【英语】2020届二轮复习主谓一致用法考点纵览学案

【英语】2020届二轮复习主谓一致用法考点纵览学案

‎2020届二轮复习 主谓一致用法考点纵览学案 一、概说 主谓一致是英语中一致关系中的一种。一致是一个语法范畴，指词语之间在人称、数、格、性等方面的一致。对于人称、格、性方面的一致比较简单易懂，本书在有关章节都以涉及，所以本章主要讨论数的一致。‎ 关于数的一致，英语中有三个原则。‎ ‎1、语法一致，即形式上的一致。‎ The book is useful.‎ The books are useful.‎ ‎2、语义一致，即意义上的一致。‎ The family are having lunch.‎ Ten dollars is enough.‎ ‎3、临近原则，即谓语动词的形式与邻近的名词一致。‎ Either you or he attends the meeting.‎ A man of abilities are needed.‎ 下面我们将着重从七大方面详细阐述英语中的主谓一致。‎ 二、特殊种类 名词的谓语动词单复数 ‎1、集合名词单复数 ‎①集合名词作主语时，如果着眼于整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果着眼于个体，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的这类名词有：family、class、crowd、army、audience、team、club、offspring、choir、crew、company、cavalry、hotel、couple、committee、village、jury、government、staff、union、public、faculty、board、orchestra、party、population、group等。如：‎ The family is a big one.‎ The family are watching TV.‎ The population in the world is increasing quickly.‎ Two thirds of the population here are farmers.‎ The company produces cars.‎ The company work hard.‎ The team is united well.‎ The team are good players.‎ 对此应注意以下几点：‎ a、上述集合名词作主语时，有时谓语对此用单复数均可。如：‎ The school’s teaching staff is (are) excellent.‎ The enemy has to (have to) escape.‎ The jury is (are) disinterested.‎ b、the proletariat（无产阶级）、the bourgeoisie（资产阶级）、the laity（俗人）等作主语时，通常用单数谓语动词。如：‎ The proletariat is great.‎ The new bourgeoisie has come into power.‎ c、population、offspring、screw等词也可有复数形式，但要指不同的范围和所属。如：‎ The populations of the two countries are different.‎ Their offspring are likely to live a better life.‎ The crews of the two ships come into the same trouble.‎ d、可用every one（a member）of +集合名词表示单数。如：‎ Every one of the class is hard-working.‎ A member of the team has been over thirty.‎ e、the whole +集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；all the +集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可。如：‎ The whole audience cheers up.‎ All the audience cheer up.‎ ‎②有些有生命的集合名词作主语时，谓语动词只用复数形式，常见的这类名词有：police、cattle、folk、people、mankind、militia、youth、vermin、personnel、kindred、clergy等。如：‎ The cattle are gazing on the hill.‎ The police have tried their best to arrest the criminal.‎ The mankind long for peace.‎ 对此应注意以下三点：‎ a、这些集合名词有些有其相应的表示个体成员的词，有单复数变化。如：police—policeman、mankind—man、militia—militiaman、clergy—clergyman、nobility—nobleman、peasantry—peasant、the English—Englishman、the Spanish—Spaniard、the British—Briton等。‎ b、集合名词有些前面可加数词进行修饰。如：‎ Ten cattle are killed for beef.‎ Five police hunted for the lost boy in the forest.‎ c、people表示“人、人民”时为复数意义，不可加-s，但表示“民族”时，有单复数形式。如：‎ The Chinese people are a brave people.‎ ‎③无生命的集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，常见的这类名词有：poetry、jewellery、millinery、scenery、weaponry、machinery、clothing、underwear、glasswear、hardwear、merchandise、cutlery、stationary等。如：‎ Poetry is a big wealth for our human beings.‎ Weapontry is the main force of a country.‎ Clothing is necessary for all of us.‎ The scenery here is beautiful.‎ ‎2、用作书名、报纸名、国家名、组织机构等的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，但如果是山脉、群岛、瀑布等的名称时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：‎ Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy.‎ The New York Times is very popular with people.‎ The United Nations is an international organization.‎ The United States is a powerful country.‎ The Himalayas are the roof of the world.‎ The Philippines lie in the Asia.‎ The Niagara Falls lie between the USA and Canada.‎ The Olympics are held every four years.‎ ‎3、一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的这类名词有：clothes、trousers、shorts、scissors、scales、oats、assets、fireworks、remains、quarters、woods、jeans、glasses、wages、binoculars、gloves、stockings、arms、goods、spectales、belongs、braces、earnings、filings、doings、surroundings、thanks等。如：‎ The scissors are used to cut things.‎ The scales weigh things accurately.‎ The goods are exported abroad.‎ 若表示成双成对的东西的名词前面有数量词pair、cluster、bunch、collection等时，要根据pair等的单复数来确定谓语的单数或复数形式。如：‎ The scissors are made in China.‎ This pair of scissors is made in China.‎ A scissors is made in China.‎ A bunch of flowers is sent to her.‎ Several bunches of flowers is sent to her.‎ ‎4、单复数同行的名词作主语时，谓语形式要根据句义确定。常见的这类动词有：deer、bear、sheep、fish、aircraft、means、species、works、crossroads、antelope、salmon、trout、lodging、barracks、gallows、kennels等。如：‎ A deer is hunting for a dog.‎ Several deer are hunting for a dog.‎ A lodgings is easy to find here.‎ Some lodgings are easy to find here.‎ Poultry is in great demand in the market.‎ Poultry is delicious.‎ The poultry feed on wheat.‎ ‎5、以-ics结尾的学科名词和疾病名词。如：statistics、chalices、acoustics、athletics、politics、mathematics、physics、ethics、optics、electronics、classics、linguistics、economics、plastics、tactics、measles、diabetes、mumps、singles、AIDS等是单数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。如果转义表示具体实践活动、性能、现象等时，是复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：‎ Mathematics is difficult for him to learn.‎ Diabetes can cause death.‎ Statistics is an important major at college.‎ Statistics in the report are accurate.‎ Tactics is different from strategy.‎ His tactics are successful.‎ Economics is a study of production and consumption.‎ The economics in this area are stable.‎ ‎6、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时。谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：‎ Five fays is enough.‎ One hundred miles isn’t a long distance.‎ Two thousand dollars is more than the man can afford.‎ 但如果强调这类词组复数意义时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：‎ The fifty miles are covered by the winner within two hours.‎ One thousand dollars are high for such an old car.‎ ‎7、“the +形容词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数问题。‎ ‎①泛指一类人时，谓语动词用复数，这类词有：the old、the young、the poor、the rich、the deaf、the dead、the beloved、the deceased、the assured、the dying、the exploited、the dumb、the sick、the innocent、the guilty、the wise、the living、the wounded、the injured、the learned、the strong、the weak、the aged、the unemployed等。如：‎ The injured are carried to the hospital.‎ The unemployed live a poor life.‎ The living mourn for the dead.‎ The young care for the old.‎ ‎②指个别人时，看作单数，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ The dying is a sick old man.‎ His beloved is a pretty girl.‎ The accused was found innocent. ‎ Some of the accused were found innocent.‎ The departed is gone forever.（一人）‎ The departed are gone forever.（多人）‎ ‎③表示不可数的事物或抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：the beautiful、the true、the unknown、the best、the worst、the latest、the rough、the sentimental、the ridiculous、the evil、the false、the ugly、the good、the foreign、the exciting、the mysterical等。如：‎ The beautiful exists everywhere in our life.‎ The mysterical is attractive to people.‎ The good is the opposite of the evil.‎ The unknown will come one day in the future.‎ ‎④以-ese、-sh、和-ch等结尾的表示民族及国籍的名词，表示总称，谓语动词用复数形式。如：the Chinese、the Japanese、the Portuguese Congolese、the English、the British、the Spanish、the Swedish、the Polish、the Danish、the Turkish、the Irish、the Welsh、the French、the Dutch、the Russian等。如：‎ The Japanese are brave and strong-willed.‎ The Chinese are hard-working.（正）‎ The Chinese is hard-working.（误）‎ ‎8、某些企业、公司、俱乐部、球队等具有集体意义的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。如：‎ John Ling and Son Ltd announce the long-distance completion.‎ Air Canada are being rebuilt.‎ Scotland are playing football very well.‎ ‎9、以-s结尾的游戏名词，如：billiards、fives、bowls、draughts、darts、checkers、ninepins、skittles、dominoes、marbles等作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：‎ Billiards is his hobby.‎ Fives is played by the hand.‎ 但cards作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Cards are forbidden in school.‎ ‎10、商店名称作主语时，可看作单数，也可看作复数，因此谓语动词用单复数皆可。如：‎ Harrod’s is (are) very popular.‎ Longman’s is (are) opposite the road.‎ ‎11、数词和量词的单复数问题。‎ ‎①数词作主语时，无论指人还是物，谓语动词常用复数形式（one除外）。如：‎ Two are enough.‎ Twenty head of cattle are gazing in the field.‎ Few work it out.‎ ‎②量词作主语时，常看作单数，谓语动词也用单数。如：‎ A little is enough.‎ ‎7oo much apples falls off the tree.（这里用much修饰表示“太多”的量，不是一个一个去看的，而是从总量上去看的，故谓语动词用单数。）‎ ‎12、“复数量词+ of+不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。如：‎ Only five slices of meat is (are) left in the dish.‎ Two bars of chocolate is (are) in the box.‎ 三、动名词短语、动词不定式短语及其他短语和从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。‎ To see is to believe.‎ Keeping good hours is a good habit.‎ Whether you come or not doesn’t matter.‎ ‎“How do you do?” is a greeting.‎ No news is good news.‎ On Sunday is suitable.‎ Slow and steady wins the race.‎ 另外，由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但若从句谓语或从句后的表语是复数形式，则谓语动词用复数形式。如：‎ What you said is beside the point.‎ What we need are skillful workers.‎ What is needed are courage and wisdom.‎ What he says and does don’t agree.（“说”和“做”是两件事）‎ What he says and does is none of my business.（“说”和“做”是两件事）‎ 四、主语为表示部分的名词+ of +名词的谓语动词单复数。‎ ‎1、在“one + of + the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中，定语从句一般视为修饰复数名词，故从句谓语动词用复数形式。如：‎ That is one of the most famous books that have come out.‎ 但当one前面有限定词the、the only、the just等修饰时，定语从句应视为修饰one，故从句谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ He is the one of the persons who witnesses the accident.‎ ‎2、a pair of +复数名词作主语时，谓语动词与pair保持一致，通常用单数形式。但若强调个别成员时，也可用复数谓语动词。如：‎ A pair of gloves is needed.‎ Two pairs of gloves are needed.‎ A pair of thieves pick pocket on the bus.‎ ‎3、neither of +名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式，但也可用复数形式。如：‎ Neither of us goes there.‎ Neither of the men was injured.‎ Neither of the films is moving.‎ Neither of them are strong.‎ Neither of his parents are alive.‎ ‎4、a body of +复数名词或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ A body of people stands on the street.‎ A body of words has different meanings.‎ A body of water is used as a swimming pool.‎ ‎5、a kind of和this kind of等后的谓语动词单复数。‎ ‎①a kind（sort、type）of +单数名词和this kind（sort、type）of +单数名词，后用单数谓语动词。如：‎ There is a kind of fish that can live without water.‎ This kind of apple is sour.‎ 后接复数名词时，也可用复数谓语动词，这时强调名词的复数概念。如：‎ This kind of spiders are poisonous.‎ The kind of animals are dangerous.‎ ‎②these (those) kind of +单数名词或复数名词作主语时，要用复数谓语动词。如：‎ These kind of book(s) are valuable.‎ ‎③these（those）kinds of +单数名词或复数名词作主语时，用复数谓语动词。如：‎ Those kinds of fruits are delicious.‎ ‎④what kinds of +单数名词，用复数谓语动词。如：‎ What kinds of flower come out in this season.‎ 注意：有时可将of this（that）kind 等放在名词后，这时谓语动词的单复数要与名词保持一致。如：‎ Bird of this kind is rare now.‎ Birds of that kind are rare now.‎ ‎6、“a number of +复数名词”的中心词是短语中的名词，故谓语动词用复数形式；而“the number of +名词”的中心词是number，故谓语动词用单数。类似的还有a /the total of和an/the average of。如：‎ A number of pages are missing.‎ The number of the book is 500 pages.‎ A total of 2000 students are admitted to the college.‎ The total of students admitted to the college is 2000.‎ An average of three films are seen every week.‎ The average of the films seen every week is three.‎ ‎7、a flock、a group of、a pack、a herd of、a drove of、a swarm of、a school of等表示数量的集体名词短语，如果指一个整体时，谓语动词用单数；如果侧重于组成群体的成员时，可以用复数，如：‎ A herd of cows has been sold.‎ A pack of sheep are driven into the shed one after another.‎ ‎8、a piece of、a species of、a series of、a portion of等+名词（单数或复数）作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ A series of activities about the Olympic Games makes us proud.‎ A large portion of his works was created in his middle age.‎ ‎9、most（of）、all（of）、some（of）、plenty of、a part of、a lot of、lots of、the rest of、remainder of、abundance of、bulk of、mass of、a heap of、a proportion of、a world of、a flood of、a store of、a percentage of、percent of、two thirds of、none of、heaps of等+名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后的名词是单数还是复数。如：‎ The rest of the milk is sour.‎ The rest of the students hold the opposite opinion.‎ Most of his money was spent on clothes.‎ Most of the people are farmers.‎ Three-fourth of the surface of the earth is sea.‎ Three fourth of the class are boys.‎ A large proportion of her income is spent on living things.‎ A large proportion of the inhabitants are Chinese.‎ Fifty percent of the project has been completed.‎ Fifty percent of the students do well in the exam.‎ 五、别列主语与动词单复数 ‎1、表示数量的one and a half后面一般要接复数名词，作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ One and a half apples is left on the plate.‎ One and a half dollars was in his pocket.‎ One dollar and a half was in his pocket.‎ ‎2、用both…and连接两个名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：‎ Both my father and my mother are teachers.‎ Both the table and the chair are made of wood.‎ ‎3、用and连接两个单数名词作主语，若前面有every、each、no、many a等修饰，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ Every boy and every girl has the right to education.‎ No man and no woman is allowed.‎ Many a teacher and (many a) student attends the lecture.‎ No sound and (no) voice id heard.‎ 注意：①many和another搭配为一种特殊用法。如：‎ Like many another student, he works hard.‎ ‎②many is the后跟单数名词，放在句首，意为“多的是，很多”。如：‎ Many is the subject he likes.‎ ‎4、用and连接的两个名词作主语时，指同一个人活物或通常由两部分构成的物品时，用单数谓语动词，指不同的人或物或分开的东西，用复数谓语动词。如：‎ The poet and writer comes.（诗人兼作家）‎ The poet and the writer come.（诗人和作家）‎ My classmate and friend calls on me today.‎ The iron and steel industry is vital to the national economy.‎ The food and the textile industry depend mainly on agriculture.‎ War and Peace is the theme of the world.‎ Egg and rice is his favorite food.‎ Salt and water is a medicine.‎ Trial and error is a wealth for people.‎ Ham and eggs is a good dinner.‎ The hammer and sickle was flying from a tall flagpole.‎ The wheel and axle is broken.‎ 表示成套的东西还有：a knife and fork、a coat and skirt、a cup and saucer、a needle and thread、cheese and wine、bacon and eggs、whisky and soda、a watch and chain、a coach and four、a desk and chair、a cart and horse、a carriage and pair等。‎ 对此要注意以下四点：‎ ‎①如果一个不可数名词被两个形容词修饰，指两样东西，动词用复数；如果指一样东西，动词用单数。如：‎ English and French grammar are similar.‎ Cold and strong wind is blowing.‎ ‎②如果两个名词重复，但指不同的东西时，谓语动词用复数。如：‎ The situation before her marriage and the situation after her marriage are different.‎ ‎③两种以上的不同物质混为一体作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。如：‎ The smoke and gas fills the room.‎ Water and oil floats on the river.‎ ‎④在下面一个句子中，两个动名词由and连接作主语，谓语动词要用单数，因为包饺子吃饺子作为一种传统和习俗看待，表语为单数。如：‎ Making and having dumplings on Chinese New Year’s Eve is a tradition in China.‎ 六、邻近原则的谓语动词单复数 ‎1、用or、either…or…、neither…nor…、not only…but ‎ also等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词形式要同最近的主语保持一致。如：‎ You or he comes up.‎ Neither he nor I am a student.‎ Not only the students but also the teacher attends the exam.‎ ‎2、两个主语一个肯定一个否定，谓语动词的数与肯定的主语一致。如：‎ I, not you, am the right person to do the work.‎ ‎3、如果是疑问句谓语动词数与前一个主语保持一致。如：‎ Was he or you in the next room just now?‎ ‎4、单数名词作主语，后面跟as well as、no less than、more than、rather than、but、except、besides、with、along with、together with、like、including、in addition to、combined with、accompanied by等时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ He, with his parents, is watching TV.‎ The students, as well as the teacher were present at the meeting.‎ I, as well as they am going to visit you.‎ The driver rather than the passengers are responsible for the accident.‎ The boy, accompanied by a lot of friends, attends the party.‎ 七、一些重要名词及词组的谓语动词单复数 ‎1、a +单数名词+or two作主语时，谓语动词用单数，但one or two +复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：‎ A train or two has arrived.‎ One or two trains have arrived.‎ ‎2、more than one +单数名词，结构虽有复数意义，但谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ More than one question was raised.（相当于More questions than one were raised.）‎ ‎3、many a +单数名词作主语，尽管意义上是复数，但谓语动词用单数。如：‎ Many a student has passed the exam.‎ ‎4、both、（a）few、many、several等修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：‎ Both (of) the hotels are comfortable.‎ Few people can live to be 100.‎ Several guests have left.‎ ‎5、代词each、every one、no one、one、either、neither、the other、another及合成代词somebody、someone、nobody、anybody、anyone、everything、something、anything、nothing、以及each、every、either、neither、the other等+名词（代词）作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ Each has a chance.‎ Nothing is impossible in the world.‎ Something is wrong with his teeth.‎ Either plan is practical.‎ Each of them donates 10 dollars.‎ ‎6、population的单复数问题。‎ Population作为一个整体而言时，谓语动词用单数；当表示不分人口时，谓语动词用复数。如：‎ The population in the country is larger than that in the city.‎ Two thirds of the population in the city are workers.‎ ‎7、none的单复数问题。‎ none单独使用时，代表不可数名词，谓语动词用单数，代表复数名词，谓语动词用复数或单数；none of +不可数名词接单数动词，none of +复数名词接复数动词或单数动词均可。如：‎ The baby cries for milk, but none is left in the bottle.‎ I have invited fifty friends, but finally none have (has) come.‎ None of the water is clean and drinkable.‎ None of the pens write (writes) smoothly.‎ ‎8、manners的单复数问题。‎ manners作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可。如：‎ Good manners is (are) very important in public.‎ It wasn’t manners to speak to others with your mouth full.‎ It is bad manners to enter without knocking at the door.‎ His manners are improved a lot.‎ ‎9、worth +名词的单复数问题。‎ ‎①worth +单数名词或复数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。如：‎ The worth of the painting is beyond estimation.‎ The worth of stones is valued at 1,000 dollars.‎ ‎②金额+ worth，谓语动词的单复数形式要依金额是单数或复数而定。如：‎ One dollar’s worth of notebook is bought.‎ Two dollars’ worth of notebook are bought.‎ ‎10、majority的单复数问题。‎ ‎①majority是可数名词，含义为great number，指可数的概念，不指量；the majority作主语时，如果泛指多数（与少数相对），谓语动词用单复数均可。如：‎ live (lives) a good life.‎ The majority are (is) for the plan.‎ The majority have (has) their (its) aim in life.‎ ‎②如果指整体、统一体，majority常被看作单数。如：‎ The majority supports him.‎ The majority likes to boss others.‎ ‎③如果指多数中的各个成员时，majority被看作复数。如：‎ The majority hold different opinions.‎ ‎④如果指多出的数目，majority被看作复数。如：‎ His majority is a big one.‎ His majority is two votes.‎ ‎⑤a majority of +复数名词。表示“多数、许多”，谓语动词用复数。如：‎ A majority of children like this game.‎ ‎⑥the majority of +复数名词，表示“大多数…”，谓语动词用复数。如：‎ The majority of animals feed on meat.‎ ‎⑦the majority of +集体名词，谓语动词用单数或复数均可。如：‎ The majority of the audience like (likes) the film.‎ The majority of the population live (lives) on the hill.‎ ‎⑧表示量的感念时，要用most，不用majority。如：‎ The majority of the rivers have been polluted.（误）‎ Most of the rivers have been polluted.（正）‎ ‎11、amount的单复数问题。‎ ‎①a large（great、vast、good、small）amount of +不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。如：‎ A large amount of heat is sent from the sun.‎ Only a small amount of milk is left.‎ ‎②the amount of +不可数名词或复数名词，谓语动词用单数。如：‎ The amount of his money surprises us.‎ The amount of the visitors is vast.‎ ‎③large（increasing、small）amounts of +不可数名词，谓语动词用复数。如：‎ Large amount of money were put in the bank.‎ Increasing amounts of air are fresh.‎ 注：quantity和amount的用法相同。‎ ‎12、同位语的单复数问题。‎ 同位语作并列主语时，谓语动词要同第一个词（中心名词）一致。如：‎ All the possession of the family, houses, money and faculties, was ruined by the earthquake.‎ 八、倒装结构中的主谓一致。‎ 在倒装句中，其它成分放到句子前部，而主语往往置于句子后面，这时要注意辨认主语，谓语动词要同主语保持一致。如：‎ In front of the house stand two men.‎ On the ground lies a boy.‎ There stands a tower on the hill.‎