【英语】2018届二轮复习名词性从句考点学案(1)

【英语】2018届二轮复习名词性从句考点学案(1)

‎ 名词性从句考点 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 （Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。‎ 名词性从句的用法要点多，牵涉面广。与其他句式结合性强，是中学英语语法中的重点和难点，也是高考的常考点。‎ 一、从句中的语序 在名词性从句中一律使用陈述句语序，特别要注意由连接代词和连接副词引导的从句，切不可受特殊疑问句的影响而用了疑问句语序。例如：‎ I wonder who she is. 我想知道她是谁。‎ Whether she's coming or not doesn't matter too much. 她来与不来没有多大关系。‎ ‎【考例】 When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know ____ .（2016上海卷）‎ A. he is entering which lane B. which lane he is entering C. is he entering which lane D. which lane is he entering ‎【答案】 B ‎【解析】 which引导的句子作know的宾语，从句中应用陈述语序。‎ 二、从句中的时态 在名词性从句中，要注意从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词的时态一致性。‎ ‎1. 在宾语从句中，当主句是一般现在时、现在完成时、一般将来时等，宾语从句可以根据需要用各种时态。如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，则宾语从句须用过去的某种时态。如果宾语从句表示的是客观真理，其谓语动词则仍用一般现在时。‎ ‎【考例】 The moment I got home, I found I ____ my jacket on the playground.（2016陕西卷）‎ A. had left B. left C. have left D. was leaving ‎【答案】 A ‎【解析】 I found后接宾语从句，由于主句动词使用了一般过去时，且宾语从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，故从句中应使用过去完成时。‎ ‎2. 在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中, 也要注意从句谓语动词与主句谓语动词的时态一致性。关键要注意动作发生的先后关系。‎ Who will be sent abroad has not been decided. 派谁去国外，还没有决定。（主句是现在完成时, 从句是一般将来时）‎ The earth of today is not what it was millions of years ago. 今天的地球不是几百万年前的地球。（主句是一般现在时，从句是一般过去时）‎ 三、it作形式主语或形式宾语代替主语从句或宾语从句的用法 英语中为了保持句子平衡，常用先行词it代替主语从句或宾语从句，而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面。这时需要注意不能用that, this或these等作先行替代词。例如：‎ I hate it when people talk with their mouth full. 我讨厌别人说话时嘴里塞满了东西。‎ It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 英语作为一门国际语言正被人们接受是个事实。‎ ‎【考例】 It is by no means clear ____ the president can do to end the strike.（2016全国新课标卷）‎ A. how B. which C. that D. what ‎【答案】 D ‎【解析】 句意为：总统能采取什么措施来结束这场罢工根本不为人所知。it是形式主语，空格后是一个主语从句，从句部分的动词do缺少宾语，空格处所填单词既要引导主语从句，又在从句中作宾语，四个选项中有此功能的只有what。‎ ‎【考例】 It never occurred to me ____ you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.（2016陕西卷）‎ A. which B. what C. that D. if ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 句意为：我从来没有想到你能成功说服他改变主意。本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句“你能成功说服他改变主意”，陈述了一件事实，故排除D项if（“是否”表明从句的不确定性）。由于该主句从句句子结构完整，不缺少成分，故选that，而排除需要在从句中充当成分的which和what。‎ ‎【考例】 He didn't make ____ clear when and where the meeting would be held. （2007天津卷）‎ A. this B. that C. it D. these ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 make后接复合宾语，真正的宾语是when and where the meeting would be held，宾补是clear。由于宾语太长，故使用先行词it作形式宾语。‎ 四、从句中的语气 在某些宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气。‎ ‎1. 宾语从句中 ‎1）在表示“坚持、要求、命令、建议”之类的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用 “should + 动词原形”形式，should 可省略。这样的动词有：一个“坚持”（insist）；两个“命令”（order，command）；三个“建议”（suggest，advise，propose）；四个“要求”（ask，demand， request，require）。例如：‎ The guard at the gate insisted that everybody obey the rules. 门口的哨兵坚持每个人都应遵守规章制度。‎ He demanded that he （should） be sent to work there. 他要求被派往那儿工作。‎ 需特别注意的是：动词suggest表示“暗示，表明”，insist表示 “坚持说（认为）”时, 其后的宾语从句中的谓语动词则要用相应的陈述语气。‎ 例如：‎ On the dead boy's face there was a half smile that seemed to suggest that he was happy to have given his life for his country. 在那位死去的孩子的脸上有一丝微笑，似乎表明他很高兴把自己的生命献给了自己的祖国。‎ The Arab insisted that he had never seen the camel. 那位阿拉伯人坚持说他从来没有看见过那头骆驼。‎ ‎【考例】 Teachers recommend parents ____ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.（2016福建卷）‎ A. not allow B. do not allow C. mustn't allow D. couldn't allow ‎【答案】 A ‎【解析】 recommend（意为“建议”）后接宾语从句时，从句中应使用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“（should）+动词原形”形式。句意为：老师建议父母出于安全考虑最好不要让12岁以下的小朋友骑自行车去学校。‎ ‎2）在动词wish后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词用过去式，表示与现在事实相反的一种愿望；用“had +过去分词”，表示与过去事实相反的一种愿望或已经发生的一件遗憾事情；用“should / would / might / could + 动词原形”表示与将来事实相反或不可能实现的愿望。例如：‎ I wish I remembered her address now. 我希望我现在记得她的地址。‎ I wish I had seen you yesterday. 我希望我昨天见到了你。‎ She wishes she would try again. 她希望她能再试一次。‎ ‎【考例】 How I wish every family ____ a large house with a beautiful garden! （2002上海春季卷）‎ A. has B. had C. will have D. had had ‎【答案】 B ‎【解析】 此题表达的是与现在事实相反的一种愿望，wish后的宾语从句应使用一般过去时。‎ ‎2. 主语从句中 在“It is / was + 形容词 （或过去分词） + 主语从句”的句型中, 从句中的动词形式不论人称和数, 都可以用“should +动词原形”结构，should可省略。本句型中常用的形容词有：necessary，important，strange，natural，essential等；常用的过去分词通常是表示提议、要求、命令等动词的过去分词，如suggested，ordered，demanded，required，requested，proposed，advised，decided等。例如：‎ It is necessary that he （should） be sent there at once. 有必要立即派他到那里去。‎ It has been decided that the meeting （should） be put off. 已决定推迟举行会议。‎ ‎3. 表语从句和同位语从句中 在表示“意愿、要求、命令、建议”等名词之后的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”形式，should 可省略。这类名词有：idea，proposal，suggestion，order，plan，decision，advice，desire，requirement等。例如：‎ My proposal is that the meeting （should） be put off. 我的建议是推迟举行会议。‎ The professor gave orders that the test be finished before 5:30. 教授命令测验在五点半之前完成。‎ Our plan is that we have a sports meet next week. 我们计划下周举办一个运动会。‎ 五、宾语从句的否定转移 在动词think，believe，expect，suppose，guess 等后带that宾语从句时，若从句是否定句，常将否定词not转移到主句中。例如：‎ I don't think （that） it will be very cold today. 我认为今天不会很冷。‎ 注意：这类句子后若带有附加疑问句，应采用肯定形式来反问，反问部分主语应与从句主语一致。例如：‎ I don't believe she knows it, does she? 我认为她不知道这件事情，是不是？‎ 六、从句引导词的正确选用 这是近几年高考的重中之重。解决这一问题可以依据从句中“缺什么成分补什么成分”的原则确定是选用连接代词还是连接副词，然后根据意思再选用具体的连接词。‎ 名词性从句的引导词很多，归纳起来可分为以下三类：‎ 如果名词性从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语，则选用连接代词。引导名词性从句的连接代词主要有who, whom, whose, what, which等，它们在名词性从句中既起连接作用，又在从句中充当一定的成分，指物用what，指人用who / whom / whoever / whomever。如果名词性从句中缺少状语，则选用连接副词，引导名词性从句的连接副词有when, where, why, how等，它们既起连接作用，又在从句中充当状语。如果名词性从句中不缺成分，而仅表示陈述事实，则用that引导。例如：‎ The problem is ____ he has done to the little boy.（问题是他对那个小男孩做了些什么。）‎ 分析：表语从句中动词has done后缺少宾语，且指物，应填what。‎ We believed ____ he had earned enough money to build a house.（我们相信他已经挣够足够的钱来建造房屋。）‎ 分析：宾语从句中不缺少成分，且陈述一件事实，用that引导。‎ ‎____ will win the match is still unknown. （谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。）‎ 分析：分析题干可知这是一个含有主语从句的复合句，主语从句中缺少主语，且指人，用 who引导。‎ I have no idea ____ he learned about it.（我不知道他是怎么得知的。）‎ 分析：同位语从句中不缺少主语和宾语，根据意思，句中缺少表示方式的状语，应填连接副词how。‎ 七、几组高考热点连词 ‎1. that和what that引导名词性从句时仅起连接作用，不在句子中充当任何成分，也无任何意义，除在宾语从句中外一般不可省略；what引导名词性从句时，除起连接作用外，还在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语等句子成分。例如：‎ ‎____ parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.‎ 分析：分析句子结构可知这是一个含有主语从句的复合句，本题的谓语动词是has，其前是主语从句作主语，从句中say and do后缺少宾语，且表示“所……的……”，故用what，不用that。‎ ‎____ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the culture differences from one aspect.‎ 分析：这是一个含有主语从句的复合句。因为主语从句是一个完整的句子，陈述了一个事实，不缺少任何成分，所以要选that。这句话的意思是“国与国之间的时装差异可以从一个方面反映出其文化上的差异”。‎ ‎【考例】 If you swim in a river or lake, be sure to investigate ____ is below the water surface. Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.（2015浙江卷）‎ A. what B. who C. that D. whoever ‎【答案】 A ‎【解析】 句意为：如果你在河里或湖里游泳，一定要查看水面下有什么东西。通常总有一些石头或树枝藏在水里。investigate后面接的是宾语从句。分析宾语从句的成分可以发现，空格所作的成分是主语。名词性从句中缺少主语或宾语并且指物用what引导。that引导宾语从句时不作成分，没有任何意义，只起引导作用。‎ ‎【考例】 As John Lennon once said，life is ____ happens to you while you are busy making other plans.（2014湖南卷）‎ A. which B. that C. what D. where ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 所填关联词引导表语从句，并且在从句中作主语，用what。which意为“哪一个”，表示在一个范围内的选择，与语境不符。故选C项。‎ ‎【考例】 Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was ____ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.（2016北京卷）‎ A. what B. that C. why D. whether ‎【答案】 B ‎【解析】 表语从句中不缺成分，因此要用that来引导。句意为：狄更斯喜欢他自己的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》的部分原因是小说创作非常贴近他本人的真实生活。‎ ‎2. whether和if 如果名词性从句中不缺少成分，且表示“是否”意义时，可用whether或 if引导。whether与if在引导动词的宾语从句时，两者一般可以互换，但在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：‎ ‎（1） 引导主语从句并在句首时；‎ ‎（2） 引导表语从句时；‎ ‎（3） 引导从句作介词宾语时；‎ ‎（4） 从句后有“or not”时；‎ ‎（5） 后接动词不定式时。‎ 例如：Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。‎ The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。‎ Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。‎ I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。‎ Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？‎ ‎【考例】 It doesn't matter ____ you turn right or left at the crossing—both roads lead to the park.（2016天津卷）‎ A. whether B. how C. if D. when ‎【答案】 A ‎【解析】‎ ‎ 句意为：在这个十字路口你向左或向右转弯都没有关系，因为两条路都通向公园。题干中it作形式主语，所以所选的词在句中引导主语从句。whether引导名词性从句表示“是否”之意，而且题干中出现了关键信息词or。whether... or...表示“是……还是……”。if引导名词性从句也表示“是否”之意，但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时只能用whether而不能用if。‎ ‎3. wh- + ever引导名词性从句的区别 wh- + ever引起的名词性从句不含疑问意义，相当于名词或代词后加一个定语从句。例如：‎ The poor young man is ready to accept ____ help he can get.（那个可怜的年轻人愿意接受他所能得到的任何帮助。）‎ 分析：从句法角度看，空格处缺少定语修饰help，因此应该选择连接代词，whatever help he can get = any help that he can get。‎ ‎____ fails to see this will make a big mistake.（任何人只要没能看到这一点将犯很大的错误。）‎ 分析：这是一个含有主语从句的复合句。从句中缺少主语，应选择连接代词，根据句意表示“任何……的人”，应选用Whoever，相当于Anybody who。‎ ‎【考例】 We promise ____ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.（2016福建卷）‎ A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 句意为：无论是谁参加晚会，我们都许诺给他/她一个和这位电影明星拍照的机会。 promise sb. sth.意为“许诺某人某事”，即promise后跟双宾语，whoever attends the party为whoever引导的名词性从句，充当promise的宾语；因为从句中缺少主语，故不能选择宾格形式的whom和whomever；而who表示疑问意义，与句意不符；whoever，意为“无论是谁”，相当于anybody who...，符合句意。‎ ‎【考例】 She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do ____ it takes to save her life. （2016湖南卷）‎ A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoever ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】 分析句子结构可知，这是一个含有宾语从句的复合句。宾语从句中动词takes后缺少宾语，应选用whatever，相当于anything that。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 巩固练习 ‎1.Your skirt is really splendid, but ____ we actually need is not a skirt but a new pair of ‎ shoes.‎ A. that B. what C. whether D. how ‎2.____ made me more surprised was ____ the pickpocket asked my friend to lend him ‎ some money and he agreed.‎ A. What; that B. That; that C. What; whether D. It; that ‎3. What do you think of this suggestion that we ____ lunch at the new restaurant?‎ A. will have B. are going to have C. would have D. have ‎4. I don't know the reason ____ you were absent from the meeting, but I'm sure that ‎ someone will tell me the reason ____ you haven't told me.‎ A. why; that B. that; why C. because; which D. of which; that ‎5. ____ made his mother surprised was ____ Tom Smith should have been fooled by such a ‎ simple trick.‎ A. What; that B. What; because C. That; what D. That; because ‎6. According to Bill Gates, the idea ____ we can play video games and receive E-mails ‎ without sitting at a keyboard will come true. However, it is unclear ____ it will be on ‎ sale and ____ it will cost.‎ A. which; that; what B. 不填; whether; how much C. that; when; what D. that; that; how much ‎7. The doctors are trying their best to reduce the people's fear ____ they would be ‎ infected by the present disease called SARS.‎ A. whether B. which C. when D. that ‎8. Word has come ____ in some western countries, demand for graduates from MBA ‎ courses has fallen down.‎ A. that B. while C. when D. as ‎9. Though Frances congratulates herself on her success she sometimes wonders ____ will ‎ happen to her private life.‎ A. it B. what C. which D. that ‎10. I think Mother would like to know ____ I've been up to so far, so I decide to send her a ‎ quick note.‎ A. which B. why C. what D. how ‎11. We should be aware of the fact ____ rich countries are becoming richer while poor ‎ countries are becoming poorer.‎ A. which B. what C. that D. where ‎12. They are teachers and don't realize ____ to start and run a company.‎ A. what it takes B. what takes it C. what they take D. what takes them ‎13. I haven't settled the question of ____ I'll go back home.‎ A. as B. what C. whether D. if ‎14. On stepping into his room he was astonished to find the floor covered with ____ ‎ looked like tiny insects.‎ A. that B. something C. what D. anything ‎15. In order to encourage the students to study hard, the school decides to give the ‎ scholarship to ____ wins the first in the exam.‎ A. who B. whom C. whomever D. whoever ‎16. ____ Tom was worried about seemed obvious to everyone present at the meeting.‎ A. What B. Which C. That D. How ‎17. — It remains to be seen ____ the plan can be put into practice.‎ ‎— It depends on your determination.‎ A. whether B. where C. how D. that ‎18. Many experts hold the view ____ teacher development is ____ the key to better ‎ education lies.‎ A. which; where B. which; in which C. that; where D. that; in which ‎19. After ____ seemed an endless wait, it was his turn to have the job interview.‎ A. that B. which C. what D. who ‎20. There was a sudden flash, followed by ____ sounded like fireworks.‎ A. what B. something C. it D. which ‎21. — Was it ____ he said or all that he did ____ let you down, Joan?‎ ‎— No, not really.‎ A. which; that B. what; that C. that; what D. what; what ‎22. ____ is known to us all is that the old scientist, for ____ life was hard in the past, still ‎ works very hard in his eighties.‎ A. As; whom B. What; whom C. It; whose D. As; whose ‎23. That art center is ____ used to be a factory, ____ millions of tractors were made.‎ A. what; where B. where; where C. what; which D. where; which ‎24. My pen-friend, Peter, wrote to me, expressing the hope ____ he would come to ‎ Beijing to see the 2016 Olympic Games.‎ A. which B. that C. what D. whether ‎25. I still couldn't understand ____ the machine would work, so I asked him to explain it ‎ to me.‎ A. how B. what C. which D. whom ‎26. The police finally got to ____ was once an old temple ____ the villagers used as a ‎ school.‎ A. which; what B. what; that C. where; which D. what; where ‎27. He was such a great hero that ____ he did, even his way of walking, was imitated by ‎ many young people.‎ A. whatever B. no matter what C. however D. no matter how ‎28. “You can't choose what life you will have,” said Tai Lihua, a deaf leading dancer, “but ‎ you can choose your attitude towards life.” And this is ____ I completely agree.‎ A. why B. what C. when D. where ‎29. Actually children can be ____ they want to be, whether it is a pilot, a soldier, or a ‎ general manager.‎ A. who B. which C. whatever D. whomever ‎30. If you feel tired and sick of fatty foods, that is ____ you have to go to the hospital for a ‎ medical examination.‎ A. why B. when C. whether D. what 名词性从句考点答案 ‎1-5 BADAA　 6-10 CDABC　 11-15 CACCD　‎ ‎16-20 AACCA　 21-25 BBABA　 26-30 BADCB