【英语】2018届二轮复习从阅读理解的答题原则角度探讨高考阅读试题的策略教案（44页）

【英语】2018届二轮复习从阅读理解的答题原则角度探讨高考阅读试题的策略教案（44页）

‎20118届二轮复习 从阅读理解的答题原则角度探讨高考阅读试题的策略 一阅读理解的答题原则 ‎ ‎　　1、高考阅读的误区： ‎ ‎　　以下选项总，哪些是你认为造成自己阅读分数不高的原因？（） ‎ ‎　　A、阅读经验不足 ‎ ‎　　b、长难句看不懂 ‎ ‎　　C、单词不认识 ‎ ‎　　D、考试理解不深刻 ‎ ‎　　2、高考阅读的本质 ‎ ‎　　1）高考阅读要求：300字左右，每分钟60词 ‎ ‎　　2）高考阅读的目的 ‎ ‎　　3）高考阅读的本质：快速准确提取相关信息（找） ‎ ‎　　4）阅读技巧的前提： ‎ ‎　　n 阅读的目的性 ‎ ‎　　n 局部信息的有效性 ‎ ‎　　5）高考的不重复考察原则 ‎ ‎　　3、阅读的基础实力 ‎ ‎　　1）单词：3500 ‎ ‎　　高考已经考过的标注中文的单词，在以后的高考中默认为熟词，不会标注中文。 ‎ ‎　　2）长难句： ‎ ‎　　去年高考阅读理解A篇：194个词，9句话，最长一句36个词！ ‎ ‎　　3）文化：西方文化+中国文化 ‎ ‎　　4、阅读的核心思想： ‎ ‎　　1）寻找而不理解： ‎ ‎　　2）客观而不推理 ‎ ‎　　3）排除而不确定 ‎ ‎　　5、高考阅读的基本关注点：词和短语！ ‎ ‎　　6、阅读体系 ‎ ‎　　1）长难句分析 ‎ ‎　　2）解题步骤：寻找 ‎ ‎　　3）文章分类 ‎ ‎　　4）题目分类：主旨题，细节题，判断题，语义题 ‎ ‎　　5）考点归纳：三关两句 ‎ ‎　　6）正确选项特征：客观 ‎ ‎　　7）错误选项特征：排除 ‎ ‎　　二、长难句分析 ‎ ‎　　1、句法回顾 ‎ ‎　　1）核心成分从句的阅读方法：主语从句，阅读从句，表语从句 ‎ ‎　　that,which：视而不见 ‎ ‎　　whether,if:翻译成“是否” ‎ ‎　　wh-,how:直接翻译 ‎ ‎　　2）修饰成分从句的阅读方法：定语从句，状语从句，同位语从句直接去掉，问到再看！ ‎ ‎　　3）长难句分析的语法思维：找谓语，定主句，略从属！ ‎ ‎　　l 找谓语：除去非谓语动词形式的动词以及从句中的动词。 ‎ ‎　　l 定主句：句子的五种形式。 ‎ ‎　　l 略从属：将“修饰成分”全部用括号略去。 ‎ ‎　　2、宏观拆长难句 ‎ ‎　　1）并列式：由连接成分将两个相互独立的句子连在一起。 ‎ ‎　　格式：sentence1+conjunction+sentence2 ‎ ‎　　逻辑关系 可以用于两句之间 不能用于两句之间 ‎ ‎　　并列关系 and,or as well as ‎ ‎　　因果关系 because,since,for,so as a result,the result is,be responsible for,contribute to ‎ ‎　　转折关系 but,whereas however, contrarily,bycontrast ‎ ‎　　标点 ……….. ……… 拆分方法：直接拆成两句！ ‎ ‎　　2）嵌套式：由主句和从句、插入语等从属结构共同构成的长难句。 ‎ ‎　　A、格式：主句partA+从属成分+主句partB ‎ ‎　　B、从属成分 ‎ ‎　　修饰成分的从句;定语从句、状语从句，同位语及同位语从句 ‎ ‎　　非谓语动词结构 ‎ ‎　　两个逗号、破折号之间 ‎ ‎　　C、拆分方法：嵌入部分直接删除！ ‎ ‎　　3、长难句拆分组合（葵花宝典） ‎ ‎　　1）文化背景 ‎ ‎　　树形思维（西）与散点思维（中） ‎ ‎　　poem1 poem2 ‎ ‎　　who has seen the wind? 枯藤老树昏鸦 ‎ ‎　　neither I nor you 小桥流水人家 ‎ ‎　　but when the leaves hang 古道西风瘦马 ‎ ‎　　Trampling 夕阳西下 ‎ ‎　　the wind is passing through 断肠人在天涯 ‎ ‎　　2）拆分组合核心思维： ‎ ‎　　化繁为简，划线为点！ ‎ ‎　　3）拆分点：耽搁单词不拆分！ ‎ ‎　　从句引导词：when,which,where,how,who,what,that(作代词不分割) ‎ ‎　　逻辑关系词：并列：and,or,as well as ‎ ‎　　因果：because,for,since,so,as ‎ ‎　　转折：but,however,while ‎ ‎　　条件：if ‎ ‎　　让步：though,although,in spite of ‎ ‎　　分词：V-ing和V-ed(不包括时态) ‎ ‎　　介词：除外of ‎ ‎　　to：介词和不定式符号 ‎ ‎　　标点 ‎ ‎　　解题步骤 ‎ ‎　　1、理论基础 ‎ ‎　　1）应试阅读的目的 ‎ ‎　　2）信息洪流时代的阅读技巧要求 ‎ ‎　　2、解题步骤 ‎ ‎　　1）浏览题干，划关键词 ‎ ‎　　2）通读文章，关注考点 ‎ ‎　　3）明确题型，原文定位 ‎ ‎　　4）排除错项，选出答案 ‎ ‎　　3、关键词 ‎ ‎　　1）定义：提示原文重点信息的词 ‎ ‎　　2）来源：西方学术文章key words，英文原著index ‎ ‎　　3）优先顺序：时间数字——专有名词（特别是大写）——of结构——形容词和副词——动词 ‎ ‎　　四、文章分类 ‎ ‎　　1、顺承式 ‎ ‎　　1）行文顺序：时间顺序 ‎ ‎　　2）阅读策略：关注不同时间所发生的主要时间 ‎ ‎　　2、分析式： ‎ ‎　　1）现象解释型 ‎ ‎　　A、定义：开头提出问题，后面进行解答 ‎ ‎　　B、主题：解释为文章主题 ‎ ‎　　2）问题解决型： ‎ ‎　　A、定义：开头提出负面问题，后面提出解决方案 ‎ ‎　　B、关注点：四个层次 ‎ ‎　　原因 ‎ ‎　　影响 ‎ ‎　　方案 ‎ ‎　　评价：评价为文章主题 ‎ ‎　　五、关注考点 ‎ ‎　　1、三关 ‎ ‎　　因果关系 转折关系 ‎ ‎　　比较关系 ‎ ‎　　2、两句： ‎ ‎　　首末句 ‎ ‎　　长难句 ‎ ‎　　六、九大陷阱：错误选项的特征 ‎ ‎　　九大陷阱总结 ‎ ‎　　1）无中生有：原文没提，选项出现 ‎ ‎　　2)串段选项：题目定位段落与选项定位段落不一致 ‎ ‎　　3）过度推理：选项为原文内容的推理 ‎ ‎　　4）以偏概全：题目对全部内容提问，选项只涉及一部分。 ‎ ‎　　5）偷换概念：原文说A，选项说a ‎ ‎　　6）主宾倒置：动作的发出者和承受者发生互换 ‎ ‎　　7）相反选项：选项与原文内容相反 ‎ ‎　　8）因果倒置：事情的原因和结果发生颠倒 ‎ ‎　　9）以全带偏：题目对某部分专门提问，选项扩大到整体 ‎ ‎　　七、正确选项特征及题目分类 ‎ ‎　　1、正确选项特征 ‎ ‎　　等价转换 ‎ ‎　　2、题目分类 ‎ ‎　　1）主旨题 ‎ ‎　　2）细节题 ‎ ‎　　3）语义题 ‎ ‎　　4）判断题 ‎ 因此，建议高三学生在底下的英语学习中，以每天学习英语三小时计算，每天至少应当用一个半小时阅读英语名著简写本以及原著，达到一百万词的阅读量。原因在于：‎ ‎　　第一，虽然目前高三学生的学习主要还是以语言知识的讲解和记忆为主，听力、阅读和写作的等语言运用能力训练只占很少一部分；但目前的高考英语，已经很少单独考察学生对于语言知识的了解，而是主要考察学生的英语语言运用能力，即听力、阅读、写作能力，且越来越多考察基于语言运用能力之上的逻辑思维能力和批判思维能力。‎ ‎　　第二，对于高三学生，阅读英文名著简写本是提高英语阅读能力最快，英语成绩提高最快的方法。英语学习的目的在于运用，学习的关键也在于运用。学了单词和句式，要马上用起来，在大量的运用中体会掌握单词句式的用法，形成英语思维。一本英文原著，一般都有两百至三百页，三十多万词。开始看前面五十页时，会有很多不会的单词和句式，先查清，理解。到后面两百多页，单词本上的单词句式不断重复，反复理解。一本原著看下来，一个单词在上下文里出现五十次，一个句式出现一百次，理解掌握水到渠成。‎ ‎　　第三，‎ 高三学生阅读英文名著简写本及原著，可以根据自己的实际水平，爱好选择难度适中，自己最感兴趣的书阅读。有两个例子特别值得高三学生借鉴思考研究。2007年，上海外国语大学附中高二学生王秋睿参加SAT美国高考,取得了满分的好成绩。2008年，南京外国语学校的高二学生刘梓栋参加SAT美国高考,也取得了满分的好成绩，他们的经验都是，阅读原著坚持不懈，英语感好了，说不上原因也能知道答案。在每天一个半小时的阅读时间内，可以根据自己的水平确定阅读量。找到一本合适的英文书阅读，越读越想读，越读越能读，这样的学习效率才最高。‎ ‎　　有一百万词的阅读量，远远超过新课标所要求的三十六万词的阅读量，阅读中掌握五千单词，超过高考大纲要求的三千五百单词。在此基础之上，再踏踏实实地训练听力，理清语法，再训练单选，写作，高考英语就可以冲刺110分。‎ ‎①.保证一定的阅读量，每天2-4篇(至少1篇，天天坚持)。 ‎ ‎②.有精读有泛读，不要篇篇都仔细看。‎ ‎③.精读应以读近几年各地高考试题，特别是北京试题为主，因为它们才代表了高考命题的真髓。‎ ‎④.精读时应适当练习句子成分分析，长句难句增加，必然对学生分析句子结构的基本功要求越来越高。‎ ‎⑤.精读时还要注意词义词性的辨别，后置定语，连接词语以及由动词形式变化反映的句意的变化。‎ ‎⑥.考前练限时阅读，35分钟完成5篇总词数约2400的各类文章。‎ ‎⑦.注意总结六类问题的答题规律（主旨大意题，具体细节题，推断词义句义题，判断推理题，文章结构题和观点态度题）。‎ ‎⑧.除掌握高考词汇表上的单词外，还应掌握考纲要求的构词法知识（比如今年高考中对于A篇unsettled一词、C篇a turn-taking game等词语的理解）。‎ ‎【细节理解题】‎ 细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。‎ 常见的命题方式通常有：‎ ‎1.特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；‎ ‎2. 以是非题的形式。true /false, not true / false或except；‎ ‎3. 以According to… 开头提问方式；‎ ‎4. 以填空题的形式，如：‎ ‎（1）To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised . ‎ ‎（2）By the first sentence of the passage author means that .‎ ‎（3）It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on .‎ ‎（4）If you are interested in knowing about what people’s life will be, you may visit . ‎ ‎（5）The policemen were told “to look the other way” (the underlined ‎ part in Paragraph 2) so that . ‎ ‎（6）The policeman who said “Good evening” to Rolls wanted to . 等等 ‎5. 就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。‎ ‎ 做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取 “带着问题找答案”的方法．先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句．仔细品味，对照比较．确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法．将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。‎ ‎ 了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：（1）是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；（2）符合常识，但不是文章内容；（3）与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正确，部分错误。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语甚至一个单词，因此需要我们阅读中格外仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。‎ ‎ 有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断．此类试题在高考中占大多数。‎ ‎ 值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。‎ ‎ 细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型：‎ ‎ 1．描写类细节题 ‎ 描写类细节题，常常考察考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解，对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。‎ ‎ 2．数据计算题 ‎ 此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。‎ ‎ 3．排序题 ‎ 这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。做此类试题时可采用“首尾法定位法”‎ ‎，即找出事件发展的首与尾，迅速缩小范围，从而快速选出正确选项。或直接逐一用排除法按顺序排除，得出正确选项。‎ ‎ 4．信息寻找题、广告阅读题 信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时，宜采用“题干定全法”。即：先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。‎ ‎ 广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各种手段（如：补全、联想、推测等）正确解读广告的内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用“题干定向法”。‎ ‎ （1）补全成分法 ‎ 省略句在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。如：Driver wanted. 根据文义，可将该句补充为：A driver will be wanted. (招聘一名司机)。‎ ‎ （2）联想推测法 ‎ 在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯，充分想象，整体理解。搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意义。‎ ‎ 为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写词有：‎ ‎ Tel. =telephone number ‎ ‎ Ph. =phone Add (r). =address ‎ ‎ co. =company Ltd=Limited ‎ Max=maximum Min=minimum ‎ hr=hour t=time ‎ fig=figure ft=foot ‎ ‎ ml=mile doz=dozen ‎ Mt=Mountain P=page ‎ prof. =professor Dr. =doctor ‎ s=south n=north ‎ ‎ w=west Sta=Station ‎ ‎ pop=popular vs=versus ‎ Xmas=Christmas info=information ‎ ‎ VIP=very important persons hrs=hours ‎ aft=after ad=advertisement ‎ ‎ p/t=part time exp=experienced ‎ ‎ PC=personal computer MA=Master of Arts ‎ BS degree=bachelor's degree (学士学位)‎ ‎ 5. 图文转换题 ‎ 此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用“文字锁定法”，即找出描述图形的句段，按“文”锁“图”，迅速锁定相关图形，或用“图形标示法”，在图形中标出相应的内容，以便做题。‎ ‎ 6．表格理解题 ‎ 表格阅读题需正确理解表格中所提供的内容，看懂行和列分别代表的意义，在正确理解的基础上才能做出正确的选择。通常情况下需要对表格的项目进行比较，找准正确的计算关系尤为重要。由于表格具有信息量大的特点，而有些信息与题干无关，如通篇阅读，既缺少针对性又浪费时间，一般采用“首读题干法”为上策，即先读题目要求，带着问题在表格里查找相关信息，去伪存真。如考查有关数据的相互关系，这就需要对各数据进行分析，找出隐含规律，此时常用“文表分析法”来提示其规律。‎ ‎ 7．代词指代题解题技能 ‎ 代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。‎ 细节专题例一：排序题 此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后对上面的事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点，然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。‎ 例1：In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits. Women did not walk about on the beach(沙滩)in their bathing dresses. They hired a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in, and for taking the bather down to the sea. It cost 2 pence(便士) to hire a machine and an attendant(侍者). When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine . Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine stoped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water. If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in.（1996NMET）‎ ‎①In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things. Which is the right order for doing them? ‎ a. Changing into bathing clothes b. Getting out of the bathing machine c. Paying 2 pence d. Getting into the bathing machine e. Being taken down the beach f. Getting into the water A. e, d, a, b, f, c B. c, d, a, e, b, f C. c, d, e, a, b, f D. d, a, e, b, f, c ‎[分析]答案B 题目要求找出利用bathing machine游泳的程序，显然，租用一个bathing machine是要先付钱的，所以 c就是第一个动作，下水 f 应该是最后一个动作了。这样用排除法就可以排除 A和 D 项。再看 B和C项，从第一段倒数第三句可知先a后e，故选 B。‎ 细节专题例二：计算题 计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案了。‎ 例2：Degree ‎ We offer a wide choice of bachelor’s degrees (学位) for international students, which includes: Arts, Communication Studies, Social Sciences, etc. Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Education are only for New Zealand citizens, for further information: deg@waikato.ac.nz. ‎ Tuition Fees(学费)‎ Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui@waikato.ac.nz. ‎ Accommodation(住宿)‎ You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: acc@waikato. ac.nz Health The Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week, including student holidays with four doctor's and nurses to meet your medical needs. For further information: heal@waikato.ac.nz. ‎ Sports The Centre is a great place to have sports activities. Trained exercise teachers can help you work out a training plan and keep you active. The sports hall has volleyball, basketball and indoor football courts and a swimming pool as well. There are also a large number of sports clubs at Waikato. For further information: sport@ waikato.ac.nz ‎②You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.‎ A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000‎ ‎[分析]B此题为计算题。我们从所选的这些事实来看，文章中所说的Tuition Fees 每年需要from $5,000 to $6,000，而a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month，一年需要$1200,另外的other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person经过计算可以知道一年需要$1800，加起来一年至少需要$8000。‎ 细节专题例三：图形题 在有图形试题的阅读理解中，有的图形出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图形中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。‎ 例3：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in ‎ the English Channel(海峡), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast. There are ten islands with a total land area of 75 square miles and a total population of 123,000. The three largest islands, Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, have long been known for the fine breeds(品种)of cattle that are raised on them and named after them. ‎ ‎　　In earliest known history the islands were considered part of Normandy, which was part of France, but the ruler of Normandy became king of England in 1066, and from then on the islands were looked upon as British land. English control was unbroken until World War II, when the Germans held the islands for five years. ‎ ‎　　Although people on the islands speak both languages and they are considered English, their customs are more French than English.‎ ‎③Which of the following maps gives the right position of the Channel Islands? ‎ ‎　　Br = Britain 　　 　　Fr = France 　　　　Ch = Channel Islands ‎ ‎[分析]C这是一道识图题。从第一段：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(海峡), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast.可以推断选项C正确地表达了The Channel Islands的位置 细节专题例四：其它类型 例4：Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510miles southwest of its nearest neighbor, St. Helena, and 1,950miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral（葡萄牙海军上将）of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.‎ ‎ Coming in a close second –- and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land － is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.‎ ‎ The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.‎ ‎ On Easter Sunday, 1772, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory （智利领土）. They share on street, a small airport, and a few hours of television per day.‎ ‎④It can be learned from the text that the island of Tristan da Cunha _____________.‎ ‎ A．was named after its discoverer B．got its name from Holland settlers ‎ C．was named by the British government D．got its name from the Guinness Book of Records ‎[分析]本篇选材涉及地理，为我们介绍了两座最为偏远的小岛(farthest／most distant inhabited islands)，一为吉尼斯大全(Guinness Book of Records)所认定的Tristan da Cunha；另一为复活岛(Easter lsland)．文中出现了比较多的专有名词．‎ 本题问及Tristan da Cunha小岛的命名．如能通过浏览把握本文篇章结构，则可看出，关于该岛的内容都在第1段：运用寻读(SCANNING)技巧可以找到与本题相关的线索(关键词name)出现在该段结尾句里，通读全句可以得出答案：Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name (as the island)．．．，与选项A一致．[答案] A ‎⑤Which of the following is most famous for moai?‎ ‎ A．Tristan da Cunha. B．Pitcairn Island.． C. Easter Island. D．St. Helena.‎ ‎[分析]本题涉及关于moai( = stone figures)的一个细节问题：其所在地．4个选项均为岛名，因此不能依此线索查找．要按题干中所问，从第3段里找到moai所在的岛；但这里仅提到the island，循此线索往上追寻：(3段结尾)the island = (3段开头)the mountainous 64-squaremile sland = (2段中)Easter lsland，即为答案．[答案] C ‎⑥Which country does Easter Island belong to?‎ A．Britain. B．Holland. C．Portugal. D．Chile.‎ ‎[分析]本题考查复活岛今日的归属问题．题干提问中使用的现在时态也是不容忽视的．问的是“现在”情况，不是过去．第4段中间提到Today，．．．Chilean territory，与答案D吻合．‎ 另外3个国家中，有的与此岛并不相干(A．Britain；C．Portugal)；有的则只是历史上的过客(B．Holland)．最大干扰项为B项．这些误选者显然只注意了短文结尾段中的On Easter Sunday，1722，however，settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name，却忽略了其中的时间因素，同样，也没能对于紧接此后的Today，2，000 people live on the Chilean territory予以足够关注，对于时态变化所传递的信息差异意识不够导致了这些考生在理解上的偏差，因而失误．[答案]D 例5：When she looked ahead. Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body was numb. She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours. Already she was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. Now at the age of 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina to the California coast. ‎ On that fourth of July morning 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense. She could hardly see her support boats. Sharks cruised toward her figure, only to be driven away by rifle shots. Against the frigid grip of the sea, she struggled on, hour after hour, while millions watched on national television. ‎ ‎ Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and here trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasn’t much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had… until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out. ‎ ‎⑦What does “she never had…”in the third paragraph mean?‎ A. She had never been so desperate. B. She had never thought of giving it up. ‎ C. She had never seen such thick fog. D. She had never swum across the strait before. ‎ ‎ [分析]根据上下文they urged her not to quit,以及with only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out. 可以推断出，她当时并没有想放弃，只不过是后来情况变化了。答案：B ‎ 例6：Decision-thinking is not unlike poker--- it often matters not only what you think , but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think . The mental process（过程） is similar . Naturally , this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are , by any standards , good thinkers .‎ The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory . In particular , he showed that all games fall into two classes ; there are what he called games of ‘perfect information’, games like chess where the players can't hide anything or play tricks ; they don't win by chance , but by means of logic and skills . Then there are games of ‘imperfect information’, like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.‎ One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors（因素）, which would ever puzzle best poker players . But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance , and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess , not poker.‎ ‎⑧An important factor in a game of imperfect information is _______.‎ ‎ A. rules B. luck C. time D. ideas ‎[分析]短文第二段有这样一段说明：……游戏可分为两类，一种是被称为 “perfect information”的游戏，双方无法隐瞒或进行欺骗，他们不是靠碰巧获胜 （ …they don’t win by chance）。另一种则是 “imperfect information”的游戏，如打牌，游戏者不可能预先知道他出的这一道牌是否比另一道好。从作者的这种表达可以推断出，“imperfect information”游戏获胜的一个因素就是运气。因此选B。‎ ‎【试题分析】‎ ‎1、直接信息理解题细节的直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要的细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推论或结论的时候）能准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住关键信息，直接得出答案。有时需要词句意的转换理解，将获得的信息用同义或近义的形式复述出来。NMET设计了许多这样的同义转换理解题，具体的要求是为阅读材料中某些词汇、短语及句型找到正确的释义。‎ 例如：陕西省西工大附中第三次模拟试题阅读理解B篇：‎ The World Trade Organization (WTO), founded on January 1, 1995, aims to encourage international trade to flow as possible, making sure that ‎ trade agreements are respected and that any disputes can be settled.‎ In the five years since its founding, the WTO has become well known as one of the world’s most powerful economic organizations, taking its place alongside the World Bank and International Money Fund.‎ The system of global rules for international trade, however, dates back half a century to 1948 when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was formed after World War II.‎ As time went by, is became clear that the GATT had two major drawbacks-the limited areas of trade it covered, and the lack of an effective system to settle disputes. ‎ After seven years of trade talks ending in 1994, the so-called Uruguay Round finally give birth to the WTO, complete with an effective system to settle disputes and new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property.‎ Even after seven years of talks and 22, 500 pages of agreements, there were still problems, especially the difficulty to deal with areas of agriculture and services, which the member nations agreed to revise in 2000, The WTO, with its head office in Geneva, has 135 members with 30 more waiting to join.‎ 总述：本文主要介绍了世贸组织的演变过程，即由最初的关贸总协定，到后来的乌拉圭回合谈判，到1995年1月1日成立的世贸组织，其演变经历了大半个世纪，使其成为世界上最大的国际经济组织。‎ ‎45. From the passage we know that the GATT stopped working ________.‎ A. soon after World War II ended B. a little more than 50 years after World War II ‎ C. just in the year 1994 D. seven years before the Uruguay Round talk ‎46. Compared with the GATT, the WTO _______.‎ A. didn’t pay enough attention to services and intellectual property B. got its members to sign the agreements more easily C. has got to many areas of international trade to deal with to work effectively D. can do better to settle disputes in more areas of international trade ‎47. In the new century the WTO will ________.‎ A. take the place of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund B. have more members and settle more problems C. make complete new rules in every area of international trade D. have new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property 本文后的这三个题都是细节理解题。其中45题，由文第五段中，After seven years of trade talks ending in 1994, the so-called Uruguay Round finally give birth to the WTO…作为原句，因此先C。 46题仍由文第五段原句…complete with an effective system to settle disputes and new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property。可以看出选D。‎ ‎ 47题问的是“在新世纪，世贸组织将如何？”由文中第六段最后一句The WTO, with its head office in Geneva, has 135 members with 30 more waiting to join.可知选B。‎ ‎【猜测词义题】‎ 历年来高考试题中的生词量有增无减。《教学大纲》要求学生“读懂生词率不超过3%的传记、故事、记叙文、科普小品文和有关社会文史知识等不同题材的材料。”在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的“绊脚石”，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类：1．旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义；如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我们学过 course的意思是“过程，课程”等，在此显然不符句意。根据上下文 course是汽车赛举行的地方，可推断 course在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。2．合成词、转化词与派生词，如shoplifting，heartbroken，computer-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等；3．“灵活”的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解；4．“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景5．超纲生词。如： NMET2010《大纲》之外的和熟词新意的生词达57个，NMET2011年除52个专有名词和15个注汉字的生词外，还有52个生词 (含熟词生义)。‎ ‎ 有的学生在阅读训练和测试中存在着“生词恐惧心理”，一遇到生词就有读不下去的感觉。那么阅读理解时遇到大量生词该怎么办? 查词典当然是排除词义障碍的一种方法，当然这只有在平常的阅读训练中才可以使用。但是，频繁的查阅词典既影响阅读速度，又容易破坏学生阅读的思路和兴趣。况且，一词多义是英语词汇的主要特点，词典不一定能为学生提供单词在特定的上下文中的具体或确切的含义。平时的练习中遇到生词不要马上查词典，可以通过一定的方法来猜测理解。猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面，每年在高考阅读中都有猜测词义的试题。掌握正确方法快速而又准确地猜测出生词的含义，对提高阅读速度和答题效率相当重要。‎ ‎ 该类题常见的考查形式有：‎ ‎ A. The phrase “…”in the sentence could be replaced by ____.‎ ‎ B. The word “…” in the paragraph refers to ____.‎ ‎ C. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph? / What does the unlined word mean?‎ ‎ D. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “…”?‎ ‎ E. The word “…” most nearly means ____.‎ 对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍十种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。‎ ‎〖第一招〗利用上下文语境线索 上下文线索猜测词义 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，也是高考的热点。‎ 如：‎ If he thinks he can invite me out, he is all wet. I don’t like to be with ‎ him. ‎ ‎ A. drunk B. sweating C. happy D. mistaken ‎ 根据I don’t like to be with him我们感受到说话人的语气。我不愿意跟他在一起，那么，他要邀请我出去是不可能的 他就大错特错了。因此答案D。‎ 练习：‎ ‎ （1）A deaf and dump guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails. ‎ ‎ （2）The climate of the west coast is the most moderate in Canada, summers are cool and fairly dry and winters are mild, cloudy and wet. Even in mid-winter, the temperature is usually above freezing. ‎ ‎ （3）All the houses in the city collapsed during the earthquake. ‎ ‎ （4）For people who live within a stone’s throw from the office to be late to work is unforgivable. ‎ ‎ （5）The conflagration was so fierce that with just a few second one could see towering flames where the house had stood and the smoke which filled the sky could be seen for miles and miles. ‎ ‎ 答案：（1）五金店（2）温和的（3）坍塌（4）一步之遥（5）大火灾 ‎(6). Charlotte’s tale was inspired by the girls’ coin collection. “We’ve collected foreign coins for years-since our families went on holiday to Tenerife,” she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.”‎ The underlined wore “pesetas” in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _______.‎ A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin 分析：本题正确答案为D。由原文中的Euro（欧元，欧洲统一货币）可推知该词是一种在欧元发行前使用的钱币。‎ ‎(7). In 1963 a schoolboy called Andrew Wiles reading in his school library came across the world’s greatest mathematical 17th century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.‎ Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text?‎ A. To encourage people to raise questions. ‎ B. To cause difficulty in understanding.‎ C. To provide a person with an explanation.‎ D. To limit people’s imagination.‎ 分析：本题正确答案为B。 从短文中对Fermat’s Last Theorem一书的介绍中有the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds一句，句中两个并列的谓语动词baffled 和beaten ,意义相同，加强语气，从beat的本意就可以猜测出baffled 为“使（某人）困惑，难倒”。‎ ‎(8). Today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness, Houng’s deeds remind us of what we usually neglect: love and care for ‎ others. Without these, none of us could survive. Houng turned down donations from others. He said he felt encouraged by kind offers, but he could depend on his own work. [2006浙江绍兴市高三4月教学质量检测卷]‎ ‎42. The underlined word “donation” in Paragraph 3 probably means ______.‎ A. invitation to give a speech B. something, especially given to help others C. questions asked by interviewers D. chances to be a hero 分析：由本段可以看出：洪家里很穷，但他拒绝别人对他的“donation”，他说他很感谢人们好心的馈赠，但他能够靠打工的钱来养活自己和妹妹，由此可以判断出donation和后文的offer，是近义词，也是馈赠之意。因此选B。‎ ‎〖第二招〗利用定义和解释性线索 根据定义或解释猜测词义 阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean ,in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括号来表示。如：‎ Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies(军用物资),while others carried only passengers.‎ 分析：such as后所列举物品均为“货物”，由此推断cargo的意思相同，和后面的passengers形成对比。‎ 练习 ‎(1)Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.‎ ‎（2）The best football, basketball and tennis players can become professional that means they will have a career in sports and will get money when they play. ‎ ‎（3）Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal. ‎ ‎（4）The word “lefty” means a person who uses his or her left hand for writing, eating and other jobs.‎ ‎（5）Doctors recommended that everyone exercise every day, particular those who spend many hours doing sedentary activities like reading, typing or sewing. ‎ ‎（6）A person who has the SARS （非典型肺炎）may have symptoms like coughing and a high temperature. ‎ ‎ 答案：(1)商店里偷东西的人（2）职业的（3）盗窃癖（4）左撇子“的”（5）久坐的（6）症状 ‎(7)1. The elder learn to master the Internet and to overcome what Lansdale calls the maladies of the institutionalized: loneliness, helplessness, boredom, and lose of memory.‎ 分析：根据句意，maladies of the institutionalized应和后面的解释意思相同，综合后面的内容可得知其意为：“（老年）综合症”。‎ ‎(8). Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies (军用物资),while others carried only passengers.‎ 分析：such as 后所列举物品均属“货物”，由此推断cargo的意思与之相同，和后句中的passengers形成对比。‎ ‎(9). Scientists grow large quantities of common mould (霉菌)so that they can get penicillin from it in order to make antibiotics, that is , substances that kill germs.‎ ‎ 分析：从that is 后的解释可看出antibiotics 是一种能杀死细菌的物质（抗生素）。‎ ‎(10). Marine biology, the study of oceanic plants and animals and their relation, has furthered the efficient development of fisheries.‎ 分析：从marine biology 后的同位语可知，marine biology是一门研究海洋动植物及其关系的学科。‎ ‎(11). －Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.‎ 分析：从后面的定语从句解释可看出，shoplifter为在“商店里偷东西的人”。‎ ‎〖第三招〗利用因果关系 因果关系的语境，通常由because, so ,therefore, so that, so / such… that… 等连词体现。‎ ‎1. Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page. ‎ jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized by rhythmic beats. 2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz. 3. n. slang. Empty talk. 4. adj. of or like jazz; a jazz band, jazz records.‎ What does the word “jazz” mean in the following sentence?‎ Don’t give me that jazz, for I am a practical person.‎ A. Rhythmic beats. B. A type of music. ‎ C. A kind of dance. D. Meaningless talk.‎ 分析：本题正确答案为D。从后面的原因for I am a practical person可知，说话的人说自己是一个讲究实际的人，因此，他或她让对方不要说空话。‎ ‎2. The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted.‎ 分析：melted “溶化”。既然停电，必然造成冰激凌和冷冻食品的“溶化”。‎ ‎3. He ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at Karen and Todd until they sat up. Then he helped each other out of the house to the safety of the garden. There, his sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn.‎ 分析：collapsed“瘫倒”。经过一番艰难脱险之后，他们呼吸短促，咳嗽不断，最终“瘫倒”在草坪上。‎ ‎〖第四招〗利用反义词或反义关系 有的文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这种句子多见unlike, although, but, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, intead of, rather than等信息词。如：‎ One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business polite, life itself is games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.‎ A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlike. D. Just the opposite.‎ 分析：由前句中perfect information到后面imperfect information这一组对比关系的词，我们可以推断应为“对比、相反”的意思。如 ‎1. Most of us agreed; however, Gary dissented.‎ ‎2. He is homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.‎ 答案 1。 不同意 2。 不英俊 ‎3. “Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.”‎ The underlined word “cultivated”(Paragraph 1) roughly means ________.‎ A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed 分析：本题正确答案为D。 从上句的对比可知，领导能力不是swallowed down,而是慢慢培养的。‎ ‎4． One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse , business polite, life itself is games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.‎ Which of the following can be used in place of “quite the reverse”?‎ A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlikely D. Just the opposite.‎ 分析：由前句中perfect information到后imperfect information这一组对比关系的词，我们不难推断应表示“对比、相反”的意思，因此答案应选D。‎ ‎5. Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one panicked, We passed the time telling stories.‎ 分析：被困在电梯中，应该是“慌张”，“不安”。But引出转折，“我们讲故事消磨时间”，因此panicked应为“慌张、惊恐”之意。‎ ‎6. Unlike the Unite States where many different nationalities make up the population, Japan’s population is quite homogeneous.‎ 分析：文unlike表明日本和美国在人口组成方面不同，由此可见，homogeneous与many different nationalities 意义相反，即of the same nationality,“单一民族的”。‎ ‎〖第五招〗利用同义线索和同等关系 同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有 or, like, similarly等。同等关系是指一个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属一范畴。只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概意思。‎ ‎1. Millions of animals die each year on US roads, the Federal Highway ‎ administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in the US today. The main reason? Roadkill.‎ 分析：从后面的同谓语an endangered wild cat可知“ocelot”是一种野生猫。‎ ‎2. mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls can be preserved.‎ 分析：句中mansion应和church, battle site, theatre and other public halls 的词义同属“建筑物或场所”这一范畴。‎ ‎3. We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, of they will make our speech silly and vulgar.‎ 分析：句中vulgar应和silly 意义相近，“粗俗的，庸俗的”。‎ ‎〖第六招〗利用例证性线索 ‎ 某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。Such as, like, for example, for instance等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。‎ ‎1. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, of English learning.‎ 分析：通过后面的举例：《英语世界》，《中小学外语教学》，《英语学习》，说明periodicals为“期刊杂志”。‎ ‎2. Many United nations employees are polyglots: Mr. Simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.‎ 分析：通过例举Mr. Simpson一人通晓五国语言，说明许多联合国雇员都是“通晓多国语言”。‎ ‎〖第七招〗根据构词法 ‎ 阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。《教学大纲》已经明确地将构词法列在语法附表中，因此利用所学构词法生成的词不应被认定为生词。‎ ‎1. Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80 ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.‎ 分析：anti-poison是由poison加前缀anti-构成的，anti-意思是“反对、排斥、抵抗 ”，由此可猜出anti-poison是“解毒、抗毒”的意思。‎ ‎2. Although simplified Chinese characters were accepted for use many years ago, it seems that more and more people like Chinese characters in the complex form.‎ 分析：simplified跟simple是同根词，带有-ed显然是过去分词形式的形容词。许多年以前我们采用了什么跟“简单”有关的汉字呢？不难想到是“简化的”汉字。‎ ‎〖第八招〗注意熟词生义 英语中大量的词汇具有多义性，其含义并非完全等同于词典所标注的汉语意思，具体的词义需要在一定的上下文中体现出来。阅读理解中的熟悉词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考对生词的数量有量的规定，不得超过3%；其二，熟悉词生义很容易引起考生的误解；其三，熟悉词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多，那就更难理解了。‎ 下题中划线的词可换为：‎ ‎1. New York, 10 November, 5:27 p.m.,yesterday. Biggest power failure in ‎ the city’s history.‎ A. enough B. not passing C. lack of D. lack 分析：本题正确答案为D。failure是fail 变来的名词，有“失败；失败者；失败的事”的意思。本句power failure可翻译为“停电”。再如：crop failure“庄稼欠收”；heart failure“心力衰竭”。‎ ‎2. A bike tour and race will be held in August 26 and 27. At 5:30 a .m. , the riders will leave Tian’an Men square and ride the first 35 kilometers as a training lge . Then the next 55 kilometers from Yanjiao to Jixian, will be the first competitive part for the tour.‎ A. race B. practice C. part of the training D. part of the tour 分析：本题正确答案为D。从first 35 kilometers可看出，自行车赛车手从天安门出发，开始的三十五公里作为赛程的一部分，从后句…leg…will be …part of the tour也可确定答案为D。‎ ‎〖第九招〗根据常识或经验猜测词义 在阅读中碰到生词时，我们有时可以运用逻辑推理能力、自身的生活经验及生活常识去推断生词的含义。当然也要结合语境。‎ ‎1. Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.‎ The underlined phrase “mopping up ” in the second paragraph means _______.‎ A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving up 分析：本题正确答案为B。由常识可知，雨林可以“吸收”空气中CO2。所以mop up 意为“吸收、吸纳”，故选B。另外根据下文Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tones of CO2 each year 也可推知答案。‎ ‎2. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took a mop . She pushed past the desk and as the nurse looked up. Mum nodded and said, “Very dirty floor.”‎ ‎ 分析：从文中可看出，母亲用mop从桌子前面擦过去，还说了一句“地板真脏”。不言而喻mop的词义是“拖把”。‎ ‎〖第十招〗利用词性转化 ‎1. The most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled nature with the basic tools they had.‎ 分析：此处picture为动词，“使脑海中出现图画”即“描绘”.在理解原词的基础上，分析它的新词性，并结合原词含义发挥便理想象，从而概括抽象出它的新词义。‎ ‎2. The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways-education, medicine, and business.‎ The underlined work “aging” means ______.‎ A. counting the number of years someone lives B. the numbers of years someone lives C. becoming older D. making someone looking older 分析：本题正确答案为C。我们熟悉的是age作名词用时是“年龄”的意思，而此处是作动词用，意思是“老化”。‎ ‎【主旨大意】‎ 主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。常见的设题方式有：‎ ‎1标题类常见的标题型题干：‎ ‎1)The best title/ headline for this passage might be_____________.‎ ‎2)The text (passage) could be entitled ______________.‎ ‎3)What is the best title for the passage? ‎ ‎4)Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? ‎ ‎2 大意类常见的主题型题干：‎ ‎5) This passage chiefly deals with____________.6) What’s the topic of the article?‎ ‎7) What is the subject discussed in the text?‎ ‎8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?‎ ‎3 目的主旨大意题 The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is______.‎ The passage is meant to _____ The purpose of this article is _______‎ 这类题通常围绕一个中心思想展开，不少文章一开头便展示出文章的中心思想，第一段常常是内容的梗概，同时又表达了中心思想，但是不少文章的中心思想贯穿全文，并没有用一句话明确表达出来，这就要求学生学会归纳概括。每个段落往往也由一个主题句或几个陈述句构成，它们在句中的位置不同，有时在开头, 首先点明本段大意; 有时在结尾, 总结本段大意。做这类题，首先要找出文章的主题句。找出文章的主题句，也就明确了文章要讲什么，再通过速读全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。另外在许多文段中，没有可以概括全段意义的主题句，必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面分析，然后归纳成一般概念。但必须注意，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。‎ A.主题句呈现的形式 ‎1）文首开门见山, 提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式.‎ 例1.The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.‎ 例2.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.‎ ‎2).文尾，在表述细节后, 归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式 ‎ 例3.A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with ‎ that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Man’s games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him. ‎ ‎3).文中，通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.‎ 例4.Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.‎ ‎4).首尾呼应，为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。‎ 例5.（首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career.“she said…‎ ‎&O1472;（尾段）“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.”Shu said.‎ ‎5).无主题句，即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 ‎ 例6.Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.‎ Q: What is the main idea of the passage?　＿＿＿＿‎ A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student.　‎ C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education. ‎ ‎[分析]此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是 Ｃ 除了以上主题句呈现的常见形式外还要注意标志词 文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。如：on the whole, as ‎ a result, in short, therefore, thus…..I agree with the opinion that….;Given all these points above, I would support the idea that….; For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer….‎ ‎〖第一招〗‎ 在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法。浏览时，一般不需逐句浏览，只需选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句。重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。‎ 有些文章的主题句或者说“文眼”出现在文章的最后，此类文章往往以列举事实开头，通过论证，最后阐述核心观点，或者引用某个人的话印证自己的观点，以此归纳文章的主旨大意，所以有时要找出这样的信息，从中提炼标题或归纳大意。‎ 例如：河北唐山市高三第二次模拟考试题E篇：‎ In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the workers’ life more enjoyable, it doesn’t actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, the variety is not an important factor.‎ Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem was that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in fixed way. Thus freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it .‎ Another important consideration is how much each worker contributed to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is the degree of workers’ contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we do something about.‎ To what extent more money led to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.‎ ‎59. In this passage, the author mainly talks about ______.‎ A. how to make the workers contribute more B. possible ways leading to greater productivity C. to what extent more money leads to greater productivity D. how to make workers’ jobs more interesting 分析：本文就如何能使工人们的工作效率得到提高而进行讨论。根据作者文中所提到的观点，就工人们的工作效率问题专家们提到了很多不同的观点，如使工作多样化、给工人们更多的自由时间、使工人们意识到自己工作的重要性以及增加工资等等，而作者的观点是尽可能地使工作更有趣，以吸引工人的兴趣，从而达到提高生产效率的目的，因此59题的正确答案应该是B，即提高工人们工作效率的措施的方法。‎ ‎〖第二招〗抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想 寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，考生们不能只依据只言片语，或光看文章的某一些段落，而应该观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的重点，考虑文章中材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的，分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心来安排的。最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。即不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。‎ 例如：石家庄市高中毕业班第二次模拟考试卷A篇：‎ Many people think a telephone is essential. But I think it’s a pest and a time waster. Very often you find it impossible to escape from some idle or curious chatterbox, or from somebody who wants something for nothing. If you have a telephone in your own house, you will admit that it tends to ring when you are asleep, of in the middle of a meal or a conversation, or when you are just going out, or when you are taking your bath. Are you strong-minded enough to ignore it, to say to yourself, “Ah, well, it will all be the same in a hundred year’s time?” You are not. You think there are maybe some important news or messages for you . I can assure you that if a message is really important it will reach you sooner or later. Haven’t you ever rushed dripping from the bath, or chewing from the table, or dazed from the bed, only to be told that you are a wrong number?‎ But you will say, you need not have your name printed in the telephone directory, and you can have a telephone which is only unable for outgoing calls. Besides you will say, isn’t it important to have a telephone in case of emergency-illness, an accident, or fire? Of course you are right, but here in a thickly populated country like England, one is seldom far from a telephone in case of dreadful necessity.‎ I think perhaps I had better try to justify myself by trying to prove that what I like is good. I admit that in different circumstances-If you were a business VIP, for instance, or a bed ridden person-I might find a telephone essential. But then if I were a taxi driver, I should find a car essential.‎ Let me put it another way: there are two things for which the English seem to show particular talent. One is mechanical invention, the other is literature. My own business happens to be with the use of words but I see I must now stop using them. For I have just been handed a slip of ‎ paper to say that somebody is waiting to speak to me on the telephone. I think I had better answer it .After all, one never knows, it may be something important.‎ ‎41. The passage is mainly about _______.‎ A. that we should be strong enough to ignore a phone call B. that important message will reach you sooner or later ‎ C. whether it’s necessary to answer all telephone calls D. whether it is necessary to have a telephone 分析：文章每一自然段的主题句分别是：1. Many people think a telephone is essential. But I think it’s a pest and a time waster. 2. …but in a thickly populated country like England, one is seldom far from a telephone in case of dreadful necessity. 3. I think perhaps I had better try to justify myself by trying to prove that what I like is good. 4. Let me put it another way. 都是围绕是否有必要拥有电话而展开的，作者的观点很明确，就是没有必要拥有一部电话机，因此本题应选D。‎ ‎〖第三招〗抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心 要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。如：‎ Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag. The bag contained a book.‎ This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasurea 120-page diary dept 190 years age by Deborah Logan, “a woman who knew everybody in her day,” James Green, the librarian told the magazine American Libraries.‎ Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia. It also includes a description of British soldiers burning Washington. D. C in the war of 1812. She describes President James Madison on horseback as “perfectly shaking with fear” during the troubled days. George Washington, she writes, mistook her for the wife of a French man and praised her excellent English.‎ The adventure of the lost book began on September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor to the Library Company, which he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary.‎ Green told American Libraries he had the diary in his possession “about five minutes” when Luxmoore took it back because he had promised to show it to one other person. On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had left it in the taxi.‎ Without any delay, Green began calling every taxi company in the city, with no luck, “I’ve felt sick since then” Luxmoore told reporters.‎ According to Green on one has yet learned how the diary came to the office building.‎ Tom Brennan received a reward of 1,000, Philadelphia gained another treasure for its history, and Luxmoore told reporters, “It’s wonderful news. I’m on high.”‎ ‎51. This article mainly tells about the story of “__________”.‎ A. A lost diary B. Deborah C. Cory Luxmoore D. The Library Company 分析：解题时必须首先理顺文章时间顺序：‎ ‎1. Deborah Logan kept a 120-page diary 190 years ago.‎ ‎2. Cory Luxmoore delivered the diary to the library Company.‎ ‎3. James Green, the librarian, had the diary in his possession about five minutes.‎ ‎4. Cory Luxmoore left the diary in the taxi.‎ ‎5. Tom Brennan noticed a black bag which contained a book (the diary).‎ 从以上的时间顺序中，可以清楚地看到5个时间段内所发生的事情均与the diary有关，它就是贯穿全文的主线，故此题应选A。‎ ‎【文章的标题】‎ 标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想的最精炼的表达形式，它的特点是：短小精炼，多为一个短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，即不能太大，也不能太小，恰如帽子，太大能遮了眼睛，太小则发挥不了应起的作用且风一吹必跑；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表达的程度及色彩。它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图，那么如何选择文章的标题呢？‎ ‎〖第一招〗‎ 要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系；再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何；然后要注意题目是否过大或过小，要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；③以事实、细节替代抽象的大意。‎ 要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，与控制性的概念词按一定的语法浓缩为概括句意或中心思想的词组。‎ 例如：2016石家庄市高中毕业班第二次模拟考试题C篇 People say teenagers are no good. They make too much noise in shopping malls; they drive recklessly up and down America’s main streets; they carry chips on their shoulders as big as the Sears Tower. And at least some of the time those things are true. But we shouldn’t forget that there are hard moments in the life of a teenager too.‎ I watched such a moment not long ago at a woman’s funeral. I didn’t expect the event to affect me. Through much of the ceremony, in fact I remained unmoved.‎ Then her teenage grandson stepped forward. With his first very deep breath, every heart in that church was achingly reminded of something we had all forgotten. Softly he began: “I want to share a few values that ‎ Nana taught me. She never failed to see light in any situation. If our family dog should attack her, what would Nana say?” “Oh, what beautiful markings that dog has!” That was Nana.‎ ‎“She was a strong woman who often lived in the shadow of my grandpa, who was a successful businessman in the city. But she was the one behind the scenes who provided the strength and support for Grandpa’s career,” he said, with a voice now trembling. “That was Nana’s way.”‎ Through a sob, he continued, “Whenever she did anything worth recognition, you’d have to hear about it from a different source, because she was never the one to brag.”‎ Finally, in a voice breaking free of sorrow, he looked up and said, “Nana taught me courage. She put up an incredible fight to the end, when she died peacefully, which is how she lived her life. That was Nana’s way, and I hope I can carry on in the asme manner.”‎ There are no hearts as sensitive as those of teenagers, because everything is happening to them for the first time. The trouble with the teenagers is that they haven’t learnt to be controlled.‎ When that boy rose to speak about the woman who surely had truest ally and dearest friend, his honest voice dragged each of us out into the open where could no longer hide in the calm ritual. He exposed us to the truth about this very real woman who believed in a boy who probably tried the patience of many adults. He reminded us that his grandmother was more than another dot on the chart of life and death.‎ All over again we felt those powerful losses crisscrossing our own hearts. As we know, when you say goodbye to a beloved grandparent, you say goodbye to something happy, something young in yourself, and even if something never really returns, the pain never really goes away.‎ ‎52. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?‎ A. A Moving Funeral B. Are Teenagers Always Light-hearted?‎ C. Teenagers Are No Good D. A Teenager And His Grandma 分析：本文通过作者在一个葬礼上所看到的一位少年对其祖母的感情的表白，来说明青少年并非总是玩世不恭，因此本题正确答案应该是B，用疑问句作为文章题目更能引起读者的深入思考。‎ ‎〖第二招〗‎ 有些文章，比如记叙文，主题思想不是通过一两句话就可以表达的。这时就需要阅读全文，抓住关键字眼或主要论题来归纳文章主题。‎ 例如：2017年河北省保定市高三模拟试题A篇 ‎“Jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle all the way…” goes the popular Christmas tune. With the song in my head, I felt a bit sorry for myself. Instead of rushing back and forth across a freezing school campus, I could have had a cozy Christmas dinner at home or enjoyed the fabulous fireworks lighting up campus at night. But this Christmas would not be celebrated as usual.‎ One month ago, all six girls in my dormitory (including me )had made ‎ detailed plans for a more-exciting-than-ever Christmas holiday. But one day we received an unusual mission: we were asked to organize a party that would be a fund-miser for mentally disabled children from the hospital. The children would perform on stage while volunteers offered food to the spectators and collect some money for the organization.‎ Naturally, we were supposed to support the ideas wholeheartedly, and we did. But the date of the show was set right on Christmas Eve! This meant that all our original Christmas plans would have to be set aside.‎ However, we took the plunge into preparations for the party. We spared no effort in organizing, designing, propagandizing, making contacts with the potential sponsors, negotiating and so on. We went through thick and thin and finally made it, though with a bit of reluctance.‎ Finally, Christmas Eve arrived. As I dragged myself into the auditorium, I discovered the notes of a beautiful Christmas song that immediately filled me with happiness. I looked to find the source of the song… it was a group of children singing on stage. Though disabled, they appeared extraordinarily earnest and sincere in front of the audience. Everyone attending was deeply moved by the sight. People wanted to donate some money or show their support. The performance earned recognition and respect from all of us.‎ At that point, I found that all I had done in the one-month time was worthwhile. And all my classmates who had been participating in this Christmas party shared the same feeling: getting the true meaning of Christmas and receiving the love from one another.‎ ‎41. What would be the best title for the text?‎ A. Christmas on stage B. An unusual Christmas C. Christmas party D. Volunteers for disabled children 分析：本文是作者通过自己的一次圣诞晚会的经历，来表达他本人的心理变化。在圣诞节前的一个月里，作者和其他同学被安排为精神残疾的孩子组织一场圣诞晚会，作者心里很不情愿，所以在排练时敷衍了事，但当晚会开始时，他们听到了残疾孩子的合唱后深受触动，他们这时才觉得他们的这次圣诞活动非常有意义。文章中没有明确的主题句，但通过阅读我们可以理解到本文始终贯穿的一条主线就是“一个非同寻常的圣诞节”，所以这就是文章的主题，故本题选B。‎ ‎【推理判断】‎ 这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。‎ ‎ 提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest ‎ (推断，暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。‎ 这种问题的提问方式通常有：　　‎ ‎(1) From paragraph 4 we can infer that . / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that .‎ ‎(2) We can infer from the text that…/ What can we learn from…? / We can conclude from the passage that…‎ ‎(3) The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that . 　　‎ ‎(4) The author implies that by the year 2050, . 　　‎ ‎(5) To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should . ‎ ‎(6) The author mentions the fact that…to show .‎ ‎(7) This passage would most likely be found in _________?‎ ‎(8) The author’s attitude toward …is _________?‎ ‎(9) The tone of the passage can best be described as _________?‎ ‎　　这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：‎ ‎ c) 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。‎ ‎ a) 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。‎ ‎ b) 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。‎ ‎ d) 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。‎ ‎ e) 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。‎ ‎ 以下介绍几种常见的推理判断题型： ‎ 一、写作意图推测题：‎ ‎ 此类题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这类题型不仅要求考生能理解文章的内容，而且还要具备对作者所阐述的问题及写作手法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。例如：‎ ‎ Earthquake may rightly ranked as one of the most disastrous forces known to man: since record began to be written down, it has been estimated (估计) that earthquake-related deaths have numbered in the millions, and that earthquake-related loss has been beyond calculation…‎ ‎ The great majority of all earthquake occurred in two particular areas in history…‎ ‎ It is doubtful that man will be ever be able to control earthquakes and get rid of their damage altogether .But as how and why earthquakes happen become better understood, man will become more and more able to deal with their possible damage before they occur. ‎ Q: The author’s purpose in writing the passage probably is to ____. ‎ ‎ A. inform the reader B. entertain the reader ‎ C. support a theory D. question a theory ‎ 分析： 文章第一段介绍地震给人类造成的危害，第二段分析地震频发的地方，第三段分析地震预防方面的前景， 因此可以推断写作目的不是娱乐，也不是就某一理论提出质疑，而是给读者提供一些信息，教育读者。答案是A。‎ 二、态度、观点判断题：‎ ‎ 作者的态度、思想倾向是指对作者陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不决，对记述和描写的人、物或事件等是赞扬、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰的词语中。因此，在推理判断的过程中，因特别注意作者的措辞。例如：‎ ‎ Why isn’t your newspaper reporting any good news? All I read about is murder, bribery and death. Frankly, I’m sick of all the bad news. ‎ Q: The author’s attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to ______.‎ A. complain B. apologize C. amuse D. inform ‎ 分析： 作者一是向读者说明这份报纸上只刊登不好的新闻，如凶杀、行贿、死亡等，二是在字里行间流露出自己的抱怨情绪，故最佳答案是A 。‎ 三、逻辑结论题：‎ ‎ 此类题是严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点进行推理，得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。要首先获得短文的主题思想或列举的事实，然后按要求判断。例如：安徽卷：‎ Just as crying can be healthy, not crying — holding back tears of anger, pain or suffering — can be bad for physical (身体的) health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, don't fight it. It's a natural — and healthy — emotional response (反应).‎ ‎61, It can be inferred from the text that ______.‎ A．there are two ways to keep healthy ‎ B．crying does more good to health than laughing C．crying and laughing play the same roles D．emotional health has a close relationship to physical health （D）‎ 四、预测推断题：‎ 有些题目要求考生根据语境对可能出现的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。做这类题目应把握作者的写作思路，从而作出比较科学的预测。例如：‎ With the past in mind, preparations for 2010 season included sweeping changes on both the technical and personal sides. The management at Toyota Motorsport GmbH was restructed, with John Howett moving from Toyota Motor Marketing Europe to become President, thus enabling the company founder, Ove Anderson, more time to concentrate the operation of the race team at the track. Anderson’s value as an inspirational leader was one of the team’s biggest asserts(财富) in 2010. ‎ Q: What will the next paragraph talk about if the passage goes on?‎ A. Preparations for the 2010 season. B. The value of Ove Anderson ‎ C. How to improve the European market? D. Changes on technical side 分析：本段第一句介绍球队备战2010赛季经历了技术和人事安排上的巨大变化，紧接着陈述集体的人事安排，因此，下问应介绍技术层面的变化，所以，正确答案是D。‎ ‎ 考生做题时一定要整体理解语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去把握作者的“弦外之音”。‎ 首先，考生在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。在进行推理时，一定要仔细阅读短文，千万不可脱离原文，仅凭个人的看法主观臆断。‎ 其次，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件中的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力，抓住材料实质性的东西。‎ 第三，在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用canning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证（opinion and fact）、原因与结果（cause and effect）、主观点与次观点（main idea and supporting idea）。‎ ‎〖第一招〗抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理 做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正向推理，推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。‎ ‎〖第二招〗 整合全文（段）信息进行推断 做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目有关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论，忌“见树不见林”。‎ 例如：北京卷E篇 ‎①Brain-injured boy set for 1.75m payout A YOUNGSTER who was knocked off his tricycle by a serious brain injury is set to be awarded 1.75 million.‎ Fourteen-year-old George Currie, from Dalkeith was living in County Durham with his parents Allister and Paula at the time of the accident in September 1993.‎ George, who was then three years old, was riding his small tricycle along the pavement(人行道)when he lost control and swerved (突然转向) on to the road into the path of an on-coming taxi.‎ The driver’s insurance(保险) company has now accepted responsibility for the accident and New Castle County Court is expected to rule on the payout on Monday.‎ ‎② TOP 10‎ Florida counties with the most accidents in 2004:‎ ‎1. Monroe (98) 2. Palm Beach (65) 3.Pinellas (64) 4. Broward (59)‎ ‎5. Miami-Dade(54) 6.Okaloosa (34) 7. Orange (24)‎ ‎8. Bay (22) 9. Lee (21) 10. Collier (21)‎ Boating accidents reduce Lee and Collier counties tied at No. 10 for boating accidents in Florida in 2004, an improvement for both.‎ But because the counties remained in the top 10 among Florida’s 67 counties, safety continues to be a concern, officials said.‎ ‎③ Teens react to new law on driving permit Lawmakers may hope to make teenage drivers drive more safely, but tome local teens behind the wheel feel angry following the passing of Senate Bill 36 last week.‎ SB 36 is a law that limits times new teen drivers can drive and the number of passengers they can carry.‎ ‎④ Road accidents take costly toll Traffic accidents kill more than one million people each year, injure tens of millions more and cost developing countries twice as much as they receive in international aid, the leader of a research body said Wednesday.‎ The figures have led experts to form an international roadsafety network to choose the most important research areas, inform policy makers and help develop ways to prevent accidents, particularly in poor nations.‎ ‎75. Which passage would give more intormation on the prevention of road accidents?‎ A. ① B. ② C. ③ D. ④‎ 分析：此题需要综合全文信息进行判断推理。Passage “Brain-injured boy set for 1.75m payout”报道了被一辆出租车撞成严重脑伤的孩子等待了漫长的十年才得到赔偿的消息。文中没有提及防范交通事故的信息。排除选项A Passage “Boating accidents reduce”报道了boating accidents 的情况与road accidents 无关，故淘汰B项。Passage “Teens react to new law on driving permit”报道了十几岁的司机对《新驾照法》的反应，并没有提及road accidents,排除C项。Passage “road accidents take costly toll”先报道了世界上每年交通事故所付出的惨重代价（traffic accidents kill more than one million people each year, injure tens of millions more and cost developing countries twice as much as they receive in international aid, the leader ‎ of a research body said wednesday）然后专家建立一个国际道路安全网络去选择重点研究的地区，最后通知决策者找出防止交通事故发生的有效方法（the figures have led experts to form an international road safety network to choose the most important research areas, inform policy makers and help develop ways to prevent accidents, particularly in poor nations）故选D。‎ ‎〖第三招〗 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断 几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理和情绪状态及作者的写作意图，因此利用好文章的语境褒贬性及变化的标志性词汇或句子对我们掌握文章主旨大意，了解主人公的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断很有好处。‎ 例如：浙江金华十校高三联考试卷E篇 Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always evil and usually foolish, but in the past the human race managed to live with it. Modern skill has changed this. Either man will end war, or war will end man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons(核武器) that cause the greatest danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeeded in stopping war, there would be no danger for us. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not by contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people, but by talking in accordance with agreed rules of law. It is not easy to change old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.‎ Some people hold completely false attitudes towards how to prevent war. In fact, they are willing to go to war in support of them. However the movements of the world opinion during the past two years has changed very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a common belief that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course, very difficulit problems remain in the international world but the attitude towards them is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful man who decide whether we shall leave or die, that agreements should be reached, even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be west, but between man and the bomb.‎ ‎56. from the first paragraph we can know that _____.‎ A. we may face greater threat from weapons B. chemical weapons are less dangerous than nuclear weapons C. man’s idea of victory has changed D. dangerous weapons are forbidden in modern society ‎58.The author believes that the only way to stop war is to ____‎ A. stop nuclear weapons ‎ B. settle international problems through agreements C. get rid of bacteriological and chemical weapons D. let the strong side take over the world ‎60. which of the following words can best describe the author’s feeling in writing this passage?‎ A. disappointed B. doubtful C. worried D. hopeful 分析：本文介绍的是关于战争问题，作者说从6000多年前人们开始了第一场战争起，战争一直与人类历史并存，近年来随着着细菌武器，生化武器的不断升级和发展，人类的生存受到了前所未有的威胁和挑战，然而在作者看来，战争还是有可能会终止的。而以上的三个阅读理解理解都是属于推理判断题，尤其是第60题，要理解作者写这篇文章是怎样心情，我们必须要在阅读时注意作者所使用的一些有暗示意义的词句，如第一段最后一句“…it is not easy to change old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.” “it has become a common belief that nuclear was must be avoided ” “… but the attitude towards them is a better one than it was some year ago”等可知，作者对于战争的态度是忧心忡忡而又对其结束充满希望。‎ 文章的第一段先提到现今对人类生存威胁最大的是核武器，而后又说不久以后细菌武器和生化武器都将威胁人类的生存，由此可推断出人类将会面临越来越多的危险的战争武器，因此56题选A。纵观整篇文章，尤其是第二段中可知国际间的合作协议在制止战争中起着非常重要的位置，故58题选B。60题选D。‎ ‎〖第四招〗 根据文章的结论推断作者的态度 作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。‎ 例如：前一招的第60题。‎ ‎〖第五招〗根据上下文的逻辑得出结论 逻辑结论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路，预测下文可能发展的内容。文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系，对比关系来描写。必须注意的是：1、读者不可根据自己的主观臆断毫无根据地下结论；2、所得结论必须符合作者的意图。‎ 例如：NMET2015E篇 ‎66. According to the writer of the text, imagining the future will ____.‎ A. serve the interests of the present and future generations B. enable us to better understand human’s history C. help us to improve farming D. make life worth living 分析：首先作者提出自己的观点：However, most of our ideas about the future are really very short-sighted… so why bother even to try imagining life far in the future?然后提出正反两个次要观点去论述：First unless we remember how shout our own lives are compared with the whole human history, we are likely to think our own interests are much more important than they really are. Second, by trying to escape from present interests and imagining life far in the future we may arrive at quite fresh ideas that we can use ourselves(take action right away)(to make the world a better ‎ place in which to live).由第二个次要观点可判断上题答案为A。‎ ‎〖第六招〗 结合已有的知识进行推断 知识推断是根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用自己掌握的基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论的一种推断方法。知识推断题一般都针对细节。解答此类题。不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础知识，而且需要对文章细节以及有关背景知识有一个充分的理解。‎ 例如：NMETA篇 ‎53. After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?‎ A. It is a children’s hospital B. It has strict rules about visiting hours C. The conditions there aren’t very good D. The nurses and doctors there don’t work hard 分析：本文讲述了一位母亲采用拖地计谋混进病房近视女儿的故事。由常识可知医院内拖地并非医生护士的工作，选项D不对。C项与文中的it’s a fine hospital意思相矛盾。A项依据不充分，女儿未必是儿童。正确答案是B。文中I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow则暗示此规章在探视时间上是严格规定的，而且在实际生活中我们都知道医院对探视病人是有严格规定的。‎ ‎〖第七招〗 根据文章的篇章结构去进行判断推理。‎ 根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。‎ 例如：湖北卷A篇 ‎56. How does the writer explain birds singing?‎ A. By comparing birds with human beings B. By reporting experiment results C. By describing birds’ daily life D. By telling a bird’s story.‎ 分析：由文章第一、二两段：Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy. Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory. 可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。答案为A。‎ 再如：浙江卷C篇 How is the text organized?‎ A. Topic-Argument –Explanation B. Opinion-Discussion-Description C. Main idea-Comparison-Supporting examples D. Introduction-Supporting examples –Conclusion 分析：本题正确答案为D。本文叙述了作者上学时在一个苹果加工厂打工的经历。作者在第一段提出在苹果加工厂工作的辛苦：工资低和工作条件差（the ‎ work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible）中间三段举例具体描述，最后一段得出“再也不愿意做”的结论（by I left I was determined never to go back there again）‎ ‎【示例1】‎ Edward Wilson is America’s, if not the world’s, leading naturalist. In The Future of Life, he takes us on a tour of the world’s natural resources (资源). How are they used? What has been lost? What remains and is it able to continue with the present speed of use? Wilson also points out the need to understand fully the biodiversity (生物多样性) of our earth.‎ Wilson begins with an open letter to the pioneer in environment (环境) protection Henry David Thoreau. He compares today’s Walden Pond with that of Thoreau’s day. Wilson will use such comparisons for the rest of the book. The problem is clean: man has done great damage to his home over the years. Can the earth, with human help, be made to return to biodiversity levels that will be able to support us in the future?‎ Biodiversity, Wilson argues, is the key to settling many problems the earth faces today. Even our agricultural crops can gain advantages from it. A mere hundred species (物种) are the basis of our food supply, of which but twenty carry the load. Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of, which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas.‎ At the end of the book, Wilson discusses the importance of human values in considering the environment. If you are to continue to live on the earth, you may well read and act on the ideas.‎ ‎72. We learn from the text that Wilson cares most about .‎ A. the environment for plants B. the biodiversity of our earth C. the waste of natural resources D. the importance of human values ‎73.How many species are most important to our present food supply?‎ A. Twenty. B. Eighty C. One hundred. D. Ten thousand.‎ ‎74.Wilson suggests that one way to keep biodiversity is to .‎ A. learn how to farm scientifically B. build homes for some dying species C. make it clear what to eat D. use more species for food ‎75.We can infer that the text is .‎ A. a description of natural resources B. a research report C. a book review D. an introduction to a scientist ‎ ‎ 参考答案及解析 ‎72.【错解分析】典型错误A.错因分析没有抓住文章的重点,以次代主,以点代面.‎ ‎　 【解题指导】 本题属于判断推理题. 这类题要求学生在理解文章中直接陈述的观点或描述的事实基础上，领悟作者的弦外之意，得出符合作者意愿的结论，即作者没有在文章中明说的。要得出正确的推理仅以阅读材料为前题还不够，还必须结合自己应有的常识。本题的关键提示信息在第三段中的第一句话.‎ ‎【答案】本题的正确选项为B.‎ ‎73.【错解分析】典型错误D.错因分析是学生审题不细.‎ ‎　 【解题指导】本题是细节理解题.学生们在做此类试题时,可以采用查读法,即带着问题寻找答案,同时要注意审题.‎ ‎【答案】本题的正确选项为A.‎ ‎74.【错解分析】典型错误A.错因分析信息错位,释意不清.‎ ‎　 【解题指导】本题是细节理解题.属于间接辨认题,要正确地理解文章中具体信息的含义,并用同义或是近义的形式复述出来.本题的选项依据为第三段的最后一句话.‎ ‎【答案】本题的正确选项为D.‎ ‎75.【错解分析】典型错误A.错因分析关键信息没有抓住,以点代面.‎ ‎　 【解题指导】本题是推理判断题.推理判断要根据文章中的信息来判断,不能依据自己的主观判断,也不能以点代面.本题推断依据为文章开始部分的The Future of Life一书的基本内容,然后重点谈及Biodiversity的重要性,最后根据文章最后一段,由此可以判断出本题选C项.‎ ‎【答案】本题的正确选项为C.‎ ‎【练习1】‎ WANG Hao and Wang Liqin, two of China's top table tennis players, both saw the World Table Tennis Championships as a chance to prove themselves. But there was only one champion (冠军) and Wang Hao, 25, won it last Tuesday in Yokohama , Japan.‎ Wang Hao, who won the men's doubles title with Chen Qi last Monday, played with spirit to beat Wang Liqin 11-9, 13-11, 11-5, 11-9.‎ Wang Hao said it was his mental toughness (心理稳定) that made the difference. "I was disappointed by my performances in past championships and the last two Olympic Games. But I have tried to pull myself together and prepared well. This is the result."‎ Wang Hao said he has always understood the importance of physical training and technical skills. Now he knows the need for mental preparation as well. Having two Olympic silvers had left him feeling bitter (痛苦的). The bitterness perhaps explains why he has not always played at his best in the past.‎ ‎"I've come to understand that you can learn important lessons from failure," he said. "Losing can build your character and make you a stronger player." His next goal, or dream, is to win the gold medal at the London Olympics in 2012.‎ Liu Guoliang, head coach of China's table tennis team, sang the praises of Wang Hao's victory. "This is just the beginning of his rise," said Liu. "It's the confidence-booster he needs to make further progress." ‎ ‎1. According to the passage, Wang Hao won _____ gold medals in the World Table Tennis Championships in Yokohama, Japan.‎ A. only one B. two C. three D. four ‎2. From Wang Hao, we can know the main reason for his beating Wang Liqin is ______.‎ ‎ A. his technical skills B. his physical training ‎ C. his mental toughness D. his past experience ‎3. What is the next goal of Wang Hao?‎ ‎ A. To win the title of the champion at the 2012 Olympics B. To beat Wang Liqin again ‎ C. To prove himself in the future competitions D. To win more golds in future ‎4. What can we learn from Wang Hao?‎ ‎ A. Failure is the mother of success. B. Never give up until you succeed.‎ ‎ C. Where there is a will, there is a way. D. A good beginning makes a good ending.‎ 参考答案及解析：‎ ‎1.【错解分析】典型错误A.错因分析没有全面地阅读文章，以点代面了。‎ ‎【解题指导】细节理解题。根据文章第一段和第二段可知。此类题可以带着问题在文中采用查读法寻找答案。‎ ‎【答案】本题的正确选项为B.‎ ‎2．【错解分析】典型错误A或B或是D。错因分析是没有抓住细节理解题的重点，审题不细。因为题干中有一个mainly.‎ ‎ 【解题指导】细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的第一句话可知。对于细节理解题的选项的选择，一定要理解题干，并防止以次代主。‎ ‎ 【答案】本题的正确选项为C。‎ ‎3．【错解分析】典型错误D.错因分析审题不清，D项也许是Wang Hao的远期目标，但是题干是the next goal。‎ ‎ 【解题指导】细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中的“His next goal, or dream, is to win the gold medal at the London Olympics in 2012.”可知。注意审题。‎ ‎ 【答案】本题的正确选项为A。‎ ‎4．【错解分析】典型错误B或C.错因分析在于学生对文章的理解不透彻。‎ ‎ 【解题指导】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段可知。推理判断题要认真研读文章，根据文章中的内容来进行推理判断。‎ ‎ 【答案】本题的正确选项为A。‎ ‎【示例2】‎ Dear Hamilton,‎ ‎ We are fortunate that in such a large, high-pressure office we all get along so well. You are one of the people who keep the social temperature at such a comfortable setting. I don’t know anyone in the office who is better liked than you.‎ ‎ You can perhaps help with this. The collection of contributions ‎ towards gifts for employees’ personal-life events is becoming a little troubling. Certainly, the group sending of a gift is reasonable now and then. In the past month, however, there have been collections for two baby shower gifts, one wedding shower gift, two wedding gifts, one funeral（葬礼）remembrance, four birthday gifts, and three graduation gifts.‎ ‎ It’s not only the collected-from who are growing uncomfortable (and poor), but the collected-for feel uneasy receiving gifts from people who don’t know them outside the office, who wouldn’t even recognize their graduating children, their marrying daughters and sons, or their dead relatives.‎ ‎ This is basically a kind gesture (and one that people think well of you for), but the practice seems to have become too wide-ranging and feels improper in today’s office setting.‎ ‎ Thank you for understanding.‎ ‎63. The underlined word “contributions” probably means ________.‎ A. money B. suggestions C. reports D. understanding ‎64. Hamilton is expected to _______.‎ A. show more kindness. B. discontinue the present practice C. quit being the organizer for gift giving D. know more about co-workers’ families ‎65. This is basically a letter of ________.‎ A. apology B. sympathy C. appreciation D. dissatisfaction 参考答案 ‎63.【错解分析】典型错误D.错因分析释不达意，胡乱猜测.‎ ‎　 【解题指导】本题考查词义猜测.对于词义的猜测可以有许多的方法,常见的方法是根据上下文所举例子来猜测.本题就是根据文中的In the past month, however, there have been collections for two baby shower gifts, one wedding shower gift, two wedding gifts, one funeral（葬礼）remembrance, four birthday gifts, and three graduation gifts.可猜测出contributions的意思为”礼金,份子”.‎ ‎【答案】本题的正确选项为A.‎ ‎64.【错解分析】典型错误A. 错因分析 无视主题，以点带面.‎ ‎【解题指导】本题考查细节推测题.对于细节推测的理解要以文章的中心为依据并根据文章中的具体信息来推测,做到有根据的选答案,并且信息点一定要找准,防止张冠李戴.本题选择依据为倒数第二段中的” but the practice seems to have become too wide-ranging and feels improper in today’s office setting.”‎ ‎【答案】本题的正确选项为B.‎ ‎65.【错解分析】典型错误C. 错因分析 无视主题，以点带面.‎ ‎【解题指导】本题考查主旨大意. 这类问题属于全局性问题。要做好这类问题必须找出文章中心思想句。把注意力放在阅读材料的开头和结尾，放在观点性、归纳性和概括性的句子上，放在被许多句子说明和证实的句子上。并注意由in summary, in a word, as a result, finally, in short, in conclusion和in ‎ brief等“信号词”引导的句子。本题的答案依据为feels improper in today’s office setting.,以及最后一句话,因此答案为D项.‎ ‎【答案】本题的正确选项为D.‎ ‎【练习2】‎ Have you ever used solar energy to boil a bottle of water or take a shower? Have you ever thought that solar energy is far away from our daily lives? You may doubt about that. In Japan, there is a wonderful program of Solar City. ‎ ‎    Solar City is located 80,000 meters northwest of Tokyo, among the strawberry fields. This is one of Japan’s sunniest places. Solar City covers about 410,000 square meters. Seventy-five percent of the homes there are covered by solar panels. The government has provided people there with the solar panels for free. In addition, the government has paid 9.7 billion yen to study how to make full use of solar energy. A number of solar energy companies have also given money to help this program. ‎ ‎    People living in Solar City think using solar panels is a good way to save money. However, saving money is not the only reason why people are moving into this city. "We moved here because of the panels. It was something we wanted,” said Mika Hiroshima. She moved to Solar City with her husband and two little children about four years ago.‎ ‎    It is well known that Japan is a country that is short of energy, but the Solar City program has brought hope for the country. "People want solar energy,” said an official of Solar City. Actually in Solar City, there are 550 families making use of solar energy at the moment. All of them say that they want to keep using solar energy even after the program ends in 2010. In sunny days, solar panels are able to provide more than enough energy for a normal family. However, the solar panels are not that useful in cloudy days. Despite this, Solar City is still a wonderful program because it inspires people to wisely use the limited energy. ‎ ‎1. The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to ______.‎ A. test the readers’ knowledge about solar energy ‎ B. draw the readers’ attention to the topic C. learn the situation that solar energy is used ‎ D. invite the readers to answer them ‎2. The third paragraph of the passage is mainly about ______.‎ ‎ A. the reason why people are moving into Solar City ‎ B. how the people are living in Solar City ‎ C. the things that people living in Solar City need ‎ D. the life experience from the people living in Solar City ‎3. It can be inferred from the passage that _________.‎ ‎ A. Japan is a country which is lacking in energy ‎ B. the solar panels are only useful in sunny days ‎ C. the Solar City program will be successful ‎ D. Solar City is a very modern big city 参考答案及解析：‎ ‎1．【错解分析】典型错误A.错因分析：信息错位，张冠李戴。题干是考查文章开头的写作目的，而非全篇的写作目的。‎ ‎ 【解题指导】写作目的题。作者在文章开头提出问题让读者思考，或是简单介绍与主题有关的其他事物，目的往往是为了引出主题,故选B。‎ ‎ 【答案】本题的正确选项为B。‎ ‎2．【错解分析】典型错误B.错因分析是没有抓住文章段落的主题。‎ ‎ 【解题指导】主旨大意题。从本段来看，第一句话说出，生活在太阳城使用太阳电池板省钱。第二句话说出了，生活在太阳城不仅是为了省钱，还为了太阳电池板。因此，可知答案为A。考查文章的段落大意，此时要注意段落的主题句，可位于段首，段尾或段落的中间，也有的要从段中自己提取的。‎ ‎ 【答案】本题的正确选项为A。‎ ‎3．【错解分析】典型错误A或B.错因分析是没有掌握试题的特点，推理判断题要从文中进行推断，而不是文中的原话。‎ ‎ 【解题指导】推理判断题。根据文章的最后一段中的“All of them say that they want to keep using solar energy even after the program ends in 2010.”可知。此项目的目的达到了。因此，C项正确。D项，可根据文中的“Solar City covers about 410,000 square metres.”知，Solar City并不是一个大城市。A、B两项是文中的事实，而非推理。推理判断题分为简单推理和复杂推理。所谓简单推理就是以表面文字为前提，以具体事实为依据进行推理，做出判断。这种推理方式比较直接，只要弄清事实，即可结合常识推断出合理的结论。而复杂推理就是不但要以文字为依据，而且还要以文章的语境、内涵为前提。这是一种间接而复杂的逻辑推理方式。考生要推断出文章没有表明但又合乎逻辑的推理，就必须由表及里地归纳或演绎。‎ ‎ 【答案】本题的正确选项为C。‎ ‎【示例3】‎ ‎     People believes that climbing can do good to health. Where can you learn the skill of climbing then? If you think that you have to go to the mountains to learn how to climb, you’re wrong. Many Americans are learning to climb in city gyms(体育馆). Here, people are learning on climbing. The climbing wall goes straight up and small holding places for hands and feet.‎ ‎    How do people climb the wall? To climb, you need special shoes and (保护带) around your chest to hold you. There are ropes(绳索)tied to your. The ropes hold you in place so that you don’t fall. A beginner’s wall is usually about 15 feet high, and you climb straight up. There are small pieces of metal that stick out for you to stand on and hold on to. Sometimes it’s easy to see the new piece of metal. Sometimes, it’s not. The most difficult is an your fear. It’s normal for humans to be afraid of falling, so it’s difficult not to feel fear. But when you move away from the wall, the and the ropes hold you, and you begin to feel safe. You move slowly until you reach the top.‎ ‎    Climbing attracts people because it’s good exercise for almost everyone. You use your whole body, especially your arms and legs. This sport gives your body a complete workout. When you climb, both your mind and your body can become stronger.‎ ‎64. What can we infer from the passage?‎ ‎   A. People are fairly interested in climbing nowadays.‎ ‎   B. It is impossible to build up one’s body by climbing.‎ ‎   C. People can only learn the skill of climbing outdoors.‎ D. It is always easy to see holding places in climbing.‎ ‎65. The most difficult thing to do in wall climbing is _______.‎ ‎   A. to tie ropes to your     B. to control your fear C. to move away from the wall    D. to climb straight up ‎66. The word “workout” underlined in the last paragraph most probably means _________.‎ A. settlement B. exercise C. excitement     D. tiredness ‎67. Why does the author write this passage?‎ A. To tell people where to find gyms.       ‎ B. To prove the basic need for climbing C. To encourage people to climb mountains.   ‎ D. introduce the sport of wall climbing 参考答案及解析：‎ ‎64.【错解分析】典型错误D.错因分析片面理解，没有从全文的角度去看问题。‎ ‎　【解题指导】推理判断题. 在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。本题属于从文章的主题进行的推论，因此从文章的第一段,第三段的首句可容易推知答案.‎ ‎【答案】本题的正确选项为A.‎ ‎65.【错解分析】典型错误D.错因分析是脱离文章，而主观判断试题的答案。‎ ‎　【解题指导】细节理解题.从第二段倒数第三句” It’s normal for humans to be afraid of falling, so it’s difficult not to feel fear.”可知答案.细节理解题可通过查读法进行理解，是高考阅读题中较简单的题型，但是答案的依据一定要忠实于原文。‎ ‎【答案】本题的正确选项为B.‎ ‎66.【错解分析】典型错误A.错因分析是脱离上下文，而采用了构词法来猜测生词的意思，因为work out意为“解决”，所以学生们会误以为workout的意思为A。‎ ‎　【解题指导】词义猜测题.根据“Climbing attracts people because it’s good exercise for almost everyone.”与” When you climb, both your mind and your body can become stronger.”可知workout与exercise同义,表示”锻炼”.词义猜测时可以根据构词法来进行，但是也要符合上下文的语境。‎ ‎【答案】本题的正确选项为B.‎ ‎67.【错解分析】典型错误B.错因分析没有掌握作意图判断题的方法，以偏代全。‎ ‎　 【解题指导】意图判断题.意图判断题分具体内容的写作意图和篇章内容的写作意图，因此在答题要分析题干，如果文章的写作意图，就要结合文章的主旨来判断。本题就是结合全文可知,作者的写作意图旨在介绍室内攀岩运动.‎ ‎【答案】本题的正确选项为D.‎ ‎【练习3】‎ The only survivor of a shipwreck was washed up on a small, uninhabited island. He prayed feverishly for God to rescue him, and every day he scanned the horizon for help, but none seemed forthcoming.‎ Exhausted, he eventually managed to build a little hut out of driftwood to protect him from the elements, and to store his few possessions. But then one day, after looking for food, he arrived home to find his little hut in flames, the smoke rolling up to the sky.‎ The worst had happened; everything was lost.‎ He was stunned with grief and anger. "God how could you do this to me!" he cried.‎ Early the next day, however, he was awakened by the sound of a ship that was approaching the island. It had come to rescue him. "How did you know I was here?" asked the weary man of his rescuers. "We saw your smoke signal," they replied.‎ It is easy to get discouraged when things are going bad.‎ But we shouldn't lose heart, because God is at work in our lives, even in the midst of pain and suffering.‎ Remember, next time your little hut is burning to the ground it just may be a smoke signal that summons the grace of God.‎ For all the negative things we have to say to ourselves, God has a positive answer for it .‎ ‎1．The proper title of the passage is .‎ A．God Is Wherever We Need Him B．We should have a Positive Attitude to Life C．A Story Happened on An Uninhabited Island D．A Survivor Was How to Be Saved ‎2．After the survivor seeing his hut burning to the ground, he _________.‎ A．was very angry and frightened and didn’t sleep B．was very sad and disappointed and didn’t sleep C．was so angry and sad that he slept without consciousness ‎ D．was so surprised that he slept without consciousness ‎3．From the story we can infer _______.‎ A．that the survivor was a lucky dog B．God is a kind and considerable old man C．God is willing to help anyone who helps oneself D．You are what you eat ‎4. The meaning of the underlined part“ a smoke signal that summons the grace of God” may be___.‎ A．a smoke signal that shows God’s idea B．a piece of information that God sends out to inform rescuers. ‎ C．an order that God gives to punish the man who is in trouble D．a signal that shows God’s kindness to help the man in trouble ‎ 参考答案及解析：‎ ‎1．【错解分析】典型错误A.错因分析：没有考虑到文章的主题。‎ ‎ 【解题指导】选择适合的文章标题。从全文来看，C项比较全面，且能概括文章的内容。选择文章的标题属于主旨大意题。要在通读全文的基础上，认真分析主人公的特定心态、文章大意及作者的写作意图，在此基础上还要做到概括性、针对性、醒目性的有机结合。‎ ‎ 【答案】本题的正确选项为C。‎ ‎2．【错解分析】典型错误D.错因分析对于文章的细节处理解不到位。‎ ‎ 【解题指导】细节理解题。根据文章中的“He was stunned with grief and anger. "God how could you do this to me!" he cried.”可知。在做细节理解题时，一定要回到原文中找出与答题内容相关的词语和句子，在理解原文的基础上选择答案，找到关键词后最好在下面划线，以便检查。‎ ‎ 【答案】本题的正确选项为C.‎ ‎3．【错解分析】典型错误C.错因分析：片面理解文章，以致于得出错误的结论。‎ ‎ 【解题指导】推理判断题。从文章开头我们知道，这位主人公是一位失船事故的幸存者，并且文章的最后我们可以看出因意外的茅屋失火，他却意想不到的得救。因此，可知主人公是一位幸运儿。推理判断题要忠于原亠，以文章提供的事实和线索想象，随意想象，更不能己自己的观点代替作者的观点。‎ ‎ 【答案】本题的正确选项为A。‎ ‎4．【错解分析】典型错误A.错因分析：释不达意，胡乱猜测 ‎ 【解题指导】句意的解释。grace 意为“恩泽”；summon 意为“传唤”；本句话的意思为“传唤上帝恩泽的一个烟信号”。因此，可知D项更符合句意。句子的解释是最近几年来高考新出现的题型，要根据上下文来推测。‎ ‎ 【答案】本题的正确选项为D.‎