2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(十七)应用文之人物介绍——抓主题析人物特征，比对定答案

2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(十七)应用文之人物介绍——抓主题析人物特征，比对定答案

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(十七) 应用文之人物介绍——抓主题析人物特征，比对定答案 不同的几个人物，依靠某一个特定的主题放置在一起，考查考生读文的各种技巧，这是高考语篇中人物介绍类应用文的命题特点。此类文章的破解关键在于：首先要抓住把几位人物链接在一起的纽带，即文章主题；其次要抓住每个人物自身的特点；然后迅速浏览题干，依据题干中的关键词到文中寻找与之相关的“信息区间”，比对即可得出答案。‎ ‎[高考典例]　2016•全国卷Ⅰ•A篇 ‎[抓文章主题，析不同人物特征]‎ ‎[读文解题技法]‎ 首段点明主题 ‎　人物1　◄‎ 职业 ‎　‎ ‎　 　‎ ‎ 　 ‎ ‎　　成就 人物2　◄‎ 成就　　‎ ‎　‎ ‎　 　‎ 人物3　◄‎ ‎　‎ 事件 成就 人物4　◄‎ 事件 成就 You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years？‎ Jane Addams (18601935)‎ Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community (社区) by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.‎ Rachel Carson (19071964)‎ If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.‎ Sandra Day O’Connor (1930present)‎ When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator (参议员) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U．S. Supreme Court. O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years ‎1.读首段，明主题 通读第一段，可知本文主题应是介绍几位优秀女性。‎ ‎2.关注不同人物特征 从下面4位人物介绍中知晓发生在她们身上的事及她们取得的成就。‎ ‎3.题文比对得出答案 抓住题干中的关键词，然后到文中寻找相应人物的特征，比对即可得出答案。‎ ‎ on the top court.‎ Rosa Parks (19132005)‎ On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civilrights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in，” said Parks.‎ ‎[由不同人物特征，定位比对归纳出答案]‎ ‎21．What is noted for in history?‎ A．Her social work.‎ B．Her teaching skills.‎ C．Her efforts to win a prize.‎ D．Her community background.‎ ‎22．What was the reason for being rejected by the law firm?‎ A．Her lack of proper training in law.‎ B．Her little work experience in court.‎ C．The discrimination against women.‎ D．The poor financial conditions.‎ ‎23．Who made a great contribution to in the U．S.?‎ A．Jane Addams.　　　　　 　B．Rachel Carson.‎ C．Sandra Day O’Connor. D．Rosa Parks.‎ ‎24．What can we infer about in the text?‎ A．They are highly educated. B．They are truly creative.‎ C．They are pioneers. D．They are peacelovers.‎ ‎[答案]　21.A　22.C　23.D　24.C ‎21．题中人物――→定位比对　文中人物1的“职业”及“成就”，得出答案 ‎22．题中人物――→定位比对文中人物3的“事件”，得出答案 ‎23．题中事件――→定位比对文中人物4的“成就”，得出答案 ‎24．总结特征――→抓文章主题得出4位人物的共性 ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A Planning out your summer？Use this guide to find activities around Seattle, May through August.For more summer fun, check out our website www.projects.seattletimes.com.‎ ‎①Space Race Exhibit Opening day of new exhibit of things from flights to the moon in the 1960s on display, including moon rocks, space clothes, the first Apollo spacecraft and the historic Apollo 12 engines that were lost at the bottom of the sea for 43 years until they were recovered by Seattlebased Bezos Expeditions in 2013, 10 a．m.－5 p．m.‎ Call for info: 2067645720‎ Location: The Museum of Flight, Seattle Date: May 20‎ ‎②West Seattle Bee Festival Sustainable (可持续的) gardening practices and other ways to help bees; vendors (摊贩) and organizations who focus on sustainability and/or help support bees, kids’ activities, music, food vendors, 10 a．m.－3 p．m.‎ Call for info: 2065337848‎ Location: High Point Commons Park, Seattle Date: June 25‎ ‎③TouchaTruck Children of all ages explore construction trucks, emergency cars, vintage (老式的) trucks; professionals explain the equipment and the work each performs, 10 a．m.－1 p．m.; hornsfree (无喇叭音的) hour for children with sensitive ears, 9 a．m.－10 a．m.; hosted by Junior League of Seattle Call for info: 2067082236‎ Location: Magnuson Park, Seattle Date: July 21‎ ‎④Kirkland Uncorked Wine festival with wine tasting, food, live music in the Tasting Garden, $20－$25; street fair for all ages with Uncorked Market, 5 p．m.－10 p．m. August 14; noon－10 p．m. August 15; noon－6 p．m. August 16 ‎ Call for info: 2065482500‎ Location: Marina Park, Kirkland Date: August 14－16‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了夏季去西雅图及周边旅行可以参加的四个活动。‎ ‎1．Where can space exploration lovers go?‎ A．Marina Park.‎ B．Magnuson Park.‎ C．The Museum of Flight.‎ D．High Point Commons Park.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据①Space Race Exhibit部分中的第一段及“Location: The Museum of Flight, Seattle”可知，太空探索爱好者可去The Museum of Flight。‎ ‎2．What is special about TouchaTruck?‎ A．It attracts people of all ages.‎ B．It encourages environmental protection.‎ C．It gives participants handson experience.‎ D．It cares about children with special needs.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据③TouchaTruck部分中的“hornsfree (无喇叭音的) hour for children with sensitive ears”可知，TouchaTruck为有特殊需求的孩子设置了相关活动，体现了对他们的关爱。‎ ‎3．What do events ② and ④ have in common?‎ A．People can enjoy food and music.‎ B．They are based in the same place.‎ C．People pay nothing for them.‎ D．They teach gardening skills.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据②West Seattle Bee Festival部分中的“kids’ activities, music, food vendors”及④Kirkland Uncorked部分中的“Wine festival with wine tasting, food, live music”可知，这两项活动都有音乐和美食。‎ B I have learned something about myself since I moved from Long Island to Florida three years ago.Even though I own a home in Port St.Lucie just minutes from the ocean, every winter an uncontrollable urge (冲动) wells up to fly back to Long Island even as others make their way south.I guess I am a snowbird stuck in reverse (反向)．‎ Dulled by Florida’s mild winters, I willingly suffer the cold weather on Long Island, the place I called home for 65 years.I’m like a bird that has lost its sense of timing and direction, my wings moving against reason.‎ So what makes me fly against the habits of snowbirds？The answer has a lot to do with my unwillingness to give up the things that define (给……下定义) who I am.Once I hear that the temperature on Long Island has fallen into the range of 40 to 50 degrees F, I begin to long for the sight and sound of a wood fire.I also long for the display of colors — first in the fall trees, and then in the lights around homes and at Rockefeller Center.Floridians decorate, too, but can’t create the special feel of a New England winter.Moreover, when I return I can celebrate the holidays with people I haven’t seen in months.What could be better than sitting with family and friends for a Thanksgiving turkey dinner, or watching neighbors’ children excitedly open gifts on Christmas？Even the first snowfall seems special.‎ While these simple pleasures are not unique to Long Island, they are some of the reasons I come back.Who says you can’t go home？I know I will be ordering a ticket this very night and cured of homesick (思乡病) tomorrow.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者在文中阐述了自己虽在外有舒适便利的生活，但每到冬季却思乡愈切，最终选择归乡生活。‎ ‎4．What does the author think of his life in Florida?‎ A．Exciting.　　　　　　　 　B．Relaxing.‎ C．Painful. D．Boring.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Even though I own a home ... others make their way south.”及第二段中的“Dulled by Florida’s mild winters”可知，作者觉得自己在佛罗里达州的生活很无趣。‎ ‎5．Why does the author compare himself to a snowbird stuck in reverse?‎ A．He has lost his sense of direction.‎ B．He’d rather go north in winter.‎ C．He hates traveling by plane.‎ D．He likes snow very much.‎ 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第一段中的“every winter an uncontrollable ... others make their way south”及第二段中的“I willingly suffer the cold weather ... my wings moving against reason”可知，他人在寒冷的冬季都会去温暖的南方过冬，作者却像一只失去了时间感和方向感的雪鸟，反向行之，宁愿去北方过冬。‎ ‎6．The author uses Paragraph 3 to ________.‎ A．describe his hometown’s fall scenes B．show how he loves family gatherings C．explain why he wants to return to his hometown D．compare the difference between Florida and Long Island 解析：选C　细节理解题。第三段的首句“So what makes me fly against the habits of snowbirds？”为该段的主题句，作者在本段中阐释了他宁愿归乡生活的原因。‎ ‎7．What is the author going to do tonight?‎ A．Book a flight. B．Go to the doctor’s.‎ C．Eat with his family. D．Check into a hotel.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“I know I will be ordering a ticket this very night and cured of homesick (思乡病) tomorrow”可知，作者今晚会订购回家乡的机票。‎ C Three experimental fields of seawater rice were harvested in China on Wednesday, a further step toward its future practical use. Also known as salinealkali tolerant rice (耐盐碱水稻), the seawater rice is designed to grow in seaside flats or other areas with high salt content and has been developed by experts through crossbreeding (杂交) and other technologies.‎ One type of seawater rice growing in Qingdao’s Chengyang district, Shandong Province, produced 3.9 metric tons (公吨) per hectare (公顷), experts announced. Once widely planted in large areas, the output could be much higher.‎ The Qingdao SalineAlkali Tolerant Rice Research and Development Center, led by renowned Chinese agricultural scientist Yuan Longping, was established several years ago. It set itself a threeyear target of developing a kind of saltresistant rice capable of producing 4.5 tons a hectare, which would guarantee growers the minimum acceptable level of profit. The average rice output in China is 6.75 tons a hectare.‎ Planting in the experimental field in Chengyang district and five other plots of salinealkali land started at the end of May. The five other plots were in Dongying, Shandong Province; Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province; Yan’an, Shaanxi Province; Kashgar, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; and Daqing, Heilongjiang Province. The sites represent actually every type of salinealkali land in China and researchers aim to grow different kinds of rice able to cope with different climate, salinity and soil structure conditions. ‎ The test crops in Kashgar and Daqing were also harvested on Wednesday. In Kashgar, the output reached more than 7.5 tons per hectare, according to experts’ tests, much higher than expected. The harvest in Kashgar was satisfactory. The result means it is possible to plant such saltresistant rice in southern Xinjiang in the future. Xinjiang has about 2 million hectares of salinealkali land that have the potential to be planted with saltresistant rice, and if it is widely planted it will generally improve rice production in the region.‎ The seawater rice grown in Daqing only produced 3.1 tons per hectare. A live video on Shandong TV showed growers appearing a little disappointed by the result, as they hoped the experts’ efforts would increase production greatly. The water and soil conditions of the site were not ideal, and the pH level was extremely high.‎ 语篇解读：2018年7月，青岛海水稻研发中心传来喜讯，袁隆平试种的包括“海水稻”在内的80多个水稻品种分批成熟。“海水稻”研究在国内外都有很长的一段历史，袁隆平领导的海水稻项目使中国技术处于海水稻研究的前列。‎ ‎8．Which is the main feature of seawater rice according to the text?‎ A．It has a shorter growing period.‎ B．It is a kind of highly productive crop.‎ C．It can grow in the soil with high salt content.‎ D．it is the combination of many technologies.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“the seawater rice is designed to grow in seaside flats or other areas with high salt content”可知，海水稻最大的优势是可以种植在含盐量高的土壤里 。‎ ‎9．How much rice does a farmer harvest at least to meet the cost?‎ A．3.9 tons a hectare. B．4.5 tons a hectare.‎ C．6.75 tons a hectare. D．7.5 tons a hectare.‎ 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“which would guarantee growers the minimum acceptable level of profit”可知，每公顷4.5吨的产量对种植者来说是最低的收益保障。‎ ‎10．The researchers chose the experimental fields according to ________.‎ A．the distance between them B．the type of the soil and climate C．the local governments’ support D．the local agricultural conditions 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，研究人员选择试验田的依据是气候、土壤的盐度和土壤结构。‎ ‎11．What can we infer about the seawater rice from the last paragraph?‎ A．The seawater rice is not fit for all kinds of salinealkali soils.‎ B．It is impossible for the seawater rice to have a good harvest.‎ C．Growers from Shandong Province were a little disappointed by the result.‎ D．The output of the seawater rice grown in Daqing is the lowest.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，海水稻并非适合所有的土壤。‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 Sometimes it can be difficult to relate to the generations that have come before us.__1__ But older people have plenty of wisdom and knowledge to share with younger generations, and treating them with respect should be second nature for all of us.‎ Call people sir or ma’am. Even if you’ve grown up in a more casual environment where you usually call your friends’ parents by their first names, you shouldn’t assume that all older people are comfortable with that kind of informal title.__2__ They prefer you call them Mr./Mrs. That’s why it’s always best to ask what name they prefer and use sir or ma’am when you don’t feel comfortable asking.‎ ‎__3__ While it’s true that many elderly people have health problems that may require special assistance, aging doesn’t affect all people in the same way.Assuming that an older person has poor eyesight or hearing can be extremely embarrassing and make him or her feel selfconscious.That’s especially true if you make a big deal out of it, such as raising your voice every time you speak to him or her.If you’re unsure whether an older person has such problems, just ask.__4__‎ Show interest in their lives. It’s easy to think that older people don’t have much going on because they don’t do many of the things that they used to when they were younger.__5__ When you visit or call your elderly loved ones, make sure to ask about their favorite activities.If they have a hobby that they particularly enjoy, you might even offer to do it with them.That’s a great way to show them just how interested you are in what’s important to them.‎ A．Do offer them necessary help.‎ B．Don’t assume they have disabilities.‎ C．However, many elderly people are still active.‎ D．Some elderly people may be more traditional.‎ E．We ourselves will be old some day in the future.‎ F．It’s better to be straightforward than to risk annoying someone.‎ G．Growing up differently makes us feel we have nothing in common with them.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了尊重长辈方面需要注意的一些事项。‎ ‎1．选G　G项所述“成长环境不同让我们觉得自己与他们没有任何相似之处”与“Sometimes it can be difficult to relate to the generations that have come before us.” 有意义上的递进关系。‎ ‎2．选D　设空前一句中的informal与D项中的traditional构成反义；设空后一句中的They指代D项中的Some elderly people。‎ ‎3．选B　设空处为段落小标题。根据本段的内容介绍，尤其是poor eyesight or hearing等关键词可知，B项“不要假设他们身患残疾”符合语境。‎ ‎4．选F　设空处与前一句“If you’re unsure whether an older person has such problems, just ask.”之间暗含了因果关系。F项所述“直截了当总好过冒险惹人生气”符合语境。‎ ‎5．选C　设空前一句“It’s easy to think that older people don’t have much going on because they don’t do many of the things that they used to when they were younger.”的大意是：我们常不假思索就认为老年人的生活很单调，因为他们不再像过去年轻时做那么多事情。再结合空后的内容可知，空处与上文为转折关系，故C项“然而，许多老年人依旧很活跃”符合语境。‎