【英语】2020届二轮复习语法之特殊句式与主谓一致学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习语法之特殊句式与主谓一致学案

第4节　特殊句式与主谓一致 Step 1典题感悟·高考名题这样考 考查角度1　倒装句 ‎1．(2019·天津卷)The professor warned the students that on no account ________________ use mobile phones in his class.‎ ‎[解析]　考查部分倒装。句意：这位教授警告学生们，在他的课堂上，决不应该使用手机。 on no account“决不”，否定词放在句首，句子使用部分倒装，根据句意表示“应该”，故填should they。‎ ‎[答案]　should they ‎2．(2016·江苏卷)Not until recently ____________ they encourage the development of touristrelated activities in the rural areas.‎ ‎[解析]　考查倒装句。根据时间状语“recently”可知本句应用一般过去时。not until＋状语位于句首，句子采用部分倒装的语序。‎ ‎[答案]　did 考查角度2　强调句 ‎3．(2018·天津卷)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house ____________ we saw Lily in the passenger seat.‎ ‎[解析]　考查强调句式。去掉题干中的It was和空处后，这个句子语法结构依然完整，表示“只有当汽车停在我家房前的时候，我们才看到乘客座位上的莉莉”，因此这是一个强调句式，被强调的是“only＋状语从句”，因此填that。‎ ‎[答案]　that ‎4．(2016·天津卷)You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel ____________ the coach picks up tourists.‎ ‎[解析]　考查强调句式。句意：你等错地方了，客车是在旅馆接游客的。分析句子结构可知，此处是一个对地点状语进行强调的强调句型，故填that。‎ ‎[答案]　that 考查角度3　其他句式 ‎5．(2018·北京卷改编)In any unsafe situation, simply ____________(press) the button and a highlytrained agent will get you the help you need.‎ ‎[解析]　考查祈使句。句意：在任何不安全的情况下，只要按下按钮，一个训练有素的代理人就会给你需要的帮助。根据句子结构可知，此处为祈使句，所以用动词原形。‎ ‎[答案]　press ‎6．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)It could be anything—gardening, cooking，music，sports—but whatever it is, ____________(make) sure it's a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.‎ ‎[解析]　考查祈使句。分析句子结构可知，but连接两个并列分句。其中第二个分句中，whatever引导让步状语从句，其后为祈使句充当主句。故填make。‎ ‎[答案]　make 考查角度4　主谓一致 ‎7．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it ____________(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.‎ ‎[解析]　考查动词时态和主谓一致。本句中宾语从句与主句的时态保持一致，故用一般现在时；且宾语从句中的主语为it，故填is。‎ ‎[答案]　is ‎8．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food ____________(be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.‎ ‎[解析]　考查主谓一致。句意：快餐富含脂肪和食盐，通过吃更多的快餐，人们将摄入比他们饮食所需要的还要多的盐和脂肪。根据句意可知，这里指一般情况，主语是不可数名民不词food，故填is。‎ ‎[答案]　is ‎9．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work，you should take a step back... Leaving the less important things until tomorrow ____________(be) often acceptable.‎ ‎[解析]　考查主谓一致和时态。句意：……把不太重要的事情留到明天通常是可以接受的。分析句子结构可知，该句中的主语为动名词短语“Leaving the less important things until tomorrow”，故谓语动词为第三人称单数形式，故填is。‎ ‎[答案]　is ‎10．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and ____________(be) too violent for use at the table.‎ ‎[解析]　考查时态和主谓一致。根据句中的“believed”可知，此处描述的是过去的情况，应用一般过去时；从句主语为knives，谓语动词应用复数，故填were。‎ ‎[答案]　were Step 2知识储备·抓重破难补短板 一、要记住强调句里的4种形式 ‎1．It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分 ‎①(2019·太原市高三年级模拟试题)It is desires and urges like these ____________ distinguish us from animals.‎ ‎[答案]　that ‎2．强调句的一般疑问句形式：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分 ‎②(2019· 昆明市高三摸底调研测试)Was ____________ human activities that caused an increase of about 20 percent in nighttime activities, even in creatures that usually sleep at night.‎ ‎[答案]　it ‎3．强调句的特殊疑问句形式为：疑问词＋is/was it＋that＋其他成分 ‎③(2019·洛阳质检)When was ____________ that he made up his mind to take this course? ‎ ‎[答案]　it ‎4．not...until...句式的强调句形式为：It is/was＋not until...＋that＋其他成分 ‎④(2019·福建检测)It is not until you've finished your homework ____________ you are allowed to go out.‎ ‎[答案]　that 二、牢记倒装句的6种类型 ‎1．表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语，如here，there，up，down，in，away，out，in the room，on the way等，置于句首时，要全部倒装。‎ ‎⑤(2019·南京调研)Next door to ours ____________(live) a black couple, who seem to have settled in this community for quite a long time.‎ ‎[答案]　live ‎2．such置于句首时，句子全部倒装。此时such是代词，在句中作表语，表语提前引起主谓语的倒装。‎ ‎⑥(2019·保定联考)____________ a nice man did he seem that we all believe him.‎ ‎[答案]　Such ‎3．only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时，主句应部分倒装。‎ ‎⑦(2019·南京调研)Only after a bitter struggle ____________(be)the aim achieved at that moment.‎ ‎[答案]　was ‎4．在so...that...句型中，so位于句首时，主句部分倒装。‎ ‎⑧(2019·渭南一模)So frightened ____________ he that he did not dare to move an inch.‎ ‎[答案]　was ‎5．否定副词never，nor，not，hardly，little，seldom，scarcely，rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time，under/in no circumstances，in no case，by no means，on no condition等置于句首时，主句部分倒装。‎ ‎⑨(2019·合肥二模)The parents didn't tolerate their kids' rudeness at the party, nor ____________ they allow themselves to be disobeyed.‎ ‎[答案]　did ‎6．so或neither(nor)放在句首引出的倒装句 ‎(1)so＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语意为“……也是如此”。‎ ‎⑩(2019·广州市普通高中毕业班综合测试一)If one tree could survive here, ____________ could millions of trees, they thought.‎ ‎[答案]　so ‎(2)neither(或nor)＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语意为“……也不这样”。‎ ‎⑪(2019·邯郸质量检测)If you don't go, ____________ will I.‎ ‎[答案]　neither/nor 三、 掌握祈使句的3种固定句式 ‎1．祈使句＋and＋陈述句，表示“……就……”‎ ‎⑫(2019·内蒙古一模)Work hard ____________ you will succeed.‎ ‎[答案]　and ‎2．祈使句＋or＋陈述句，表示“……否则……”‎ ‎⑬(2019·山东菏泽质检)Hurry up ____________ we will be late.‎ ‎[答案]　or ‎3．名词词组＋and＋陈述句，表示“……就……”‎ ‎⑭(2019·沧州联考)One more minute ____________ I will finish it.‎ ‎[答案]　and 四、主谓一致的8项注意 ‎1．注意就近原则：由or，either...or..., neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，采用就近一致原则，即谓语动词和与它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。‎ ‎⑮(2019·安徽安庆望江检测)Neither his students nor the teacher ____________(know) how to work out the problem.‎ ‎[答案]　knows ‎2．注意就远原则：主语部分包括as well as，rather than，but，except，with，together with，along with等连接其他名词时，谓语动词的形式应与前面的主语保持一致。‎ ‎⑯(2019·江西省五市联合模拟)Mr. Smith, together with his wife and children, ____________(be) going to visit Beijing next month.‎ ‎[答案]　is ‎3．注意主语的实质内容 ‎(1)“a large quantity of＋名词”作主语，谓语动词要用单数；“large quantities of＋名词”作主语，谓语动词要用复数形式。‎ ‎(2)“a/the＋单数名词＋and＋单数名词”表示一个人的双重身份，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎⑰(2019·聊城二模)The teacher and poet often ____________(give) lectures around the city.‎ ‎[答案]　gives ‎(3)“a/the＋单数名词＋and a/the＋单数名词”表示两个人或事物，谓语动词用复数。‎ ‎⑱(2019·湖南一模)The teacher and the poet ____________(has) just arrived.‎ ‎[答案]　have ‎4．注意“名词＋with，together with，as well as，along with，but，except，in addition to＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数与前面的名词保持一致。‎ ‎⑲(2019·河南质检)The manager，together with his assistants，____________(have) gone to the restaurant.‎ ‎[答案]　has ‎5．注意意义一致原则：“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎⑳(2019·廊坊市模拟)Every man and every woman ____________(have) a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.‎ ‎[答案]　has ‎6．注意集体名词，如family，class，group，team，club，company，government，population作主语时，谓语动词要根据语境中表示的意义而定。当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。‎ (2019·南昌市三校联考)As far as I know，his family ____________ not very large but the family ____________ all music lovers.(be)‎ ‎[答案]　is; are ‎7．注意不定式、动名词以及从句作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。‎ (2019·襄阳市模拟)Studying at a university in the UK have been a good experience for me.____________‎ ‎[答案]　have→has ‎8．注意“分数/百分数＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据意义来确定，如果意义为复数，谓语动词用复数；如果意义为单数，谓语动词则用单数。‎ (2019·淄博市模拟)About 80% of the students ____________(be) from the countryside in our class.‎ ‎[答案]　are Step 3增分攻略·献计献策献妙招 一、特殊句式在语法填空中的审题、解题要领口诀 固定句式很重要，标记词汇要记牢。‎ 强调句中看句式，出现it is/was要盯梢。‎ 副词置于句首前，否定意义风向标。‎ 主谓一致更简单，记住上面有八条。‎ ‎[操作技法1]　固定句式思维法 考生要养成看到以it开头的句子，就要考虑强调句型的思维模式，把强调结构排除之后再考虑需要用的其他连接词。‎ ‎[典例]　(2019·吉林市普通中学调研测试)Could it be in the restaurant ____________ you had dinner with me yesterday ____________ you lost your handbag?‎ ‎[解析]　考查定语从句和强调句型。句意：你会不会把手提包丢在昨天我们一起吃晚饭的饭店里了？第一空用where引导定语从句，where在从句中作地点状语；第二空用that构成强调句型的基本框架。‎ ‎[答案]　where；that ‎[操作技法2]　标志识别法 解倒装类题目的关键是判断出句子是否具备使用倒装的条件。‎ ‎(1)看句首是否有表示否定意义的词，是否有only所修饰的状语(从句)，是否有so修饰的形容词或副词以及not until，not only等。‎ ‎[典例1]　(2019·石家庄质检)Not until the motorbike looked almost new ____________ he stop repairing and cleaning it.‎ ‎[解析]　考查部分倒装。句意：直到摩托车看起来几乎是新的时他才停止修理和清洗它。not until...位于句首，主句要部分倒装，故此处填助动词did。‎ ‎[答案]　did ‎(2)看句首是否有表示方位或方向的词或短语，且主语是否为名词，或结合题干的句子结构看是不是分词等置于句首，若是，则用完全倒装。‎ ‎[典例2]　(2019·江西省八校联考)Just in front of our house ____________(stand) a tall tree with a history of 1,000 years.‎ ‎[解析]　考查部分倒装。表示地点的介词短语Just in front of our house置于句首，且句子的主语为名词，故句子要完全倒装，即主语a tall tree要放在谓语之后，本空填stands或 stood。‎ ‎[答案]　stands/stood 二、主谓一致在语法填空中的审题、解题要领口诀 语法一致是基础，意义一致莫糊涂。‎ 就近一致遵规则，就远一致心有数。‎ 四个一致常复习，到时一用不犯怵。‎ ‎[操作技法1]　看好句子的主语，仔细阅读，找出句子的主语。‎ ‎[典例]　(2019·漳州市八校联考)A pair of glasses ____________ on the table，but the glasses ____________ yours.(be)‎ ‎[解析]　考查主谓一致。第一空，glasses前有A pair of修饰，表单数概念，a pair of glasses作主语时谓语动词用单数形式；第二空，glasses单独作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。又因句中有but，表示转折，故用否定形式。‎ ‎[答案]　is; aren't ‎[操作技法2]　巧用就近或就远原则 当主语是由or，nor，either...or，neither...nor，not only...but also连接并列成分时以及在there be句型中，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则。除就近原则之外，当主语是A with/together with/as well as/including/...B时，谓语动词的单复数由A决定，相对于就近原则，此原则相当于就远原则。‎ ‎[典例]　(2019·遵义市模拟)Dr.Black，as well as his students ____________(do) experiments in the lab now.‎ ‎[解析]　考查主谓一致。句意：Black博士和他的学生们现在正在实验室做实验。根据时间状语now可知用现在进行时。主语为“Dr.Black，as well as his students”，谓语动词遵循就远原则，所以谓语动词用单数，故填is doing。‎ ‎[答案]　is doing ‎1．注意分析句式结构，确定为何种特殊句式。‎ ‎2．根据特殊句式的结构特点填入适当的词。‎ ‎(1)看到倒装句，要注意其谓语动词的人称和数；‎ ‎(2)看到there be句型要注意主谓一致和时态。‎ ‎3．看主语人称，确定谓语动词形式。‎ ‎4．看充当主语的词(短语)，确定谓语动词形式 ‎(1)看到主语为动名词短语/to do不定式或从句，要想到谓语应为第三人称单数形式；‎ ‎(2)看到“分数/百分数＋of＋名词”作主语，要想到谓语的数取决于名词。‎ ‎5．看到there be等结构，要想到用就近一致原则。‎ Step 4刷题训练·练稳练准练速度 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2019·安徽百校论坛二次联考)It is how you handle each challenge ____________ counts.‎ ‎[解析]　句意：你怎样处理每一个挑战很重要。考查强调句型(It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他成分)。本句中被强调部分为how you handle each challenge，表示“你怎么处理每一个挑战”。‎ ‎[答案]　that ‎2．(2019·湖北荆州中学四次质检)____________ is no doubt that human activity, which does great harm to the environment, is the main cause.‎ ‎[解析]　句意：毫无疑问，危害环境的人类活动是主要原因。“There is no doubt that...”为固定句型，意为“毫无疑问……”。‎ ‎[答案]　There ‎3．(2019·江西新余一中、宜春一中联考)Are you too old for fairy tales? If you think ____________， Copenhagen is sure to change your mind.‎ ‎[解析]　句意：你是不是老得连童话都不想听了？如果你这样认为，哥本哈根肯定会改变你的想法。so被置于believe，hope，suppose，think等动词后以避免重复。本句中so用来代替you are too old for fairy tales。‎ ‎[答案]　so ‎4．(2019·江西樟树中学等六校一联)In that way, World Read Aloud Day ____________(do) help make a difference.‎ ‎[解析]　句意：通过那种方式，世界大声读书日的确帮助产生了影响。do/does/did放在实义动词前表示强调。本句主语为第三人称单数，故填does。‎ ‎[答案]　does ‎5．(2019·河北衡水中学二次调研)Neither a single person ____________ any traffic was in sight at all.‎ ‎[解析]　句意：既看不到一个人，也看不到任何车辆。考查固定句型“neither...nor...”。‎ ‎[答案]　nor ‎6．(2019·北京西城期末)—I am learning the piano. How can I learn it well?‎ ‎—____________(mind) the traditional first before trying the modern.‎ ‎[解析]　句意：——我在学习钢琴。我如何才能学好它呢？——在试图学习现代的之前先注意传统的。答句为祈使句。‎ ‎[答案]　Mind ‎7．(2019·赣州十四县市联考)However, what still makes me puzzled ____________(be) how to make my dream to go to a top university come true.‎ ‎[解析]　主语从句作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数，故填is。‎ ‎[答案]　is ‎8．(2019·甘肃武威二中二次月考)English ____________(change) and developed when cultures met and communicated with each other over the past centuries.‎ ‎[解析]　句意：在过去的几个世纪中，当不同文化互相接触、相互交流时，英语变化并发展了。根据时间状语over the past centuries可知设空处用现在完成时，故填has changed。‎ ‎[答案]　has changed ‎9．(2019·湖南永州一模)How exciting it is to visit China! China can offer what ____________(appeal) to every visitor, but due to the population, the crowds can be an issue.‎ ‎[解析]　句意：参观中国多么令人兴奋啊！中国可以提供吸引每个游客的景点，但是由于人口问题，拥挤会成为一个问题。本句介绍的是一般情况，故设空处用一般现在时，本句中的what属于单数第三人称，故填appeals。‎ ‎[答案]　appeals ‎10．(2019·河南中原名校二次质量考评)The Chinese ____________(know) about the benefits of green tea since ancient times.‎ ‎[解析]　句意：自从古代中国人就对绿茶的益处有所了解。根据时间状语since ancient times可知设空处用现在完成时，故填have known。‎ ‎[答案]　have known ‎11．(2019·河南郑州外国语学校二次调研)Dolva, one of the scientists who ____________(be) concentrating on developing the robot, explains how the robot AV1 works.‎ ‎[解析]　句意：Dolva，关注开发机器人的科学家之一，解释了机器人AV1是如何工作的。本题考查主谓一致。“who ____________(be) concentrating on developing the robot”为定语从句，先行词为scientists，故设空处填are。‎ ‎[答案]　are ‎12．(2019·洛阳第一次统考改编)I can't remember her face now but recalling the incident ____________(make) me happy.‎ ‎[解析]　句意：我现在记不起她的脸了，但是回顾那次事件让我很高兴。动名词短语“recalling the incident”作主语，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎[答案]　makes ‎13．(2019·河北邢台二中、临城中学等七校联考改编)Saving money ____________(be) what you need to start several months before you move out.‎ ‎[解析]　句意：省钱是你搬出去之前几个月需要先开始做的。动名词短语“Saving money”作主语，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎[答案]　is ‎14．(2019·唐山一中高三模拟考改编)I was paid nine dollars an hour, which ____________(be) three dollars more than the school post office paid us.‎ ‎[解析]　句意：我每小时九美元，这比学校邮局支付给我们的要多三美元。which指代nine dollars，在定语从句中作主语，表示钱数的名词复数作主语，谓语动词用单数；根据主句时态判断此空填was。‎ ‎[答案]　was ‎15．(2019·江苏建陵中学质检改编)No one in the department but Tom and I ____________(know) that the director is going to resign.‎ ‎[解析]　句意：除了我和汤姆，部门里没人知道主管即将辞职。主语后有but连接的成分时，谓语动词的单复数与主语一致，主语no one表示单数；根据下文的时态可知应用一般现在时，故填knows。‎ ‎[答案]　knows Ⅱ.语篇语法填空 ‎(2019·宁夏大学附属中学第六次月考)Imagine a road crossing without the threeway traffic signal, cars, trucks, school buses, bicyclists and students walking to school would try to rush ‎ through the crossing 1.______________ the same time. Their safety would be in danger.‎ Thanks to an African American 2.______________(invent) named Garrett Augustus Morgan, we have threeway traffic signals that help make crossings much 3.______________(safe). Mr. Morgan was born in Kentucky in 1877. He only received six years' education. As a teen he left his family's farm in search of better 4.______________(opportunity). Living in Cincinnati, Ohio, he continued his studies in English grammar. Then he moved on to Cleveland 5.______________ he worked as a repairman for a clothing factory. He had a keen interest in solving problems 6.______________(meet) in everyday life. Later he patented several inventions. The threeway traffic signal was just one of 7.____________. One day he felt very sad when he saw a traffic accident. To help reduce traffic accidents and save people's lives, he 8.____________(immediate) began to work on the invention. Finally, it was 9.______________ great success which saved lives then, and 10.______________(be) still saving lives today.‎ 语篇解读： 本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍三向交通信号灯的发明经过及发明者Garrett Augustus Morgan。‎ ‎1．[解析]　考查固定词组。固定词组：at the same time“同时”，故填at。‎ ‎[答案]　at ‎2．[解析]　考查名词。句意：多亏了一位名叫加勒特·奥古斯都·摩根(Garrett Augustus Morgan)的非裔美国发明家，我们有了三向交通信号灯，让过路变得更加安全。结合句意可知此处用名词inventor“发明者”，故填inventor。‎ ‎[答案]　inventor ‎3．[解析]　考查形容词比较级。句意：多亏了一位名叫加勒特·奥古斯都·摩根(Garrett Augustus Morgan)的非裔美国发明家，我们有了三向交通信号灯，让过路变得更加安全。much修饰比较级，加强语气，故填safer。‎ ‎[答案]　safer ‎4．[解析]　考查名词复数。句意：十几岁时，他离开家的农场去寻找更好的机会。结合句意可知此处是名词复数，故填opportunities。‎ ‎[答案]　opportunities ‎5．[解析]　考查定语从句。句意：然后他搬到了Cleveland，在那里做一家服装厂的修理工。此处Cleveland是先行词，在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故填where。‎ ‎[答案]　where ‎6．[解析]　考查过去分词作后置定语。句意：他对解决日常生活中遇到的问题有着浓厚的兴趣。此处problems 和meet之间是被动关系，是过去分词作后置定语，故填met。‎ ‎[答案]　met ‎7．[解析]　考查人称代词宾格。句意：后来他为几项发明申请了专利。三通只是其中之一。根据one of可知后面用名词复数或代词宾格，此处用them代替前面的名词复数。故填them。‎ ‎[答案]　them ‎8．[解析]　考查副词。此处用副词修饰动词began，故填immediately。‎ ‎[答案]　immediately ‎9．[解析]　考查不定冠词。句意：这是一个巨大的成功，挽救了当时的生命，今天仍然在挽救生命。a success“一个成功的人；一件成功的事”。故填a。‎ ‎[答案]　a ‎10．[解析]　考查时态和主谓一致。句意：这是一个巨大的成功，挽救了当时的生命，今天仍然在挽救生命。后半句用现在进行时态，主语是it，故填is。‎ ‎[答案]　is 专题强化训练(十一)‎ Ⅰ.语法填空 A ‎(2019·陕西省尚德中学教学质量检测)Friendship is indispensable(不可缺少的) to people's life. A man without friends is like an angel without wings, 1.____________ life will suffer in the long tolerance of loneliness and depression. Friendship is the mother of our soul, who will warm her kid if hurt 2.____________(occur). We have many things such as happiness, 3.____________(excite) and bitterness, to share with our friends in life, etc. Thus, it is important 4.____________(maintain) a true friendship.‎ It takes many special qualities to make a friend. Understanding should come first. Only 5.____________ we get a better understanding of each other can we gain 6.____________ authentic and meaningful friendship.‎ It also takes a special kind of love that seems to have no end. Never hesitate to show your kindness to your friend when he/she is 7.____________ trouble. Love is not selfish. Love is such a valuable quality 8.____________(give) by God that we should treasure it all our life.‎ Tolerance is the 9.____________(three) essential part in friendship. We are 10.____________(absolute) different persons. This individual distinction may cause conflict. But just try to tolerate others so that you can maintain your friendship.‎ 语篇解读： 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了友谊是人们生活中不可缺少的部分，并且介绍了交朋友的三个品质：理解、爱和容忍。‎ ‎1．[解析]　考査非限制性定语从句。分析句子可知后半部分是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为a man，先行词在从句中作定语修饰名词life，要用关系代词whose，故填whose。‎ ‎[答案]　whose ‎2．[解析]　考査谓语动词。因if引导的条件状语从句的主语是单数名词hurt，本句话用的是一般现在时，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，故填occurs。‎ ‎[答案]　occurs ‎3．[解析]　考查名词。由本空格前面的happiness以及后面的bitterness可知，这里应该填excite的名词形式。故填excitement。‎ ‎[答案]　excitement ‎4．[解析]　考查不定式。由It is＋形容词＋to do sth.的结构可知这里填不定式，在此结构中，不定式是真正的主语，it是形式主语。故填to maintain。‎ ‎[答案]　to maintain ‎5．[解析]　考查连词。句意：只有当我们更好地相互了解，我们才能获得一份真挚和有意义的友谊。根据句意可知此处需要when“当……的时候”来引导时间状语从句，故填when。‎ ‎[答案]　when ‎6．[解析]　考查冠词。句意：只有当我们更好地相互了解，我们才能获得一份真挚和有意义的友谊。friendship 是抽象名词，抽象名词一般是不可数的，但当它前面有修饰语时其前面可加不定冠词a或者an。又因为authentic是以元音音素开头，所以此处填不定冠词an。‎ ‎[答案]　an ‎7．[解析]　考査介词。in trouble 意为“在困难中”，为固定搭配。故填in。‎ ‎[答案]　in ‎8．[解析]　考查非谓语动词。本句已经有谓语动词is，故give在此处作非谓语。又由后面的“by God”可知是被动关系，故用过去分词given作后置定语来修饰名词quality，故填given。‎ ‎[答案]　given ‎9．[解析]　考査序数词。根据上文提到交朋友的两个品质：理解和爱，可知此处容忍是第三个品质，所以此处应用three的序数词third，表示“第三个品质”，故填third。‎ ‎[答案]　third ‎10．[解析]　考査副词。此处用于修饰空格后的形容词different，要用副词absolutely来修饰形容词different，故填absolutely。‎ ‎[答案]　absolutely B ‎(2019·四川成都市外国语学校月考)How should you behave when you meet someone 1.____________ the first time? An American shakes your hand 2.____________(firm) while looking you straight in the eye. In many parts of Asia, there is no physical contact at all. In Japan, you should bow, and the 3.____________(much) respect you want to show, the deeper you should bow. In Thailand, people greet each other by pressing both hands together at the chest. In both countries, eye contact 4.____________(avoid) as a sign of respect.‎ In Spain, lunch is often 5.____________ biggest meal of the day, and can last two or three hours. For this reason, many people eat a light breakfast and a late dinner. In Mexico, lunch is a time 6.____________(relax), and many people prefer not to discuss business as they eat. In Britain, it's not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast.‎ In most countries, an exchange of business cards 7.____________(be) necessary for all introductions. You should include your company name and your position. If you are going to a country 8.____________ your language is not widely spoken, you can get the back side of your card 9.____________(print) in the local language. In a word, when 10.____________(travel) abroad, we should follow local habits.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。在不同的国家有不同的风俗习惯，文章介绍了美国、亚洲、西班牙、墨西哥的一些见面礼节和餐饮习惯，提醒人们要入乡随俗。‎ ‎1．[解析]　考查介词短语。句意：当你第一次遇见一个人的时候，你应该如何做？介词短语for the first time在句中作时间状语，这是一个固定搭配。所以要填for。‎ ‎[答案]　for ‎2．[解析]　考查副词。在英语中副词通常作状语修饰形容词、副词、动词或者整个句子，而形容词通常作表语或定语；本句中使用副词作状语修饰动词短语shake your hand。所以要填firmly。‎ ‎[答案]　firmly ‎3．[解析]　考查固定句式。句意：你想表达的尊敬越多，你应该弯腰越深。固定句式：the＋比较级，the＋比较级；意为“越……就越……”，本句用much的比较级more与deeper呼应，所以要填more。‎ ‎[答案]　more ‎4．[解析]　考查语态。句意：在这两个国家里，为了表示尊敬，要避免眼神接触。本句中eye contact与动词avoid构成被动关系，要使用被动语态。所以要填is avoided。‎ ‎[答案]　is avoided ‎5．[解析]　考查定冠词。句意：在西班牙，午餐是一天中最大的一餐，可能持续两三个小时。在形容词的最高级前面加定冠词the表示特指，所以本句要填the。‎ ‎[答案]　the ‎6．[解析]　考查不定式。句意：在墨西哥，午餐是放松的时间，很多人在吃饭的时候不谈生意。本句中不定式作定语修饰抽象名词time，类似的结构还有the ability to do sth.“做某事的能力”等。所以要填to relax。‎ ‎[答案]　to relax ‎7．[解析]　考查主谓一致。句意：在大部分国家里，相互介绍时交换名片是必须的。本句主语是单数名词an exchange of business cards，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式，所以要填is。‎ ‎[答案]　is ‎8．[解析]　考查定语从句。句意：如果你要去一个你的母语没有被广泛使用的国家，你可以把名片的反面用当地的语言打印。本题定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词a country，定语从句结构完整，要用关系副词where引导定语从句。所以要填关系副词where。‎ ‎[答案]　where ‎9．[解析]　考查非谓语动词。句意：如果你要去一个你的母语没有被广泛使用的国家，你可以把名片的反面用当地的语言打印。固定结构：get sth. done“让某事被做”；本句中the back side of your card与动词print构成被动关系，用过去分词作宾语补足语。所以要填过去分词printed。‎ ‎[答案]　printed ‎10．[解析]　考查分词作状语。句意：总之，当出国旅行的时候，我们应该遵守当地的风俗。本句主语we与动词travel构成主动关系，用现在分词在句中作时间状语。所以要填现在分词traveling。‎ ‎[答案]　traveling Ⅱ.短文改错 ‎(2019·山东滨州第二次模拟)In most cases, almost everyone visit a café or friend's house asks for the WiFi password first. The Internet seems have become one of your basic needs. And ‎ 60% of the world's population still didn't have Internet access. The situation is even more worse in the least developed countries—only one in 10 people have regular access to the Internet. That's why in the recent survey, many people think of Internet access as a privilege instead of a human right.‎ However, the UN has made it clearly since 2011 that the Internet, that should be accessible to everyone, is a human right.‎ ‎[答案]　‎ In most cases, almost everyone a café or friend's house asks for the WiFi password first. The Internet seems have become one of basic needs. 60% of the world's population still have Internet access. The situation is even worse in the least developed countries—only one in 10 people regular access to the Internet. That's why in recent survey, many people think of Internet access as a privilege instead of a human right.‎ However, the UN has made it since 2011 that the Internet, should be accessible to everyone, is a human right.‎ Ⅲ.阅读理解 ‎(2019·山西省汾阳市第二高级中学月考)Suppose you're in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.‎ Realisation will probably set in seconds after you've clicked“send”. You freeze in horror and burn with shame.‎ What to do? Here are four common email accidents, and how to handle.‎ Clicking“send”too soon Don't waste your time trying to find out if the receivers has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.‎ Writing the wrong time The sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologizing for your mistake. Keep the tone measured: don't handle it too lightly, as people can be offered, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names)．‎ Clicking“reply all”unintentionally You accidentally reveal(透露) to entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday you'd like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, lighthearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse, when everyone starts hitting“reply all”to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.‎ Sending an offensive message to its subject The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but accidentally send it to the person ‎ you're discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly—see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。人们在发送邮件的时候经常会出现一些错误，作者详细说明了四个处理邮件事故的方法。‎ ‎1．After realizing an email accident, you are likely to feel ________.‎ A．curious B．tired C．awful D．funny ‎[解析]　推理判断题。根据文章第二段可知当人们意识到自己已经错误地发错邮件的时候，人们通常都很非常羞愧，感觉很糟糕。故C项正确。‎ ‎[答案]　C ‎2．If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to ________.‎ A．apologise in a serious manner B．tell the receiver to ignore the error C．learn to write the name correctly D．send a short notice to everyone ‎[解析]　细节理解题。根据第五段第三句“Keep the tone measured: don't handle it too lightly, as people can be offered, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names)．”可知当我们写错名字的时候一定要很严肃地向对方道歉，不要轻描淡写，因为在某些文化中这是非常严重的错误。故A项正确。‎ ‎[答案]　A ‎3．What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your“reply all”email?‎ A．Try offering other choices.‎ B．Avoid further involvement(参与)．‎ C．Meet other staff members.‎ D．Make a lighthearted apology.‎ ‎[解析]　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.(在这种情况下我们能做的是远离电脑，不要再有其他的动作，让所有人都冷静下来。)”故B项正确。‎ ‎[答案]　B ‎4．What is the passage mainly about?‎ A．Defining email errors.‎ B．Reducing email mistakes.‎ C．Handling email accidents.‎ D．Improving email writing.‎ ‎[解析]　主旨大意题。文章前两段提及了我们在发邮件的时候经常会遇见一些错误情况，第三段“What to do? Here are four common email accidents, and how to handle.”是一个承上启下的段落，在接下来的四部分中作者详细说明了四个处理邮件事故的方法。C项“Handling email accidents”与文章中心思想一致。‎ ‎[答案]　C ‎? ?Ⅳ.完形填空 ‎(2019·西宁市第四高级中学月考)My nephew's 10yearold son came for a visit one hot, July weekend. I persuaded him to ____1____ inside and joined him in a game. After ____2____ for an hour, I suggested that we relax for a while. I ____3____ my favorite recliner(躺椅) to let my neck muscles relax. He had slipped out of the room and I was catching a few enjoyable ____4____ of peace and quiet.‎ ‎“Look，Alice，”he said eagerly as he ____5____ over to the chair where I was sitting.“I found a kite. Could we go outside and ____6____ it？”‎ Glancing out a nearby window, I noticed it was ____7____ outside.“I'm sorry, Tripper.”I said, sad to see his ____8____ eyes.“The wind is not ____9____ today. The kite won't fly.”‎ The ____10____ 10yearold boy replied，“I think it's windy enough. I can get it to fly.”He answered ____11____ he hurried out to the back door.‎ Up and down in the yard he ran, ____12____ the kite attached to a small length of string. He ran back and forth，as hard as his tenyearold legs would carry him, looking back ____13____ at the kite behind. After about ten minutes of unsuccessful determination, he came back in.‎ I asked，“How did it ____14____？”‎ ‎“Fine，”he said, not wanting to admit ____15____.“I got it to fly some”．‎ As he walked past me to return the kite to the closet shelf, I heard him say under his breath，“I guess I'll have to wait for the ____16____.”‎ At that moment I heard another voice speak to my ____17____.“Alice, sometimes you are just like that. You want to do it in your way ____18____ waiting for the wind.”‎ And the voice was right. We usually want to use our own efforts to ____19____ what we want to do. We wait for the wind only after we have done all we can and have exhausted(耗尽) our own ____20____.‎ 语篇解读： 本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍作者的侄子在没有风的时候努力的放风筝，失败后，意识到自己应该等待风的到来。由此引发感想，我们往往会按照自己的意愿行事，而不管条件是否允许。‎ ‎1．A.live B．stay C．study D．lie ‎[解析]　考查动词。A.live“生活”；B.stay“保持；待”；C.study“学习”；D.lie“撒谎”，句意：我说服他待在家里和他玩游戏。故选B。‎ ‎[答案]　B ‎2．A.playing B．resting C．challenging D．arguing ‎[解析]　考查动词。A.playing“玩”；B.resting“休息”；C.challenging“挑战”；D.arguing“争论”，从前面的句子：“I persuaded him to ____1____ inside and joined him in a game.”可知是玩了一个小时。故选A。‎ ‎[答案]　A ‎3．A.cleaned up B．jumped off C．fell into D．cut down ‎[解析]　考查动词词组。A.cleaned up“打扫”；B.jumped off“跳走”；C.fell into“‎ 掉进，变成”；D.cut down“砍到，削减”。根据“I ____3____ my favorite recliner(躺椅) to let my neck muscles relax.”可知，我躺在我最喜欢的躺椅上，让我的颈部肌肉放松。故选C。‎ ‎[答案]　C ‎4．A.moments B．hours C．times D．periods ‎[解析]　考查名词。A.moments“片刻”；B.hours“小时”；C.times“时代”；D.periods“期间”。根据“He had slipped out of the room and I was catching a few enjoyable ____4____of peace and quiet.”可知，他溜出了房间，我正享受着安静祥和的时光。故选A。‎ ‎[答案]　A ‎5．A.sent B．ran C．left D．climbed ‎[解析]　考查动词。A.sent“寄派”；B.ran“跑”；C.left“离开”；D.climbed“爬”。根据“‘Look，Alice，’he said eagerly as he ____5____ over to the chair where I was sitting.”可知，“爱丽丝，”他急切地说，他跑到我坐的椅子那里。故选B。‎ ‎[答案]　B ‎6．A.decorate B．drop C．hang D．fly ‎[解析]　考查动词。A.decorate“装饰”；B.drop“滴落”；C.hang“悬挂”；D.fly“飞行，放飞”，因为看见的是风筝，所以是出去放风筝，故选D。‎ ‎[答案]　D ‎7．A.hot B．still C．noisy D．fine ‎[解析]　考查形容词。A.hot“热的”；B.still“不动的”；C.noisy“嘈杂的”；D.fine“好的”，从后面的“The wind is not ____9____ today. The kite won't fly.”可知外面没有风，是平静的，故选B。‎ ‎[答案]　B ‎8．A.bright B．disappointed C．dull D．satisfied ‎[解析]　考查形容词。A.bright“明亮的”；B.disappointed“失望的”；C.dull“枯燥的”；D.satisfied“满意的”，不能放风筝侄子一定是失望的，故选B。‎ ‎[答案]　B ‎9．A.staying B．stopping C．going D．blowing ‎[解析]　考查动词。A.staying“停留”；B.stopping“停止”；C.going“去”；D.blowing“吹”。根据“The wind is not ____9____ today. The kite won't fly.”可知，“今天不刮风。风筝飞不起来”。故选D。‎ ‎[答案]　D ‎10．A.clever B．talented C．determined D．fearless ‎[解析]　考查形容词。A.clever“聪明的”；B.talented“有才能的”；C.determined“有决心的”；D.fearless“无畏的”，从后面的“I think it's windy enough. I can get it to fly，”可知侄子很有决心，故选C。‎ ‎[答案]　C ‎11．A.after B．unless C．as D．until ‎[解析]　考查连词。A.after“在……之后”；B.unless“除非”；C.as“一边……一边……，由于”；D.until“直到……为止”。根据“He answered ____11____ he hurried out to the back door.”可知，他一边回答，一边急忙跑到后门去。故选C。‎ ‎[答案]　C ‎12．A.following B．making C．pulling D．watching ‎[解析]　考查动词。A.following“跟随”；B.making“制造”；C.pulling“拉”；D.watching“观看”。根据“Up and down in the yard he ran, ____12____ the kite attached to a small length of string.”可知，他在院子里跑来跑去，拉着绑在一根细绳子上的风筝。故选C。‎ ‎[答案]　C ‎13．A.angrily B．nervously C．doubtfully D．hopefully ‎[解析]　考查副词。A.angrily“生气地”；B.nervously“紧张地”；C.doubtfully“怀疑地”；D.hopefully“有希望地”。句意：满怀希望地看着身后的风筝，故选D。‎ ‎[答案]　D ‎14．A.go B．come C．make D．fly ‎[解析]　考查动词。A.go“去”；B.come“来”；C.make“制造”；D.fly“飞”。根据“I asked，‘How did it ____14____？’”可知，我问：“它是怎么飞的？”故选D。‎ ‎[答案]　D ‎15．A.win B．defeat C．mistake D．luck ‎[解析]　考查名词。A.win“胜利”；B.defeat“击败”；C.mistake“错误”；D.luck“幸运”，从后面的“I got it to fly some”可知孩子不想承认被打败，故选B。‎ ‎[答案]　B ‎16．A.wind B．order C．news D．sunshine ‎[解析]　考查名词。A.wind“风”；B.order“命令”；C.news“消息”；D.sunshine“阳光”，从前面的句子：“The wind is not __9__ today. The kite won't fly.”可知孩子要等风来，故选A。‎ ‎[答案]　A ‎17．A.heart B．memory C．dream D．world ‎[解析]　考查名词。A.heart“心”；B.memory“记忆”；C.dream“梦想”；D.world“世界”。句意：我听见内心有个声音在说，故选A。‎ ‎[答案]　A ‎18．A.because of B．instead of C．except for D．as for ‎[解析]　考查词组。A.because of“因为”；B.instead of“代替”；C.except for“除了……以外”；D.as for“至于”。根据“You want to do it in your way ____18____ waiting for the wind.”可知，你想用自己的方式去做，而不是等待风。故选B。‎ ‎[答案]　B ‎19．A.imagine B．decide C．apply D．accomplish ‎[解析]　考查动词。A.imagine“想象”；B.decide“决定”；C.apply“申请”；D.accomplish“完成”。句意：我们有时想通过自己的努力完成想做的事情，故选D。‎ ‎[答案]　D ‎20．A.courage B．patience C．strength D．knowledge ‎[解析]　考查名词。A.courage“勇气”； B．patience“耐心”；C.strength“力量，力气”；D.knowledge“知识”。句意：我们的力气都耗尽了，故选C。‎ ‎[答案]　C