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【英语】2020届二轮复习语法专项介词教案
介词 一、 【知识精讲】 考点一:时间介词 1. at接时间点;in接一段时间;on接具体的时间;by不迟于,在……前。 at 10:00, at noon, at midnight, at sunrise; on September 2nd, on the morning of May 1st; I'll be back in three hours. 2. in和after后都可以接时间段,表示“在……之后”,但in常与将来时连用,after常与过去时连用。 We will meet again in two weeks. They finished the task after two days. 3. for, since, from的区别 (1) “for+时间段”表示“某动作或状态持续了多久”,可与现在完成时、过去时或将来时连用。 For many years, people have dreamed of electric ears. (2)“since+时间点”意为“自从(过去某时)以来”,强调从过去某时延续至今的一段时间,常与现在完成时或现在完成进行时连用。 (3)“from+(过去)时间点”常与一般过去时连用;“from+(现在/将来)时间点”常与一般将来时连用。 She began to learn to sing from the age of five. 注意:当名词前有this, that, last, next, every, each, some等词修饰时,通常不用任何介词。如this morning;last year。 考点二:方位介词 1. on, over, above, below, under, beneath的区别 (1)on表示“在……上”,强调两物相接触,仅表示“处于……之上”,是静态。 (2)over也表示“在……上”,但强调覆盖这一物体,表示“越过”某一高度,是动态。 (3)above表示位置高于某人或某物,但不一定是正上方,反义词是below。指数量时,一般用 over(=more than)表示“超过”,但如果指上下垂直的度量以及海拔高度时,要用 above。 (4)below与under 都可表示“低于”。under 主要表示垂直在下的正下方,而 below 则不一定表示正下方。 (5)beneath在……之下;在……的(正)下方;低于 They dragged heavy stones with ropes over their shoulders. Can you see the birds flying above/over the pear trees? The climbers stopped 300 meters below the top of the mountain. 2. between与among的区别 (1)between主要用来指两者之间的关系,也可指两者以上的人或物之间的关系,但是主要强调每个个体之间的相互关系。 Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Italy and Austria. (2)among用来指没有明确数目的人与人或物与物之间的整体关系。 We found a little house hidden among the trees. 考点三:工具、手段、方式介词 1. by+抽象名词/动名词,表示“乘坐……交通工具,通过……的方式”;by后接的名词需用单数,其前不加冠词或修饰词。 by sea/water/rail/road/land/air通过海路/水路/铁路/公路/陆路/乘坐飞机 by bike/taxi/plane/ship/boat/train骑自行车/乘坐出租车/乘飞机/乘船/乘火车 The man made a living by selling newspaper. Reservation can be made by telephone. 2. in表示使用语言、原料、材料等,如:in ink用墨水,in English 用英语,in pencil用铅笔。 3. with表示使用有形的器皿、工具,后接具体的名词,如:with a pen用钢笔;with a knife用刀。 4. through表示“通过……途径/方式/方法等”。 Through this activity, we have benefited a lot. 归纳拓展: 1. 表达“用……方式”的介词短语有:in this/that/the same way, by means of, by this/that means, with this/that method。 2. 当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时,用in/on,名词前用冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰。如:in this plane乘坐这架飞机,in a car坐小车,on my bike骑我的自行车,on the horse骑这匹马。 3. 表示步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on,如:on foot步行;on horseback骑马;on the camel骑骆驼。 考点四:介词短语 1. 表示原因 because of, owing to, due to, on account of, thanks to, as a result of等。 2. 表示“除……之外” with the exception of, except for, apart from, in addition to等。 3. 表示“有关,关于” concerning, with respect to, as for, as to等。 4. 表示“在……之前” ahead of, in advance of, in front of等。 5. 表示“支持,赞成” in support of, in favor of等。 6. 表示“关于,按照,依据” in terms of, according to, in view of等。 7. 表示“尽管,不管” in spite of, regardless of等。 8. 常见介词搭配 (1)in+名词 in advance提前,事先,预先;in case如果,万一;in charge主管,负责;in common共有,共同;in demand有需要;in doubt不确定,不肯定;in effect实际上;in fact事实上 (2)on+名词 on guard在值勤;on leave在休假;on holiday在度假;on strike罢工;on sale出售;on loan暂借 (3)on+the+名词 on the move在移动,搬迁;on the flow在涨潮;on the increase正在增加;on the go正在活动,正在奔走 (4)beyond+名词 beyond one's power超出某人的权力范围;beyond one's reach够不着;beyond description难以形容; beyond words无法用语言形容;beyond doubt无疑,肯定;beyond recognition认不出来 (5)under+名词 under observation在观察中;under discussion在讨论中; under construction在建设中;under consideration在考虑中;under repair在修理中 (6)at+名词 at length详尽地;at sea茫然;at will随意;at work在上班;at war处于战争状态;at ease放松;at table 在吃饭;at risk处于危险中 (7)out of+名词 out of breath上气不接下气地;out of balance失去平衡;out of date过时;out of curiosity出于好奇 (8)in+名词+of in favor of同意,赞成;in honour of为了纪念;in memory of作为对……的纪念;in face of面对;in need of需要;in charge of负责;in view of鉴于;in spite of尽管;in case of如果,万一 (9)within+one's+名词 within one's power力所能及;within one's reach某人够得着 (10)of+名词 of value有价值的;of help 有帮助的;of interest 有趣的;of benefit 有益的;of use有用的 (11)to+one's+名词 to one's delight/joy令人高兴的是;to one's surprise/astonishment/amazement令人吃惊的是;to one's regret令人遗憾的是 一、 【典例精练】 1. Favorable policies are _____effect to encourage employees' professional development. 【答案】in 【解析】考查介词短语。句意:好的制度政策实际上都会激发员工的专业水平的提升。in effect实际上。 2. Modem methods________tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area. 【答案】of/for 【解析】考查介词用法。此处tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定语,用of 连接,“methods of doing sth.”,意为“……的方法”,构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。 3. We were first greeted with the barking by a pack_______dogs, seven to be exact. 【答案】of 【解析】考查介词。“a pack of”意为“一群”。 4. But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer______ this question is not clear. 【答案】to 【解析】考查介词。句意:这个问题的答案不清楚。the key/answer to ...这是固定搭配,“…… 的答案是……”。 1. —Good morning, Mr. Lee’s office.—Good morning. I’d like to make an appointment ________next Wednesday afternoon. 【答案】for 【解析】考查介词。句意:——早上好,Lee先生办公室。——早上好。我想预约下周三下午(和Mr. Lee见面)。make an appointment for意为“为……预约”,是固定搭配。 2. China’s soft power grows _____line with the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally. 【答案】in 【解析】考查介词短语。句意:中国的软实力增长与日俱增全球对中国的赏识和理解相一致。in line with按照;与...一致。 3. Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went ______all. 【答案】after 【解析】考查介词短语辨析及语境理解。句意:鲍勃认为他不能去参加聚会,因为他不得不写一份报告,但他终究去了。after all毕竟,终究。 4. Determining where we are in relation______our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival. 【答案】in 【解析】考查介词短语。句意:根据周围的环境辨别方位仍然是我们生存的一项极其重要的技能。in relation to与……有关。 5. Many people who live along the coast make a living ______fishing industry. 【答案】in 【解析】许多住在海边上的人都是靠渔业来谋生的。此处用介词in,不用by,因为by后面通常接做什么事情来谋生,此处是指在捕鱼这个行业里,在这个行业里谋生,用in。 6. When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be _____ trees that are over 1,000 years old. 【答案】among 【解析】句意:当你开车穿过加州的红木森林时,你将会位于超过百年历史的树木之间。 be among 位于之间。 7. But my connection with pandas goes back_____my days on a TV show in the mid1980s,when I was the first... 【答案】to 【解析】句意:但是我与熊猫之间的联系要追溯到20世纪80年代中期我在一档电视节目的时候,那是我第一次……。go back to“追溯到”。 1. Most of us are more focused _____our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. 【答案】on 【解析】句意:我们大多数人在早晨时对任务的注意力要比晚些时候的注意力更集中。be focused on意为“集中于……”。 2. Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India,for example,most people traditionally eat ______their hands. 【答案】with 【解析】句意:筷子并非被亚洲的所有国家(的人民)使用。例如在印度,大部分的人习惯用手吃饭。with“用……”,符合句意。 3. The mother continued to care for the young panda ______ more than two years. 【答案】for 【解析】句意:这位母亲持续照顾熊猫幼崽两年多。“for+一段时间”作时间状语,表示“持续了一段时间”。 4. In this article,you need to back up general statements _____specific examples. 【答案】with 【解析】句意:在这篇文章中,你需要用具体的例子来支持总的观点。根据句意及结构可知,这里用介词with表示“用……”。 5. Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she gave voice ________ her opinion on the subject. 【答案】to 【解析】句意:在讨论刚开始时,玛丽一言不发,但最后她就这个主题发表了自己的观点。give voice to“表达,吐露,发泄”,符合句意。查看更多