm，是第三人称单数形式，故动词go改为goes。21.因主语为hard work是第三人称单数形式，故改have为has。22.主语为clothes，是复数，故改was为were。24.see后为宾语从句，从句缺少主语，故用连接代词what(=the thing that)。25.从句意来看，应表示“直到”，故把unless改为until/till。‎ ‎26.改comes为came，因文中叙述过去发生的事。27.因bythe time引出的从句中的谓语动词是一般过去时，其后主句的谓语动词通常用过去完成时，故把have改为had。‎ ‎28.据上下文可知，指作者的三个新朋友，应用复数，故改him为them。29.根据前文，此处指Mr. Johnson，故改her为his。30.根据上下文逻辑，此处指“想为教练做点什么特别事情”，而不是“任何事情”，故改anything为something。31.根据上下文，此处us指I和Mary两个人，故改all为both。32.改but为so/and, 因前后句是因果或顺承关系而非转折关系。33.改If为Though/Although, 此处意为“虽然我在那个课室学习时还是个孩子，但我永远都忘不了它”，表示转折关系而非条件。34.改and为or, 因此处表示选择关系而非顺承关系。35.改or为and，因此处表示并列关系而非选择关系。36.改after为when/while，因前后句非时间先后顺序，而是同时发生。‎ 短文改错题九大考点分析 短文改错题具有“高起点、低落点”的特点，对学生的语言感觉和语言能力要求较高，但改正的错误往往比较简单。很多学生做不好改错题不是因为没有掌握这些语法知识，而是不能通过语感找出错误。所以培养学生有意识地去注意一些高考短文改错的常考点非常重要。 综合近年的高考题我们可以看出主要在以下语法项目上设题：‎ 1. 名词和限制词的搭配 主要涉及可数与不可数名词与冠词、指示代词、物主代词的错误搭配，以及名词的单复数的误用。‎ 如：they take him lots of good book and fresh fruit.（2009.陕西卷）此处book改为books. book前用lots of修饰，应用复数。 2.动词的时态、语态以及非谓语动词 常出现在总体时态为过去或现在时中间杂有另一时态的现象，以及动词的谓语与非谓语形式、非谓语动词之间的误用。或是及物动词后无宾语，或是不及物动词后加了宾语；需要接ing形式的接了to，或相反等。如：The Sichuan Restaurant and the older fish shop across the street from our middle school were gone. 把were改为are。根据上文可知饭店和鱼店消失都陈述的是现在的情况。 ‎ 2. 代词的误用 主要是代词的格与数的错用。如男性用了女性代词，单数用了复数代词或相反;应当用形容词性的物主代词用了名词性等。关系代词的错用或缺失。如只能用that引导的用了其它，或在不能用that的地方却用了that，或是在“介词+关系代词”结构中漏掉了介词等。　‎ 反身代词一直以来都是短文改错中经常设空的语法项目，先将其用法简单归纳如下：‎ 一、反身代词的基本形式 反身代词是 oneself根据所指词的人称、性别、单复数等的变化可以有 myself, himself, herself, yourself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 等形式。‎ 二、oneself与himself 当one指人时，其相应的反身代词通常用oneself, 在美国英语中也可用himself：‎ One should not praise oneself [himself]. 一个人不应该自吹自擂。‎ 三、反身代词的句法功能：‎ ‎1. 用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气，紧放在被修饰名词后, 或句末)：‎ The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。‎ Martin himself attended the sick man. 马丁亲自照顾病人。‎ Don’t trouble to come over yourself. 你不必费神亲自来了。‎ You yourself said so. / You said so yourself. 你自己是这样说的。‎ Never leave to others what you ought to do yourself. 不要把自己该做的事留给别人做。‎ ‎2. 用作宾语(动词或介词的宾语)：‎ Take good care of yourself. 照顾好自己。‎ He has a right to decide for himself. 他有权为自己做出决定。‎ He made no complaint for himself. 他没为自己抱怨什么。‎ She finally gained control of herself. 最后她控制住了自己。‎ She could not make herself understood. 她不能使别人听懂她的话。‎ Everybody here has the influenza including myself. 包括我在内所有人都患上流感。‎ The child cried himself to sleep. 孩子哭着哭着睡着了。‎ She convinced herself that it was so. 她说服自己情况是这样的。‎ He had a couple of revolvers with which to defend himself. 他有一两把手枪用来自卫。‎ ‎3. 用作表语 The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。‎ The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我们自己。‎ ‎【说明】有时用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神处于正常状态：‎ I’m not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。‎ I’ll be myself again in no time. 我过一会儿就会好的。‎ ‎4. 用作主语。在现代英语中，反身代词一般不能独立用作主语，但是它却可以借助 and, or, nor 等连词与其他名词一起构成并列主语(且位于并列主语的后部)，以及用于某些特殊结构(如as...as等)：‎ My brother and myself went there yesterday. 昨天我兄弟和我一起去了那儿。‎ Jim’s sister and himself get up at six every day. 吉姆的妹妹和他每天6点起床。‎ He was as anxious as myself. 他和我一样担心。‎ ‎3. 冠词：定冠词the的多余或缺失，如季节，月份，星期，球类及三餐活动，称呼头衔前等不能加the的地方加了the，或是same等常和the一起使用的词却漏税掉了the；a， an的混用，特别注意：hour， honest等虽然首字母不是元音字母，但其发音却是以元音素开头，故用an，而useful， university， European， one—hour等虽然首字母是元音字母，但却以辅音音素开头，故用a。 如：and sports center has been built in their place. （2009全国卷I）在此sports前应加a。 sports center是可数名词单数，表示不确定。 ‎ ‎4.数词的误用 主要是序数词与基数词的混用和错用，以及hundred, thousand, dozen, score等词和具体数量词连用时的用法以及表示约数的用法。如分数的分子大于一时分母没有用复数等，基数词的复数形式如几百hundreds of，几千thousands of漏掉了s，或是当其前有具体数字或several时加了复数，如seven hundred，写作seven hundreds。 ‎ ‎5.形容词与副词 主要涉及到形容词和副词的原级、比较级与最高级的误用，以及形容词和副词的误用等。如：He has a comfortable room， patiently nurses， and a great deal of time to read. （2009.陕西卷） 此处patiently改为 patient.修饰名词nurses，用形容词。 ‎ ‎ 6.考查英语(课程)中的并列现象 在一些英语中的并列结构中没有用并列的语法结构，如并列连词连接的两个部分等。 7.考查上下文的逻辑关系 but, and, so，however, otherwise等一些并列连词和连接副词的误用。before, after, when, until, since等状语从句引导词的误用等。还有肯定和否定的误用等。 8.一些相似结构的误用 如used to do, be used to do, be used to doing等结构的误用。 9.惯用法的搭配。介词：主要是介词的多余或缺失，错用。这一部分需要平时多多积累，弄清常用介词的搭配。主谓一致性：第三人称单数漏掉s，或主语为复数，谓语动词用了单数；再就是就近原则对主语的影响。　如：It was a lesson to us that it was possible give without expecting anything in return.（2009浙江卷） 在possible后加to。由 It is/was possible（或其他形容词）+ to do sth.固定句型决定。 ‎ 改错步骤上述9个方面，同学们在做题时只要稍加留意，找出错误的比率就会增大很多。做短文改错题时一般遵循以下几个步骤： 1.先通读全文。认真阅读短文，在做题之前确保已经弄清原文大意。注意文章中上下文的逻辑关系是否正确，时态、人称、主谓、指代等是否一致。 2.聚焦出题热点、综合运用所学语言知识，分句(注意以句子为单位而不是以行为单位)对不同的错误情况进行分析和回答(即改词、加词或减词)。 ‎ ‎3.再次通读全文，校对自己的改正是否正确。一般各种改错的方式都应该用到，如果出现了某一种改法(如加词、减词等)没有用到，要考虑自己的改错应该有问题，要对刚才不是很有把握的行进行推敲。在自己认为正确的行后划勾，并且校对其他行改正的符号是否准确，大小写是否拼写正确(这点同学们很容易忽视)。如果某一行有两种改错方式要推敲哪一种是最佳改法.‎ 短文改错口诀一：短文改错要做好，常见类型应记牢。名词爱考“数”与“格”，冠词在前“错/多/少”。动词时态和语态，非谓语搭配莫错了。连代形副错一样，多是故意来混淆。介词多半考搭配，多漏误用想周到。句法常涉及“一致”，从句多考关系词。词法句法均为错，逻辑推理去寻找。以上东西要记牢，回读复查敲定稿。‎ 短文改错口诀二 ‎ ‎ 动词形，名词数，还要注意形和副。代词格，细领悟，连词冠词常光顾。‎ 非谓语，细辨别，习惯用法要记住。句子成分多分析，逻辑错误需关注。‎ 常见动词错误类型有：①一般现在时与一般过去时错用;②and前后动词时态不一致;‎ ‎③主谓不一致; ④缺少动词,特别是be动词; ⑤第三人称单数形式错用;⑥主动语态和被动语态错用。 ‎ ‎1.Theydid not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote allmy time to my studies.(did改为do，错误类型属于①) ‎ ‎2.As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and toldstories. (visiting 改为visited, 错误类型属于②) ‎ ‎3.Therewill an important game next month. (will后加be,错误类型属于④) 4.Oneevening she told me that something happened when her parents wasout. ( was 改为were，错误类型属于③)‎ what  和that 都可以引导名词性从句。 ‎ 一．在引导名词性从句时，从属连词that一般要注意三个不（three nos）：‎ ‎ 1．不省略（no ellipsis） 当从属连词that引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，that不省略。但在非正式文体中that 引导宾语从句时可以省略，除下列两种情况外： that在宾语从句中不能省略的情况. ‎ ‎ (1).   在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+宾补+that， 从句(真正宾语) 的句型中不省略.  He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.（that不可省略）  ‎ ‎(2).  由and连接的两个由that引导 的宾从中, 则第二个宾语从句前的that不省略。   ‎ He told me that he would come and that he would come on time.（第一个That可以省略，但第二个that不可以省略。) ‎ ‎1) That he was able to come made us happy. (That 引导主语从句不可省略) ‎ ‎2)The truth is that I didn't go there. (that引导表语从句不可省略) ‎ ‎3)The news that our team has won is true. (that引导同位语从句不可省略) ‎ ‎2．不作成分（no component）that 在名词性从句中不作任何句子成分。 ‎ Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucie to make sure of her happiness.（that在句中引导同位语从句，但在句中不作任何成分） ‎ ‎ That you don't like him is none of my business. (that在句中引导主语从句，但在句中不作任何成分，也不省略） ‎ ‎3． 没词义（no meaning） that 在名词性从句中没有汉语意思。 ‎ That she is a rich woman is known to us. (that在句中引导主语从句，但在句中没有汉语意义)       ‎ ‎ 9）The thought that he might fail in the exam worried him. ‎ ‎(that在句中引导同位语从句，但在句中没有汉语意义）‎ 二．在引导名词性从句时， What一般要注意一个不（one no）,一个有（meaning）,一个作（component）：‎ ‎ 1．不省略 what 引导名词性从句时，what 在句中不省略。这一用法与that 用法不尽相同。 What I had for breakfast today was rice with egg.(what 引主从，what 不省)       ‎ ‎11)----I think it’s going to be a big problem.       ----Yes , it could be . ‎ ‎      ----I wonder  what we can do about. (what引导宾从，但在句中不省略）‎ ‎ 2．有词义  what 引导名从，有词义。一般是“----的东西/事情/话等”这一用法与that 用法不一样 ‎ 1) This is what she wanted to show us. (what在句中引导表语从句，在句中有词义，意思是“----的东西、事情）‎ ‎2）What the teacher said had a good effect on the children. (what在句中引导主语从句，在句中有词义，意思是“----的东西、事情）‎ ‎3．作成分 what 在引导名词性从句时，在从句中充当成分。这一用法与that 用法不一样。 3)It doesn’t matter what he said.( it 是形式主语，what 在句中引导主语从句。‎ What 在主语从句中作said 的宾语。) ‎ ‎4）It was true ______Alice did surprised her mother. ‎ A. that what  B. what that  C. that  that  D. all what  ‎ 析：这一题正确答案是A。it在句中是形式主语，that引导的是主语从句that Alice did surprised her mother.，在这个主语从句当中，what 又引导了主语从句what Alice did，what在从句中作did 的宾语。 ‎ 三．要特别提醒同学们的两点： ‎ ‎1. What所引导的从句可以在介词后作宾语，而that从句一般不可以。 ‎ ‎5．After months of voyage ,Columbus arrived in _____later proved to be a new continent. A. where   B. which    C. what    D. that     ‎ 析：答案是C。因为在介词in 后面，应该用what引导的宾语从句，what在宾语从句 中作主语。而that不可以这样用。 ‎ ‎  6) On stepping into his room, he was astonished to find the floor covered with _____looked like tiny insects.        A. that   B. something   C.  what  D. anything  ‎ ‎ 析：答案是C。因为在介词with 后面，应该用what引导的宾语从句，what在宾语从句中作主语。而that不可以这样用。 ‎ ‎2.that可引导定语从句，而且是定语从句引导词中的顶梁柱，它在定语从句中要充当成分，通常作定语从句中的主语、宾语。同时that也可以引导名词性从句，在名词性从句中that 不充当成分。 但What不可以引导定语从句。它只可以引导名词性从句,在句中相当于 what =all that ,what 在名词性从句中充当成分，常常作主语、宾语和表语。‎ ‎7).All ____I want to know is what he meant . A. that  B. which  C. what  D. whatever 评析：答案是A.本题是that引导的定语从句。而what不可以引导定从。What=all that .又因为先行词是all ，故其后不可以接which 引导的定语从句。而. ‎ Whatever=anything that /no matter what 从意义和语法都不符合。所以只能选A。‎ ‎8) ____impressed me most was ______such a little boy could play the violin so well.          A. That  what  B. What  that  C. That  that  D. What  what ‎ ‎  析：答案是B.第一空是what 引导的主语从句，并在主语从句中作主语。第二空是 that 引导的表语从句，that在表语从句中不省略，不作成分，也没词义。 要真正掌握What  和that 在名词性从句中的用法，还得多多操练,熟能生巧。‎ 在进行改错时，我们要注意改错四原则及四不改：‎ 注意五改动 ① 忠实于原文原则 ② “181”原则(由于某个题有两种该法而变成271或172)③ 错误以改动最少为原则 ④ 虚词以添加或者删除为原则 ⑤ 实词以改形式为原则 ‎ 1）以改动最少为原则。‎ ‎ 这是指每行最多只能改动一处，即在一个词上进行改动。可以是增词、减词、改词，但无论是何种改动，只能是增加一词，减少一词或把一个词改成另一个词。‎ ‎ 2）实词以改变形式为原则。在改错中，实词的处理一般只是改变它的形式，而不能改变其词义也不能改换成另一个实词，更不能随便给添删。‎ 如：Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was learning to express me in simple English.   talk---talking而不是去掉enjoy.‎ ‎3)以保持愿意不变为原则。一般应遵循保持句子原意的原则，即不能改变文章或作者所表达的意思，包括其语气和上下文的逻辑关系。只对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、行文关系错误进行改正，且要小改而不大改。‎ ‎ (1) …are still many people living in poor conditions. They make their lives. (广东卷) lives→living。make a / one’s living 为一固定短语。只需将 lives 改成 living 就可以了，不要将 their lives 改为 a living。‎ ‎(2) But I have spent most my money, so I cannot… (四川卷)‎ 在my前加 of。也有同学去掉 most，这种改法虽改正了语法错误，但改变了原意。作者想说的是“花 掉了大部分的钱，而不是全部”。‎ ‎4）虚词以添加或删减为原则。‎ 历年高考题需要添删的词一般是冠词、代词、介词、关系词等，而动词、名词等的添删则不是很常见，因为太容易改变句子的原意。‎ ‎　　(1) From his answer we shall know the something now.不定代词前不能加冠词，所以故去掉the。‎ ‎　　(2) Then I began to pay more attention my pronunciation.固定搭配pay attention to后缺少介词to，应加上 四不改：1）标点符号不改。2）大小写不改。3）词序错误不改。4）大纲外生词不改。‎ 短文改错中 词法的测试 ‎ ‎1.名词：主要是查名词是否可数，与其修饰语是否一致。 ‎ ‎ I have many hobby, such as football, sing, listen music. ‎ ‎ 名词Hobby是可数名词，在这要用复数形式；playing football是一项运动，football只是一种球； sing和 listen to 要用动名词形式。  ‎ ‎2. 代词：对于短文中出现的每一个代词都要查一下它所指代的内容及在句中的作用，注意其数、格、词性是否正确和前后是否一致，常考的代词包括人称代词、指示代词、反身代词、关系代词及疑问代词等。 ‎ He drove too fast, and the police stopped her. ‎ 前面提到的是he而后面却用her来代，故应将her改为him.  ‎ ‎3. 冠词：英语中只有三个冠词，但用起来却很复杂，在短文改错中，错误不外乎该用冠词时没有用，不该用时却用了；该用an用了a，该用a（n）却用了the. ‎ I meant to write letter and tell you all the things…‎ 名词 letter为可数名词,故write后应加a.‎ ‎4. 介词：检查介词主要是查介词与动词、形容词、名词的搭配， 介词惯用词组等是否正确。 ‎ I am writing to thank you with your kind help. ‎ 动词短语thank sb. for sth.为固定搭配，故应将with 改为for. ‎ ‎5.  形容词、副词：形容词、副词的误用主要指在该用形容词的地方用了副词，该用副词的地方用了形容词。改错行中出现形容词或副词时就要仔细分析该形容词或副词修饰什么，形式是否正确，是原级、比较级还是最高级。形容词、副词误用也是常考的改错项目之一。 ‎ I had not interest in English .interest是名词，应用形容词no来修饰，而not是副词，副词不能修饰名词 ‎ ‎6. 连词：短文改错中出现连词就要判断连词用的是否正确，是否 符合句子意思；连接的是词还是句子，是否符合逻辑关系。此外如果是平行结构就要注意前后时态、语态、词性一致问题。平行结构常借助与并列连词and , or , but , not only…but also…, …not…but…, either…or…, neither …nor…, as well as等。 ‎ As it has been raining these days, so we have decided to put off our sports meeting. ‎ ‎ 由于前句有As引导原因状语从句，因此后句不能再用so,故应把so 去掉。  ‎ ‎ The population is growing, but the earth must support too many people. ‎ ‎ 根据上下文意思判断，前后两个并列分句不存在意义上的折， 所以but应改为and或so.这是典型的并 列连词误用。 ‎ 备考建议：‎ ‎1. 夯实语言基础（积累）2. 培养语篇衔接与连贯意识 ‎3. 在阅读和写作中培养改错能力4. 培养考生答题规范意识 一名词真题再练 下列各小题中有且仅有一处错误(多1个单词、少1个单词、错1个单词)‎ ‎1.(2015新课标卷I) The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. ‎ ‎2.(2014新课标卷I) Since then—for all these year—we have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.‎ ‎3.(2013新课标卷I) He was tall, with broad shoulder and a beard that turned from black to gray over the years. ‎ ‎4.(2012课标卷) From the time I was about four until I was about six, I destroyed each of my toy. ‎ ‎5.(2011新课标卷) It felt very strange to travel without any luggages. ‎ ‎6.(2011新课标卷) When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes.‎ ‎7.(2015新课标卷II) One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.It was very crowded. …he turned around and found that his parents were missing.‎ ‎8.(2014新课标卷II) For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day. ‎ ‎9.(2013新课标卷II) When tea got popular in Britain, there was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit British habits.‎ 点拨：解答这类题主要有6条依据：‎ ‎1.依据可数名词与不可数名词的用法特点。可数名词大于一时要用复数，不可数名词一般没有复数形式。如air, milk, water等物质名词与music, advice, fun等抽象名词是不可数名词，一般是没有复数形式的。还有luggage, furniture, equipment等都是容易出错的不可数名词。‎ ‎2.依据名词前的修饰语。如名词前有these, those, ten等修饰时，应当用复数。如［真题再练］2，these year就错了，要用these years才正确。‎ ‎3.依据主谓一致原则。如果谓语动词是复数，主语也应是复数；如果谓语动词是单数，主语也应是单数。如［真题再练］1，谓语是is getting，而主语是airs，可知这里一定有问题。‎ ‎4.依据上下文信息。如［真题再练］7，Tony went toa shopping center with his ‎ parent，汤姆是同他的父亲或母亲，还是同他父母一起去商场？下文his parents were missing告诉我们，是同父母一起去的，故parent应用复数。‎ ‎5.依据生活常识。如［真题再练］3，一个人的肩膀是有左有右的，应当用复数。如果没有这个常识就无法正确指出with broad shoulder这一错误。‎ ‎6.依据逻辑意义。如［真题再练］6，“当我最终到达朋友时”，“到达朋友”怎么讲得通呢？这里一定有问题，应当是“到达朋友的家”才通顺。‎ ‎ 考点归纳 名词是短文改错的必考点，5年8套题中无一例外。主要考查名词的“数”与“格”，具体有3点：1.不可数名词没有复数，文中却用了复数。如［真题再练］第1题和第5题。要牢记常见的不可数名词，如：fun, advice, information, work(工作), homework, housework, progress, luggage, furniture, equipment, money等。2.可数名词该用复数时，文中却用了单数。‎ 如［真题再练］第2、3、4、7、8、9题。显然，这是考查的重点。要注意可数名词前有these, those, several, few, many, a large number of, each of, one of, 或大于1的数词修饰时，以及虽无这些词但根据语境其意义大于1时，一定要用复数形式。‎ ‎3.表示“某人的”本应用名词的所有格，文中却没用。如［真题再练］第6题。注意，以下情况中，名词所有格后的名词可省略：a butcher’s(shop)肉铺，a tailor’s(shop)裁缝店，a barber’s(shop)理发店，a doctor’s(office)诊所，my sister’s(home)我姐姐家，其中shop,office, home等表示处所的词都可以省略，直接用名词所有格表示。‎ 二 代词真题再练 下列各小题中有且仅有一处错误(多1个单词、少1个单词、错1个单词) ‎ ‎1.(2015新课标卷I) We must find ways to protect your environment. If we fail to doso, we’ll live to regret it.‎ ‎2.(2013新课标卷I) He had a deep voice, which set himself apart from others…‎ ‎3.(2012新课标卷) I was happy when the toys worked, but when things went wrong, Igot angry and broke it. ‎ ‎4.(2012新课标卷) For a while, parents bought me new toys. ‎ ‎5.(2015新课标卷II) Five minutes later, Tony saw parents.‎ ‎ 思路点拨解答这类题需注意两点：‎ ‎1. 弄清指代对象。凡是核查代词是否有错，关键是核查该代词的指代对象，即到底是指代谁或什么，弄清指代的对象是人还是物，是男还是女，是单数还是复数。‎ ‎2. 留意三无名词。即要特别留意前面无冠词、无物主代词、无不定代词的名词。遇到三无名词，要自问：是泛指吗？如果不是泛指，具体又是谁的呢？如［真题再练］第4题，“父母给我买了新玩具”，是泛指天下所有的父母？不是！是谁的父母给我买玩具？我的父母！故parents前应加上my。‎ ‎ 考点归纳代词是短文改错的常考点，5年8套题中考了5次。主要从5个方面考查代词。‎ ‎1. 前后人称不一致。如［真题再练］1，your与前后的we不一致。‎ ‎2. 前后单复数不一致。如［真题再练］3，it与指代对象the toys在单复数上不一致。‎ ‎3. 前后的性别不一致。如前后谈的是一个女人，却冒出he或his来，反之亦然。‎ ‎4. 物主代词的漏用。如［真题再练］4、5题。‎ ‎5. this, that, it的区别；anything与everything的区别。‎ 三冠词真题再练 下列各小题中有且仅有一处错误(多1个单词、少1个单词、错1个单词)‎ ‎ 1.(2015新课标卷I) Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. ‎ ‎2.(2014新课标卷I) As result, the plants are growing everywhere.‎ ‎3.(2013新课标卷I) In a fact, he even scared my classmates away when they came over to play or do homework with me. ‎ ‎4.(2011新课标卷) I was going to visit a friend there, and after that, I would go to Xiamen for long holiday.‎ ‎5.(2015新课标卷II)  He liked it so much that he quickly walked into the shop… A woman saw him crying and told him to wait out side a shop.‎ ‎6.(2014新课标卷II) My dream school looks like a big garden. There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings. ‎ ‎7.(2013新课标卷II) This custom soon became another meal of day.‎ 思路点拨1.留意三无名词。‎ 遇到无冠词、无形容词性物主代词、无不定代词修饰的单数可数名词要注意，若根据语境不是将其变为复数，就一定是在前面加冠词。如［真题再练］4、7。‎ ‎2.留意固定词组。固定词组常积累，就成火眼金睛，一看便知错。如［真题再练］1、2、3。‎ ‎3.考究是否用错。要根据冠词的基本用法，如定冠词表示特指，一般来说不是特指不用定冠词；不定冠词表泛指，常可译作“一个/本/支”等，意义不通，可能有错。如［真题再练］6。冠词的基本用法可参见语法填空部分。‎ ‎ 考点归纳冠词在5年8套题中考了7次，可算作必考点。主要从以下3个方面考查冠词：‎ ‎1. 混用。即a, an与the的混用。如［真题再练］5。‎ ‎2. 多用。如［真题再练］第3、6题。考查的内容是“零冠词”，即不用冠词的情况：‎ ‎(1)专有名词前，如Tom, China等。(2)学科名词前，如I like physics。‎ ‎(3)球类运动名词前，如play football等。(4)三餐名词前，如have breakfast等。‎ ‎(5)唯一职位名词前，如chairman, president等。‎ ‎(6)名词前已有物主代词或不定代词时，如my teacher, some students等。‎ ‎(7)抽象名词和物质名词等不可数名词表示泛指时，如I’m fond of music.‎ ‎(8)可数名词的复数形式表示泛指或指一类事物时，如［真题再练］6。‎ ‎(9)不用冠词的固定词组，如［真题再练］3。‎ ‎3. 少用。这是考查的重点，8套题中考了4次。如［真题再练］第1、2、4、7题。要特别留意含有冠词的固定词组。如［真题再练］第1、2题。‎ 四连词真题再练 下列各小题中有且仅有一处错误(多1个单词、少1个单词、错1个单词)‎ ‎ 1.(2015新课标卷I) In the countryside, the air is clean or the mountains are green. ‎ ‎2.(2014新课标卷I) Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.‎ ‎3.(2013新课标卷I) He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.‎ ‎4.(2013新课标卷I) In fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me. ‎ ‎5.(2012新课标卷) But before long, they began to see which was happening. ‎ ‎6.(2011新课标卷) I bought my ticket but turned around to pick up my bag from the floor, and then I realized that someone had stolen it.‎ ‎7.(2015新课标卷II) After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.‎ ‎8.(2013新课标卷II) Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, that might not be served until 8 o’clock at night. ‎ ‎ ‎ 思路点拨 ‎1. 句间无连词，增加连词。凡是两个句子之间没有句号、分号，又没有连词时，一定是漏掉连词了，要根据两句之间的意义关系或逻辑关系，增加一个恰当的连词。注意口诀：两个主谓结构之间必须有一个连接词，那么三个主谓结构之间必须有_____个连接词。‎ ‎2. 句间多连词，删除连词。‎ 虽然同一句子中的两个主谓关系之间一定有连词，但又不能多，只需一个，多了就错了。特别是受汉语的影响，易将although /though…but(虽然……但是……), because/since /as…so (因为……所以……)连用，遇到此种情况，一般删除后面的but, so, 以免影响一个句子的第一个单词首字母大写的原则。‎ ‎3. 遇到连词要考究是否用错。如or (表选择), and (表顺承), but (表转折)之间是否用错，要根据句意的理解、前后的逻辑关系去判断。‎ ‎ 考点归纳 除2013年卷I考了2道题，2014年卷II没有考查连词外，每年有1道题考查连词。在最近5年8套题中考了8道题，已考的具体考点有：‎ ‎1. 并列连词的误用 ‎(1)or与and混用。如［真题再练］1。(2)but与and混用。如［真题再练］6。‎ ‎(3)but与although连用。如［真题再练］2。(4)并列连词漏用。如［真题再练］3。‎ ‎2. 从句的引导词的误用 ‎(1)误用从句连词。如［真题再练］5、7。(2)误用that来引导非限制性定语从句。如［真题再练］8。(3)介词误作连词用。如［真题再练］4，during误作when。易混的还有表示“随着”的介词with与连词when；表示“在……期间”的介词during与连词while。介词一般是接名词、代词或动名词作宾语，而连词才可以连接句子。‎ 考生备考时，以下3点仍需注意：‎ ‎1. that的用法。(1)引导名词性从句时没有任何意思，也不作任何句子成分，只起连接作用，因此引导宾语从句时常被省略。(2)引导定语从句，如果不是直接在介词后，一般可以替代which或who，但不能引导非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎2. what的用法。是连接代词，引导名词性从句并在从句中作主语或宾语，除表示“什么”外，还有“所……的(the thingthat)”之类的意思。‎ ‎3. 牢记平行结构。‎ 请翻译下列连词：(1)或者……或者……(2)既不……也不……(3)不但……而且……(4)不是……而是……(5)不论……还是……此外，no sooner…than, hardly…when中than与when不要用错，有比较级sooner，才用than。‎ 六时态真题再练 下列各小题中有且仅有一处错误(多1个单词、少1个单词、错1个单词) ‎ ‎1.(2015新课标卷I) When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there. ‎ ‎2.(2014新课标卷I) Since then—for all these years—we had been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please. As a result, the plants are growing … The fruits are small… ‎ ‎3.(2013新课标卷I) I was only four when she passes away. ‎ ‎4.(2012新课标卷) When I tear apart my fifth birthday toy train, my father said, “That’s it. No more toys for you.”‎ ‎5.(2011新课标卷) When I finally arrived at my friend’s he lent me lots of clothes. I feel very happy that I could change my clothes at last.‎ ‎6.(2014新课标卷II) My dream school starts at 8: 30 a. m. and ends at 3: 30 p. m. There are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon. We didn’t need to do so much homework.‎ ‎7.(2013新课标卷II) This custom soon becomes another meal of the day. Interestingly, it had a connection with the British porcelain(瓷器) industry.‎ ‎8.(2015新课标卷II) A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.‎ ‎9.(2014新课标卷II) We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening to music. ‎ ‎10.(2015新课标卷I) Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem. ‎ ‎11.(2015新课标卷II) Tony was scared and begun to cry.‎ ‎12.(2013新课标卷II) Tea in China was traditionally drank from cups without handles. ‎ ‎13.(2011新课标卷) Luckily, I had all my money in my pocket, but the only clothes I had was those I had on.‎ ‎14.(2014新课标卷II) My dream school look like a big garden. ‎ ‎15.(2015新课标卷I) We must found ways to protect the environment. ‎ ‎16.(2012新课标卷) My punishment lasted a year. Meanwhile, I found out that with more patience, I must make my toys last.‎ ‎ ‎ 思路点拨从［真题再练］来看，5年8套题有16道是谓语动词的错，平均每套2道题，可见谓语动词在短文改错中是错得最多的，是最重要的考点。短文一般含8到10句话，对每句话的谓语一定都要仔细研究。可按以下线索去思考：‎ ‎1. 查时态是否一致。遇到某个谓语动词的时态与上下文的时态不一致时，十有八九是出错了，需仔细审查。如［真题再练］1，前面两个动词was,hoped和后面的would都是过去式，而think却用一般现在时，不一致，就很可能错了，需重点核实。‎ ‎2. 查语态是否正确。当主语是谓语动词的动作的承受者时，即谓语与主语在逻辑上有动宾关系时，要用被动语态。被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成。［真题再练］10、11、12题即考查语态。(1)查该用主动还是被动。如果是主动语态，句中有行为动词时，不能再用be。如［真题再练］10，“研究”与“表明”是主动关系，已有行为动词show了，就不能再用be，故删除been。(2)如果要用被动语态，看是否漏掉be；同时注意be的时态是否正确，主谓是否一致，过去分词拼写是否正确(常误写成过去式或原形)。如［真题再练］12，就是过去分词的拼写错误。‎ ‎3. 查并列动词的形式是否一致。在A and /or B或A, B and C这类结构中，A, B, C的形式应一致，关键是要找准谁跟谁并列，不要找错对象，尤其当句子有谓语动词又有非谓语动词时更应注意。如［真题再练］8、9。‎ ‎4. 查主谓是否一致。有时虽然前后时态是一致的，但主谓不一致。如［真题再练］13，主语clothes是复数，谓语动词却用单数was；［真题再练］14，主语My dream school是第三人称单数，谓语动词look却用复数(原形)。‎ ‎5. 查情态动词是否用错。若有情态动词，首先根据语境体会句子所表达的语气与情态，判断是否用错了情态动词。如［真题再练］16，“我明白了，有了耐心，我就一定让我的玩具用得更久”，玩具是否用得久，还受本身的质量或其他因素的影响，用“一定(must)”语气太强了，改用“可能(could)”更好。‎ 另外，我们知道，情态动词有三大特征：‎ ‎(1)后面一定要接动词原形，并与之一起构成谓语。(2)没有人称和数的变化。(3)其疑问式或否定式不借助于do。因此，我们还要考虑作者是否因不懂情态动词的基本用法而用错了。如［真题再练］15，must后接found，这就错了，应改为原形find。‎ ‎ 考点归纳 谓语动词的错误不但每年必考，而且考得最多，每套题中平均有两处错。到目前为止，仅考查了以下8点：1. 前后谓语动词的时态不一致。2. 主动语态中已有行为动词时却用了be。3. 被动语态中或者完成时态中，过去分词拼写错。‎ ‎1.A little girl was hurted and her mother needed help. (2009大纲卷II)‎ ‎2.Since then we haven’t see each other much. But we’ve kept writing to each other. (2007新课标卷)‎ ‎4. 并列谓语的时态形式应该一致却没有一致。5. 主语与谓语在人称和数方面应该一致却没有一致。6. 情态动词后本应接动词原形却接了过去式，或者根本没有动词。‎ ‎3.So real friendship should able to stand allsorts of tests. (2014大纲卷)‎ ‎7. 虚拟语气。‎ ‎4.My father was so pleased that he suggested I went to England for a holiday. (2008大纲卷I)‎ ‎8. 命题人有时也会利用某些动词的过去式与过去分词拼写相同，将一般过去时故意误写成现在完成时，要求考生删除have或has。‎ ‎5.Li Ming came to see me every day. Then hisfather has changed jobs and they moved to another city. (2007新课标卷)‎ ‎1“小女孩被弄伤”，用被动语态是对的，但hurt的过去式、过去分词与原形是相同的，即hurt—hurt—hurt，故hurted错了，应改为hurt。2.由since then(自那时起到现在)可知，用现在完成时是正确的，但现在完成时由“have+过去分词”构成，故see错了，要改为seen。3.should是情态动词，后面一定要跟动词原形，而able是形容词，故应加be，构成be able to(能够)。4.因表示“提议，建议”的suggest后的宾语从句的谓语动词要用“(should +) do”，所以went要改为go。5.由后面的并列句中的moved可知，change也用一般过去时，故删除changed前的has。‎ 提醒： 时态只需注意前后一致，且只需注意现在时与过去时就行了。如［真题再练］2，根据Since then(从那时起到现在)，或由下文are growing, are small可知，应当用现在时，而had是过去时，应改为have即可。不必按现在完成进行时、现在进行时、一般现在时这样去理解。‎ 七非谓语真题再练 下列各小题中有且仅有一处错误(多1个单词、少1个单词、错1个单词) ‎ ‎1.(2012新课标卷) My punishment lasted a year. Meanwhile, I found out that with more patience, I could make my toys to last. My attitude changed from then on.‎ ‎2.(2011新课标卷) I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou. ‎ ‎3.(2015新课标卷II) After looks at the toy for some time, he turned around and found that his parents were missing.‎ ‎4.(2013新课标卷II) Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner. ‎ ‎5.It will be lots of fun practising out in the playground in the afternoon with the trees around us all red and yellow and everybody laughed and shouting. (2007大纲卷II)‎ 思路点拨1. 当句中已有谓语动词时，后面又出现动词，且该动词前没有并列连词时，该动词应是非谓语动词。2. 作主语或宾语用动词-ing形式或不定式(具体某次)，如［真题再练］4；在介词后作宾语要用动词-ing形式，如［真题再练］3。3. 根据分词的逻辑主语与分词是主动关系还是被动关系，判断分词是否用错。如［真题再练］2。5.在and everybody laughed and shouting中，因everybody与laugh是主动关系，要用动词-ing形式作宾补，故改laughed为laughing。‎ ‎4. 用固定搭配去判断是否有错。‎ 如had better do sth., agree to do sth., help do sth., would like to dosth., help sb. do sth., make /let /have sb. do sth. (使某人做某事)；see /hear sb. do sth.(看到/听到某人做某事)；see /hear sb.doing sth. (看到/听到某人正在做某事)等。如［真题再练］1。‎ ‎ 考点归纳 ‎1.作主语或作介词宾语，该用动词-ing形式时却用了原形。尤其注意分清to是介词还是不定式符号。一定要熟记look forward to, be used to, be devoted to, get accustomed to等常用的to是介词的短语。‎ ‎1.He isn’t good at talk but he gets on well with other people. (2013大纲卷)‎ ‎2.作定语、状语或补语时，非谓语动词形式用错。‎ ‎2.Third, we should find ways to reuse the water using in washing…(2012大纲卷II)‎ ‎3.在make sb. do sth., ask sb. to do sth., help sb. do sth.等固定结构中，多用to，少用to，或to后接动词的-ing形式。‎ ‎3.My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to staying another couple of days. (2011大纲卷II)‎ ‎4.由decide to do sth.(决定做某事)可知，要在study 前加to。‎ ‎4.Last year, she decided study abroad. Inother words, we would be separated for a long time. (2010大纲卷II)‎ ‎5. 情感类动词的-ed分词与-ing分词的区别。‎ ‎5.My friend Nick told me a story about his experience back in the US, which was very interested. (2010新课标卷)‎ ‎6. 不定式的被动式中过去分词的拼写错误。‎ ‎6.If I have the honor to be chose to work for the 29th Olympic Games, I will first improve my English…(2008大纲卷II)‎ ‎1.talk在介词at后作宾语，应当用动词-ing形式，故改talk为talking。2.水“被用”, 用过去分词作后置定语，故改using为used。3.由beg sb. to do sth. (恳求某人做某事)可知，要将staying改为stay。4. 只能接不定式或只能接动词ing形式作宾语的固定搭配。5.句中的which代表a story about his experience，即“他的故事是有趣的”，应当用-ing分词作形容词，因为interested是表示人“感兴趣的”，故将interested改为interesting。6.我有幸被选去为第29届奥运会工作，不定式用被动式是正确的，但构成被动式的过去分词chose错了，应改为chosen。‎ 八：词性误用 下列各小题中有且仅有一处错误(多1个单词、少1个单词、错1个单词)‎ ‎ 1.(2015新课标卷I)Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a very seriously problem. ‎ ‎2.(2014新课标卷I)The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.‎ ‎3.(2014新课标卷I)We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost!‎ ‎4.(2015新课标卷II)Mom said, “How nice to see you again! Dad and I were terrible worried.” Tony promised her that this would never happen again. ‎ ‎5.(2014新课标卷II)The teachers here are kind and helpfully. They are not only our teachers but also our friends. ‎ ‎6.(2013新课标卷II)Interesting, it had a connection to the British porcelain industry. ‎ ‎7.(2013新课标卷II)This made for the grow in the porcelain industry. ‎ ‎ 思路点拨做这类题的前提要具备两个基础：一是要懂得分析句子结构，即划分句子成分；二是知道充当各个句子成分的词类或词性。如：充当主语或宾语的应是名词，充当定语、表语或补语的应是形容词，充当状语的应是副词(修饰动词、形容词或全句)。有了这些基础，找这类错就容易了。‎ 考点归纳这是一个常考点，几乎年年都考，甚至一份试卷中出现两道这类错误。错误类型有：1. 在句中作定语或表语本应用形容词，却用了副词或名词等别的词性的词。如［真题再练］1、2、3、5。2. 修饰动词、形容词或全句作状语本应用副词，却用了形容词［真题再练］4和6。3. 在句中作主语或宾语本该用名词却用了动词等别的词性的词。如［真题再练］7。‎ 九常用词语辨析错误 下列各小题中有且仅有一处错误(多1个单词、少1个单词、错1个单词) ‎ ‎1.(2015新课标卷I) Much rare animals are dying out.‎ ‎2.(2014新课标卷I) Nearly five years before, and with the help of our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes in our back garden.‎ ‎3.(2014新课标卷I) The fruits are small in size, but juicy and tasty.There are so much that we often share them with our neighbors.‎ ‎4.(2013新课标卷I) I hardly remember my grandmother. She used to holding me on her knees and sing old songs.‎ ‎5.(2013新课标卷I) However, he was the gentlest man I have never known.‎ ‎6.(2012新课标卷) I was happy when the toys worked, but when things did wrong, I got angry…‎ ‎7.(2011新课标卷) I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buying a ticket to Hangzhou.I was going to visit a friend here.‎ ‎8.(2014新课标卷II) We don’t need to do so many homework.‎ ‎9.(2015新课标卷II) He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.‎ ‎ 思路点拨 只有在平时的学习中注意收集那些容易混淆的常用词语，做起题来才得心应手。解答此类题从以下几个方面入手。‎ ‎1. 从搭配上去区分。如［真题再练］1、8。much不能接复数名词，可见1错了；many后也不能接单数名词或不可数名词，所以8错了。‎ ‎2. 从意义上去区分。如［真题再练］5，“他是我从来没有见到过的最温柔的人”，没有见到过，你怎么知道是最温柔的人？可想到作者应是表达“在见到过的所有人中，他是最温柔的人”。‎ ‎3. 从结构上去区分。如［真题再练］4，be used todoing 可这样记：有be才有ing。‎ ‎4. 从用法上去区别。如［真题再练］2。‎ ‎ 考点归纳 常用词的用法辨析是一个常考点，主要考点有8个：‎ ‎1. many与much的误用。(考的频率最高)辨析：many修饰或代替可数名词复数；much修饰或代替不可数名词(只有单数形式)。‎ ‎2. so, very, much与very much的误用。辨析：(1)so与very均可修饰形容词或副词的原级，如so good, very good, so well, very well，但so与very一般只能用一个而不同时用，如不能说so very good, sovery well；(2)much一般不修饰形容词或副词的原级，但可修饰比较级，如much better(好得多)；(3)very much修饰动词，如I like English very much. (我非常喜欢英语)‎ ‎3. ago与before的误用。辨析：“时间段+ago”相对现在多久以前；“时间段+before”相对过去多久以前。‎ ‎4. ever与never的误用。辨析：ever从来，在任何时候，曾经；never从来不。‎ ‎5. here与there的误用。辨析：通常说去“那里”，即go there；来“这里”，即come here。‎ ‎6. used to do sth.与be used to doing sth.的误用。‎ 辨析：used to dosth.过去常常做某事；beused to doing sth.习惯做某事。‎ ‎7. do wrong与go wrong的误用。辨析：do wrong作恶, 犯罪；go wrong(机器)出故障(与work相对)。‎ ‎8. no与not的误用。辨析：no是形容词，否定名词，相当于not a或not any；而not是副词，否定动词。‎ 十考前回顾：熟记固定搭配，击破语法改错 不论是语法填空，还是短文改错，都常常考查固定搭配。如果考生熟练掌握好固定搭配，这类考点，可以在句，甚至是词的层面就可以轻易解决。但事实上，即便是优秀考生，有时也会失分。据他们说，主要是固定搭配涉及面广，种类多，易混淆，运用起来张冠李戴。基于此，为了帮助考生提高语法填空和短文改错固定搭配方面的得分率，笔者结合自己多年的高三教学经验，特意对全国卷该部分的常见考法及高频考点归类整理如下。‎ 一、考生须熟记以下常考的固定搭配 ‎1.冠词的固定搭配。全国卷英语高考对冠词的考查，并非仅仅局限于区分“特指”和“泛指”那般简单，在固定搭配中考查冠词也是很常态的考法。以下冠词的固定搭配就是高频考点：‎ 含不定冠词的固定词组：in a mess 乱七八糟in a hurry 匆匆忙忙in a …condition 处于……状态have a gift for 在……有天赋at a loss ‎ 不知所措all of a sudden 突然once in a while 偶尔once upon a time 从前go on a diet 节食keep a diary 写日记do sb. a favor 帮某人一个忙 give sb. a lift 给某人提供顺风车as a result 结果keep an eye on 照看have a word with 和某人谈话a waste of 浪费at an end 接近尾声a series of 一系列 含定冠词的固定词组：‎ make the most / best of 充分利用on the spot / scene 在现场at the moment 此时此刻take the place of 取代；替代in the daytime 在白天in the distance 在远方in the end 最终on the whole 总体上on the left / right 在左/右边at the same time 同时in the air / sky 在空中for the time being 暂时in a word 总之in the 1980s 二十世纪八十年代all over the world 全世界in the beginning 起初by the way 顺便说一下 必须注意的是，有了短文改错作为载体，与零冠词有关的一些固定搭配，也开始“大行其道”，成为考查对象。如：at noon 在中午at night 在晚上at dawn 在黎明at dusk 在黄昏in public 当众by bus 坐公共汽车make great progress 取得很大的进步 ‎2.介词的固定搭配。‎ 全国卷英语高考对介词的考查，主要是“形容词+介词”和“介词+名词”这两种搭配。但在语法填空或短文改错中，譬如apart from和according to 这类词组，往往也会被考查，故考生们千万不可掉以轻心。由于介词种类繁多，且不同的介词又有不同的搭配，因此不少考生都感到介词短语的记忆比较散乱，难记易忘。鉴于此，笔者建议考生最好把同一个介词的相关搭配放在一起记忆。拿with为例，如下：‎ be angry with sb.  因某事而生某人的气   be filled with    装满；充满be strict with sb.   在……对某人严格  be crowded with  拥挤be connected with  连接   be flooded with   充斥；涌入be familiar with  对……熟悉/ 不熟悉     be compared with  比较be popular with  流行；受欢迎   be covered with   覆be patient with  对……有耐心   be faced with   面临be frank with   对……坦白  be concerned with 关于be busy / occupied with 忙于      be infected with  感染  be pleased / satisfied / content with  对……满意     be fed up with        厌倦 ‎ 如此一来，记忆起来就不容易遗漏，而且能起到举一反三的连锁反应。‎ ‎3.连词的固定搭配。‎ 除了对连词的常规用法进行考查外，有时也会考查固定搭配。以下是连词常用的固定搭配：‎ either… or… 要么……要么……neither…nor… 既不……也不……whether…or… 是/不论……还是……not only…, but (also)… 不但……而且……when it comes to… 当涉及到……was / were doing sth. when… 正在做某事，突然……be about to do sth. when… 正要做某事，突然……be on the point of doing sth. when… 正要/即将做某事，突然……There was a time when… 有一段时间；曾经 ‎4.代词的固定搭配。‎ 全国卷英语高考对代词的考查也是五花八门，细致入微。以下列举一些考生容易失分的关于代词的固定搭配：‎ take it for granted that… 认为……理所当然make it a rule that…    把……作为规定make it clear that…     声明make it +adj. for sb. to do sth. 令得某人做某事很……find / think / consider it+adj. to do sth. 发觉/认为做某事很……make oneself +过去分词  使自己被……‎ ‎5.动词的固定搭配命题者也常常在短文改错中用以下的方式考查考生：‎ 少一副词：不及物动词后+宾语  (如：belong to sb.写成belong sb.)‎ 多一副词：及物动词+介词+宾语 (如：visit sb.写成visit to sb.)‎ 张冠李戴：用错动词或副词 (如：把put out误用作put off，turn on用成了take on ‎6.非谓语的固定搭配。‎ 为也应对语法填空，考生除了掌握最基础的非谓语语法知识外，也不可忽略特殊搭配的积累。如：judging from / by 由……判断generally speaking 笼统来讲all things considered 全盘考虑；整体看来be worth doing 值得做某事only to see/ find/ discover 结果却看见/发现to tell you the truth 实话实说to make things worse 更糟糕的是weather permitting 天气允许的话 ‎7.名词为复数形式的固定搭配。‎ 考生们在做语法填空时，凡涉及到固定搭配中的名词时，要注意其单复数形式；同理，命题者极有可能在短文改错中也会将其设为考点。常见的固定搭配有：‎ shake hands with  和……握手make friends with 与……交朋友make preparations for 为……做准备be in high / low spirits 情绪高涨/低落to make things / matters worse  更糟糕的是be as follows  如下    have effects on / have an effect on    对……有影响make efforts to do /  make an effort to do  努力做某事 make contributions to / make acontribution to 为……做贡献 ‎8.固定的特殊句型。‎ There is no denying that… 毋庸置疑There is no need to do sth. 没必要做某事 There is no point in doing sth 做某事没有意义It is no use / good doing sth. 做某事没用/不好 It is / was…that / who…  正是……It was not long before…  很快……It’s (high) time that sb. did sth 该是某人做某事的时候了It is / was the+序数词+time that sb. has / had done sth.  某人第……次做某事 ‎9.易混的词或词组。‎ before (用完成时态) / ago (用过去时态)because (接句子) / because of (接名词/词组)‎ have been to (到过) / have gone to (去了)ten years ago (用一般过去时) / since ten years ago (用现在完成时)long before (很久以前) / before long ‎ (不久之后)make sense of (理解) / make sense (有意义，说得通)take advantage of (利用) / take advantage over (比……有优势)‎ be tired of (对……厌倦) / be tired from(因……而疲惫)pay in cash(用现金支付) / pay by check(用支票支付)in 1990 (在1990年) / in the 1990s（在二十世纪九十年代）‎ in the morning (在早上) / on the morning of last  Monday(上周一早上)in summer (在夏天) / in the summer of 1997(在1997年夏天)in the past(在过去，用于一般过去时态) / in the past few years (在最近几年，用于现在完成时态)with time going by = as time goes by (随着时间的推移，with是介词，而as是连词)in charge of (负责……)/ in the charge of (由……负责)at table(在吃饭) / at the table (在桌子旁边)at a time(一次) /  at onetime (曾经，同时) / at the time(当时；那时)a number of (许多) / the number of(……的数目)a most + adj. (一个非常……的) / the most +adj. (最……的)a second time (又一次) / the second time (第二次)take place (发生) / take the place of (取代；替代)charge sb. with sth.(因某事指控某人) / charge sb. for sth. (因某事收费)be proud of = take pride in (引以为豪)be confident of = have confidence in (对……有信心)‎ 二、高考真题分析 ‎1.  语法填空  在空白处填入适当内容(1个单词)或所给词的正确形式。‎ ‎(1)________ the same time, they warm up again for the night. (2015 课标卷 II)‎ ‎ (2) It took years of work  ________(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. (2014 课 ‎ (3) I got a place next ________ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.( 2014 课标卷 ‎ ‎ (4) I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused  ________ (stop) until…(2014课标卷 II)‎ ‎ (5) Still, the boy kept ________ (ride). (2014课标卷 II)‎ ‎ (6) Nick said, “ The only reason a man would sell salt  ________ a low price would be because he was desperate for money. (2013广东卷)‎ ‎ (7)  I didn’t understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged ________ the reservation. (2014广东卷)‎ ‎ (8) One day, the cow was eating grass ________ it began to rain heavily.(2015‎ ‎1. At  考查固定搭配at the same time“同时”。2. to reduce 考查固定句式It takes+时间+to do sth.“做某事花……时间”。3. to  考查固定搭配next to“紧邻；紧接”。4. to stop 考查固定搭配refuse to do sth.“拒绝做某事”。5.riding 考查固定搭配keep doing sth.“继续/持续做某事”。6.at  考查固定搭配at a low / high price.“以低 / 高价”。7. for 考查固定搭配charge sb. for(doing) sth.“因(做)某事而收费”。8. when  考查固定句型was / were doing…when…“正在做……突然……”。‎ ‎2.  短文改错  以下每个句子都有一处错误，请指出并改正过来。‎ ‎(1) In other words, we would be separated for long time. (2010大纲)‎ ‎ (2) In a fact, he even scared my classmates away…(2013课标卷 I)‎ ‎ (3) As result, the plants are growing everywhere. (2014课标卷 I)‎ ‎ (4) …and with the help by our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes. (2014‎ ‎ (5) We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listen music.(2014‎ ‎ (6) Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. (2015课 ‎(7) Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted. (2015课标卷 I)‎ ‎(8) My best friend, Aigulie, used to share her Nang to me. (2015课标卷 I)‎ ‎1.在long前面加a，因为for a long time是固定词组，“很长一段时间”。2. 把a去掉，因为in fact是固定词组，“实际上”。3.在as后面加a，因为as a result是固定词组，“结果”。4.把by改为of，因为with the help of是固定词组，“在……的帮助下”。5.在listen后面加to，因为listen to是固定词组，“听；倾听”。6. 在in后面加the，因为in the countryside是固定词组，“在农村”。7.  把on改为with，因为with the development of是固定词组，“随着……的发展”。8. 把to改为with，因为share…with是固定词组，“和……分享”。‎ 三、实战演练 ‎(一)语法填空在空白处填入适当内容(1个单词)或所给词的正确形式。‎ ‎1. He is always responsible ________ whatever he does.‎ ‎2. She spoke in such ________ low voice that she couldn’t make herself heard.‎ ‎3. The students are busy making ________ (prepare) for the coming exams.‎ ‎4. He was absent from the lecture ________ some reason. ‎ ‎5. People were sleeping soundly ________ the destructive earthquake occurred.‎ ‎6. Strictly ________ (speak), what you said just now is not exactly correct.‎ ‎7. I’d appreciate it ________ you could do me a favor and help me out.‎ ‎8. He had no choice but ________ (wait) aimlessly for another two hours.‎ ‎9. If  you go on behaving like that,you’ll risk ________ (lose) your job.‎ ‎10. When he woke up, he found himself lying in ________ open air.‎ ‎(二)单句改错以下每个句子都有一处错误，请指出并改正过来。‎ ‎1. So busy am I that I spend little time on my son every week.‎ ‎2. The other day, she paid visit to the Summer Palace and enjoyed herself.‎ ‎3. His parents forced him choose the major he wasn’t interested in.‎ ‎4. We’re supposed to exchange our study methods to each other.‎ ‎5. The project is now in charge of Mr. Green, our close friend.‎ ‎6. Old as he is, the man is in a good health.‎ ‎7. I’ll take you up as soon as you arrive at the train station.‎ ‎8. As students, we should make effort  to realize our dreams.‎ ‎9. Tom got up, dressed him and went to work in a hurry.‎ ‎10. I don’t make sense what you said just now. Can you explain it in detail?‎ 答案与解析(一)语法填空 ‎1. for  因be responsible for是固定搭配，意为“对……负责”。2. a  因in a low voice “低声地”。3. preparations  表示“为……做准备” ，用固定搭配make preparations for。4. for  因for…reason 是固定搭配，意为“出于……原因”。5. when  因was / were doing… when… “正在做某事……突然”。6. speaking  因Strictly speaking是独立主格结构，意思是“严格来说”。7. if  固定句型I’d appreciate it if…意为“假如……的话，我会不胜感激”。8. to wait  特殊句型have no choice but to do意为“除了做……外，别无选择”。9. losing  因risk doing sth.，是固定用法，意为“冒险做某事”。10. the  因in the open air是固定词组，意为“在户外”。‎ ‎(二)单句改错 ‎1. 把on改为with ，因此处是表示“花时间陪某人”而不是“花时间在……上”。2. 在visit前面加a，因为pay a visit to“拜访；参观”是固定搭配。3. 在choose前面加to，因“强迫某人做某事”用force sb. to do sth.是固定句式。4. 把to改为with，因“和……交流/交换……”用exchange…with…。5. 在charge前面加the，因此处指“由……负责/掌管”，用词组in the charge of。6. 去掉a，“身体健康”可用固定词组be in good health来表示。7. 把take改为pick，因为“‎ 用车接载某人”用pick sb. up这一词组。8. 在effort前面加an，或把effort改成efforts，因为“努力做某事”可以用词组make an effort to do sth.或者make efforts to do sth.来表示。9. 把him改为himself，因dress oneself 意为“某人自己穿衣服”。10. 在what前面加of，因为make sense of表示“理解”，而make sense则是“有意义；说得通”之意。‎ ‎ Day 40改错题常考的错误 短文改错是有一定的规律可循的，可以发现短文改错主要有以下十大错误：‎ ‎1. 形容词与副词的误用。如exciting与excited，hard与hardly，possible与possibly，here与there等，以及形容词与副词的比较级与最高级。名词的单复数误用。如在several，many，various，different，a few，one of等之后，常用名词的复数，在every与each之后常用单数。Many 与much的区别 much修饰不可数名词或动词，many修饰可数名词复数。常考的不可数名词有progress进步,time(时间)，1.water 水 2.paper 纸 3.exercise 锻炼 4.information 信息 5.news 新闻6.food食物 7.fruit水果 8.mutton羊肉 9.beef牛肉 10. snow雪11.chicken鸡肉 12.salad沙拉 13.housework家务 14.juice 果汁15.ice 冰冻食品16,tea茶 17.waste废物18.powder 粉19.rain 雨水20.wind 风21.hair 头发22.rice米饭 23.population人口 24.bread面包 25.milk 牛奶26.coke 可乐27.money 钱28.jam 果酱29.honey 蜂蜜30.chocolate 巧克力31.fish鱼肉 32.meat 肉33.space 空间34. advice 建议35.ink 墨水36.salt 盐37.cake 蛋糕38.change 找零39.homework家庭作业40.traffic 交通41.peace 和平42.anger 愤怒43.courage 勇气44.energy 能量45.fear 恐怖 46.fun 有趣 乐趣47.health 健康48.time 时间 49.sand 沙子50.weather天气51.pressure压力 ‎3. 代词的误用。如you与your，he与she,it’s与its，it与they或them，one与ones，宾格（如me）与反身代词（如myself）等的误用。4.介词的误用、缺少或多余。常见的如in 与on，to与for，instead与instead of，because与because of等的误用。because 加从句，because of 加名词、代词或者动名词。‎ Because you,I made progress.要在because和you之间加of 5.时态的错误。看一篇文章，要有一种大局观，要上前下挂，看看上下文的时态是否一致。E.g. Yesterday was wonderful. I watch a movie and played football.要把watch改成watched。6.连词的误用。如or与and的误用，and与but的误用，so与but的误用，however 与therefore的误用，because或since与so连用，though与but连用等。‎ 连词 and改成but I don’t want to go with them, and I’m afraid that I will lose their friendship. but改成and I want to play football, but I also want to play basketball.‎ 第三人称单数后的动词形式。E.g. She have a plan to study. 主语是she所以谓语动词have要改成单数has8.一些固定结构的误用。如so.。。that被误用作very.。。that，too.。。to被误用very.。。to，as.。。as被误作so.。。as等。还要注意so...that..与such..that的区别啦。I am very excited that I can’t say a word now.怎么改呢？9.定语从句中，which，who, that，when，where等混淆不清。She is a singer, which sings many songs.怎么改呢？10.一些常用词，如what与how，except与besides，any与some以及它们的合成词如anything与something，anywhere与somewhere等混淆。 what修饰名词，how修饰adj./adv. 11.非谓语动词 to do, doing ,done，to be done, having done ‎ Day 41‎ ‎(改错)1.I feel so tired because of too many homework.‎ ‎2.There are so much people in China.‎ ‎3.There are lots of people visit China.‎ ‎4.She feels exciting that she can’t sleep all night.‎ ‎5.Because it rains, so I am late for school.‎ ‎6.Although it’s difficult, but I don’t want to give it up.‎ ‎7.She got so many information from her teacher.‎ ‎8.I want to give you many advice.‎ ‎9.I want to give you some advices.‎ ‎10.Under the help of my teacher, I made progress.‎ ‎11.Thanks to her, I made many progress in my English.‎ ‎12.With your help, I couldn’t pass the final exam.‎ ‎13.She is a singer, which sings many song.‎ ‎14.The plan went through, who made us happy.‎ ‎15.Which we know, different people have different views.‎ ‎16.I am very happy that I can’t say a word now.‎ ‎17.Yesterday was wonderful. I watch a movie and played football.‎ ‎18.We must finish our homework as soon as possibly.‎ ‎19.I have a sister. He is very kind to me.‎ ‎20.My parents is patient.‎ ‎21.My teacher is strict in us.‎ ‎22.She is popular for students.‎ ‎23.I am looking forward to read this book.‎ ‎24.I met a man in the street. A man is very strange.‎ ‎25.Luckily, she got injured.‎ ‎26.After many efforts. she eventual managed to finish this difficult task.‎ ‎27.What nice the weather is!‎ ‎28.We should try us best to study hard.‎ ‎29.We had better not to use phones at school.‎ ‎30.In an autumn afternoon, we played soccer.‎ ‎31.We went to a farm which we learned to plant potatoes.‎ ‎32.Before swim, maybe we should wash dishes.‎ ‎33.In the past two years, our school had organized many activities.‎ ‎34.I want to go to a place where is surrounded by many flowers.‎ ‎35.Ten years after, I will make a lot of money.‎ ‎36.Later ten years, I will make a lot of money.‎ ‎37.Ago ten years, I was a little baby.‎ ‎38.Ten years before, I was a little baby.‎ ‎39.If I was you, I would study hard for a better future.‎ ‎40.Think about my summer holiday, I feel very happy.‎ ‎41.They are worry about their kids.‎ ‎42.By learn on their own, they make progress.‎ ‎43.(两个句子，每句一错)I need to taking some exercise. I want to relax me.‎ ‎ ‎