【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题动词和短语动词学案（8页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题动词和短语动词学案（8页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习语法专题 动词和短语动词学案 一、动词词义辨析 ‎①Top graduates from universities are chased by major companies.(江苏高考单选改编)‎ 来自大学里的优秀毕业生受到大公司的青睐。‎ ‎②In order not to be heard, she pointed her finger upwards to signal that someone was moving about upstairs.(2015·湖北高考单选改编)‎ 为了不被人听见，她把自己的手指向上指了一下以示意楼上有人在走动。‎ ‎[规律总结]‎ 动词词义辨析一直都是高考考查的重点，这类题绝大多数情况下所给的四个选项的含义各不相同，没有关联性，此时考查的是对题干和语境的理解。近几年考查到的有：‎ ‎①float; drown; shrink; split ‎②support; match; evaluate (评估); control (控制)‎ ‎③prove; imply; demand; predict ‎④sacrifice (牺牲); substitute (代替); simplify (简化); survive ‎⑤conclude; lead; avoid (避免); hold ‎⑥persuade (说服); promise; invite ‎⑦open; narrow; widen; leave ‎⑧sponsor (赞助); launch (发射); organize; plan 二、易混动词的辨析 ‎1．词形相近的动词之间辨义。‎ 如lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, arise, raise, arouse; sit, seat等。‎ ‎(1)rise, arise, raise和arouse rise“升起”，是不及物动词，其过去式与过去分词分别是rose, risen; arise“(问题等)出现”，是不及物动词，其过去式与过去分词分别是arose, arisen; raise“举起”，是及物动词； arouse “引起；唤醒；唤起；激起”，是及物动词。raise与arouse 的过去式和过去分词都是规则变化。‎ Those who want to say anything more raise your hand and then rise to speak.‎ 还想发言的人举手，然后站起来发言。‎ ‎(2)sit和seat sit表示“坐”这一动作；seat表示“就座”时要用be seated或seat oneself。‎ Six people, and more at a pinch, could be seated comfortably at the table.‎ 这张桌子可以很舒服地坐6个人，而且必要时多坐几个也不会挤。‎ ‎2．意义相近的动词之间辨义。‎ 如borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish; recall, remember等。‎ If you are in trouble, Mike is always willing to lend a hand.(天津高考单选改编)‎ 如果你有麻烦，迈克总是愿意伸出援助之手。‎ I still remember the first time (when) I met you.‎ 我仍然记得我第一次遇见你的时候。‎ 三、短语动词辨析 短语动词是由动词与介词、名词或副词结合在一起而组成的。有些短语动词相当于及物动词，有些则相当于不及物动词。‎ ‎1．动词＋副词 break down　　　　　 坏掉；分解；垮下来 break up 打碎；分解；分手 bring down 使降低，使下降，使倒下 come out 出现，出版，结果是 cut down 砍倒；削减 get over 克服 set off 出发；使爆炸 make out 辨认出 look up 向上看，查寻 put away 收起；储存 pay off 解雇；奏效；付清债务 take over 接管 turn out 结果是，证明是 turn down 拒绝，把音量开小 work out 解出，进展顺利，锻炼身体 figure out 弄清，搞明白 ‎①Oldfashioned phones matter when wireless networks break down in disasters.(福建高考单选改编)‎ 无线网络在灾难中瘫痪的时候，老式电话起到重要作用。‎ ‎②Traditionally, college students hold a graduation ceremony to encourage themselves before they set off on their life journey.(安徽高考单选)‎ 传统上，大学生在开始他们的人生旅途之前会举行毕业典礼来鼓励自己。 ‎ ‎[点津]　“动词＋副词”‎ 搭配构成的短语，其宾语若为代词，应放在动词与副词中间。如put it on, think it over。‎ ‎2．动词＋介词 appeal to　　　　　　　　 对……有吸引力 break into 破门而入 believe in 信任 come across 偶然碰到 depend on 依靠 go through 从……穿过 see to 处理 come to 共计 look into 调查 set about 着手做 bring about 引起，导致 agree with 同意，适合 ‎①We tend to have a better memory for things that excite our senses or appeal to our emotions than for straight facts.(2015·浙江高考单选改编)‎ 相对于直白的事实，我们对于激发自己感觉或唤起自己情感的事物，记忆往往更加深刻。‎ ‎②You look well. The air and the sea foods in Sanya must agree with you, I suppose.‎ 你气色很好，我想三亚的空气和海鲜肯定适合你。‎ ‎3．动词＋副词＋介词 add up to 加起来；总共 break away from 躲开；脱离 catch up with 赶上；超过 do away with 废除 go in for 从事；参加 put up with 忍受；容忍 get along with 与……相处；进展 get on with 与……相处；进展 keep out of 使……不进入 look forward to 盼望 live up to 达到；不辜负 get down to 着手做 come up with 想出，提出 look up to 尊敬 get across to 使明白，使清楚 make up for 弥补 keep up with 与……保持联系；跟上 ‎①She began to walk faster, but he lengthened his stride to keep up with her. ‎ 她开始加快步子，但他加大了步幅跟着她。‎ ‎②Caroline doesn't have a gift for music, but she makes up for it with hard work. (全国大纲卷单选改编)‎ 卡罗琳没有音乐天赋，但是她通过勤奋来弥补自己的不足。‎ ‎4．动词＋名词＋介词 get hold of 抓住 catch sight of 突然发现 make use of 利用 pay attention to 注意 make sense of 理解 take notice of 注意到 take part in 参加 take pride in 为……自豪 take advantage of 利用 make room for 为……腾出空间 ‎①James took the magazines off the little table to make room for the television.‎ 为给电视机腾出空间，詹姆斯把杂志从这张小桌子上拿走了。‎ ‎②The school isn't the one I really wanted to go to, but I suppose I'll just have to make good use of it.‎ 这所学校并不是我真正想去的学校，但既然来了，我还是想充分利用它。‎ 常考点一：动词词义辨析 ‎1．(2017·江苏高考)A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help ________ your year ahead.‎ A．shape B．switch C．stretch D．sharpen 解析：选A　句意：年终时快速回顾一年的成功和失败将有助于你决定来年的发展。shape“决定……的形成，影响……的发展”，符合句意。switch“转变，改变”；stretch“变大，拉长”；sharpen“(使)变得锋利，变得清晰”。‎ ‎2．(2016·江苏高考)He did not ________ easily, but was willing to accept any ‎ constructive advice for a worthy cause.‎ A．approach B．wrestle C．compromise D．communicate 解析：选C　句意：他不会轻易妥协，但是他乐于接受任何关于一项崇高事业的建设性意见。compromise有“伤害；妥协”的意思，这里指“妥协”。approach“靠近，处理”；wrestle“摔跤”；communicate“交流”。‎ ‎3．(2016·浙江高考)We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our differences unite, rather than ________ us.‎ A．divide B．reject C．control D．abandon 解析：选A　句意：当我们学会让我们的差异联合起来而不是将我们分离的时候，我们就会获得很多。rather than“而不是”，说明其后面的动词与前面的unite是反义词。故divide“分开”符合语境。‎ ‎4．(2016·浙江高考)When the time came to make the final decision for a course, I decided to apply for the one that ________ my interest.‎ A．limited B．reserved C．reflected D．spoiled 解析：选C　句意：最后决定课程的时候到了，我决定申请能反映我兴趣的课程。reflect“反映”，符合语境。limit“限制”；reserve“保留”；spoil“宠坏”。‎ ‎5．(2016·天津高考) I'm going to ________ advantage of this tour to explore the history of the castle.‎ A．put B．make C．take D．give 解析：选C　句意：我要利用这次旅行来探索这个城堡的历史。take advantage of意为“利用”。‎ ‎6．(2015·江苏高考)Schools should be lively places where individuals are encouraged to ________ to their greatest potential.‎ A．accelerate B．improve C．perform D．develop 解析：选D　句意：学校应该是充满活力的地方，在这里人人都会被鼓励去开发他们最大的潜力。develop“开发，培养”，符合语境。accelerate“加速”；improve“改进”；perform“表现”。‎ 常考点二：短语动词辨析 ‎7．(2017·江苏高考)Working with the medical team in Africa has ________ the best in her as a doctor.‎ A．held out B．brought out C．picked out D．given out 解析：选B　句意：在非洲与医疗队的合作使她作为一名医生的最佳素质彰显了出来。bring out“使显现，使表现出”，符合句意。hold out“伸出手(或胳膊)，维持，坚持”；pick out“挑选出，辨认出”；give out“分发”。‎ ‎8．(2017·天津高考)Mr. and Mrs. Brown would like to see their daughter________， get married, and have kids.‎ A．settle down B．keep off C．get up D．cut in 解析：选A　句意：布朗夫妇想要看到他们的女儿安顿下来，结婚并生孩子。settle down“安顿下来”；keep off“远离”；get up“起床”；cut in“插嘴”。根据句意可知选A。‎ ‎9．(2016·江苏高考) Many businesses started up by college students have ________ thanks to the comfortable climate for business creation.‎ A．fallen off B．taken off C．turned off D．left off 解析：选B　句意：由于良好的创业环境，很多大学生创办的生意都很成功。fall off“跌落，下降”；take off“起飞，成功，受欢迎”；turn off“关闭”；leave off“停止，中断”。根据句意可知B项正确。‎ ‎10．(2016·江苏高考)Parents should actively urge their children to ________ the opportunity to join sports teams.‎ A．gain admission to B．keep track of ‎ C take advantage of D．give rise to 解析：选C　句意：父母应该积极鼓励孩子抓住机会参加体育活动。gain admission to “获准进入”；keep track of“记录”；take advantage of“利用”；give rise to“引起”。根据句意可知C项正确。‎ ‎11．(2016·浙江高考)When their children lived far away from them, these old people felt ________ from the world.‎ A．carried away B．broken down C．cut off D．brought up ‎ 解析：选C　句意：当孩子们远离他们生活的时候，这些老人感到他们与世隔绝了。cut off“隔绝，切断”，符合语境。carry away“带走，夺走”； break down“崩溃，分解”；bring up“养育，培养”。‎ ‎12．(2016·天津高考)Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she ________ her opinion on the subject.‎ A．gave voice to B．kept an eye on C．turned a deaf ear to D．set foot on 解析：选A　句意：玛丽在讨论前期是保持沉默的，但是最后说出了自己对于这个问题的看法。give voice to“说出，透露”，符合句意。keep an eye on“注意，照看”； turn a deaf ear to “对……充耳不闻”；set foot on“踏上”。‎ 单项填空 ‎1．(2018·连云港模拟)Psychologists explain how your walk can ________ your hidden personalities in a recent behavioral study.‎ A．reserve　　　　　　　　 B．relieve C．release D．reveal 解析：选D　句意：在最近的一项行为研究中，心理学家解释了你走路的方式能揭示你隐藏的个性。reserve意为“储备；保留；预约”；relieve意为“缓解；解救”；release意为“释放；发布；发行；放开”；reveal意为“揭露；泄露；显露”。根据句意可知选D项。‎ ‎2．—John, I think honesty is the best policy for my coming interview.‎ ‎—Well, that rule ________ everyone. But be flexible then.‎ A．caters to B．appeals to C．applies to D．objects to 解析：选C　句意：“约翰，我认为诚信是我即将到来的面试的最好的策略。”“嗯，这个规则适用于每一个人。但是那个时候你要灵活一点。”cater to意为“迎合”；appeal to意为“呼吁；对……有吸引力”；apply to意为“适用”；object to意为“反对”。根据句意可知选C项。‎ ‎3．(2018·无锡期末考试)It's strange that some fundamental professions in our society rarely receive the respect or acknowledgement they ________.‎ A．match B．accept C．reserve D．deserve 解析：选D　句意：在我们社会中一些基础行业的从业人员几乎没有得到他们应得的尊重或认可，这一点很奇怪。D项意为“应得，值得”，符合题意。A项意为“相匹敌，相配”；B项意为“接受”；C项意为“预订，保留”。‎ ‎4．(2018·徐州质检)The charity organization has launched various activities designed to ________ a hand of friendship to the girl with leukemia (白血病)．‎ A．spread B．stretch C．expand D．extend 解析：选D　句意：慈善组织发起了各种活动旨在向白血病女孩伸出友谊之手。spread意为“传播”；stretch意为“伸展”；expand意为“膨胀”；extend意为“伸出；给予”‎ ‎。根据句意可知应选D项。‎ ‎5．(2018·南京调研)In order to ________ corruptions, United Nations Convention against Corruption established Criminal Absent Judgement.‎ A．fall back on B．keep up with C．crack down on D．get away with 解析：选C　句意：为了打击腐败，联合国反腐败公约设立刑事缺席审判。fall back on意为“求助于，转而依靠”；keep up with意为“跟上”；crack down on意为“制裁；打击”；get away with意为“侥幸逃脱”。根据句意可知应选C项。‎ ‎6．I spent all the money ________ for rainy days, so I started my parttime job. But it would be some time before I was ________.‎ A．put aside; in the black B．put away; in the red C．put aside; feeling blue D．put away; green with envy 解析：选A　句意：我花了存起来准备急用的所有的钱，因此我开始做兼职工作。但是过一段时间之后才会有盈余。put aside意为“储存”；put away意为“储存”；in the black意为“盈余”；in the red意为“负债”；feel blue意为“心情沮丧”；green with envy意为“非常妒忌”。根据句意可知应选A项。‎ ‎7．Schools in our city provide a variety of optional classes to ________ students of different levels.‎ A．cater to B．switch to C．object to D．submit to 解析：选A　句意：我们城市的学校提供了各种各样的选修课来迎合不同水平的学生。cater to意为“迎合”；switch to意为“切换到，转到”；object to意为“反对”；submit to意为“向……呈交；顺从，服从”。根据句意可知选A项。‎ ‎8．—You stayed up late again last night?‎ ‎—Yes. I had to ________ the lost time last week.‎ A．count on B．appeal to C．take away D．make up 解析：选D　句意：“你昨晚又熬夜了吗？”“是的，我得弥补我上周失去的时间。”count on意为“依赖”；appeal to意为“呼吁；吸引”；take away意为“带走”；make up意为“编造；组成；弥补”。根据句意可知选D项。‎