高考英语语法要点专题复习15

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高考英语语法要点专题复习15

‎2013届高三英语语法要点精讲(配最新高考+模拟)‎ 专题15 代词 ‎【考纲解读】‎ 高考对代词的考查主要是人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词和关系代词等。设置特定的语境,对代词的数、性、格的变化进行考查仍然是高考的热点。 ‎【知识要点】‎ Ⅰ  代词的分类 ‎ 1.人称代词:主格I, we, you, he, she, it, they宾格me, us, you, him, her, it, them ‎ 2.物主代词:形容词性my, our, your, his, her, its, their名词性mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs ‎ 3.反身代词:单数myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself复数ourselves, yourselves, themselves ‎ ‎ 4.相互代词:each other (两者之间相互);one another (两者以上的相互) ‎ 5.指示代词:this, that, these, those ‎ ‎ 6.疑问代词:who, whom, whose, which, what ‎ 7.关系代词:who, whom, whose, that(指人),which, that, as, whose(指物) ‎ 8.不定代词:all, each, either, neither, both, none, other, another, something, everything, nothing somebody, everybody, nobody someone, everyone, no one, many, much, few, less ‎ 一、人称代词 人称代词是表示“我”“你”“他”“她”“它”“我们”“你们”“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:‎ 单数 复数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 人称代词 主格 I you he,she,it we you they 宾格 me you him,her,it us you them 人称代词的用法 ‎1.人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补足语。如: John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。 John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。 说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中。‎ When he arrived,John went straight to the bank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。‎ ‎2.人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语。如: I saw her with them;at least,I thought it was ‎ her.我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(第一个her作动词宾语,them作介词宾语,第二个her作表语) ‎—Who broke the vase?谁打碎了花瓶? ‎—Me.我。‎ ‎3.人称代词之主、宾格的替换 ‎(1)宾格代替主格 在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。 ‎—I like English.我喜欢英语。 ‎—Me too.我也喜欢。 ‎—Have more wine?再来点酒喝吗? ‎—Not me.我可不要了。 在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。 He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am. ‎2)主格代替宾格 在介词but,except后,有时可用主格代替宾格。 在电话用语中常用主格。 ‎—I wish to speak to Mary.我想和玛丽通话。 ‎—This is she.我就是玛丽。 注意:在动词be 或to be后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。 I thought it was she.我以为是她。(主格——主格) I thought it to be her.(宾格——宾格) I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。(主格——主格) They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。(宾格——宾格)‎ ‎4.代词的指代问题  ‎1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he,his,him代替。如:‎ Nobody came,did he?谁也没来,是吗? ‎2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he,she,带有亲切的感情色彩。如: Give the cat some food.She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。 ‎3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。‎ ‎5.并列人称代词的排列顺序  ‎1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称→ 第三人称→第一人称,即you→ he/she; it → I。如: You,he and I should return on time.你,他还有我应该按时回来。 ‎2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称→ 第二人称→第三人称,即we→you→they。‎ 注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。 在承认错误,承担责任时。 It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,如: I and you try to finish it.我和你去弄好它。 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。 二、 物主代词 物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,其人称和数的变化见下表。‎ 单数 复数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 物主 代词 形容词性 my your his,her,its our your their 名词性 mine your shis,hers,its ours yours theirs 如:I like his car.我喜欢他的小汽车。 Our school is here,and theirs is there.我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。 ‎1.物主代词的用法 ‎1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用。如: John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his ‎ desk.?约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。 ‎2)物主代词有形容词性(my,your等)和名词性(mine,yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的’s属格结构。如: Jack’s cap意为The cap is Jack’s。 His cap意为The cap is his。‎ ‎2.名词性物主代词的句法功能 ‎1)作主语。如: May I use your pen? Yours works better. 我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?你的比我的好用。 ‎2)作宾语。如: I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我深爱我的祖国就像你深爱你的祖国一样。 ‎3)作介词宾语。如: You should interpret what I said in my sense of the word,not in yours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的去解释。 ‎4)作表语。如: The life I have is yours.It’s yours.It’s yours.我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。‎ ‎3.双重所有格 物主代词不可与a,an,this,that,these,those,some,any,several,no,each,every,such,another,which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。公式为:a,an,this,that+名词+of+名词性物主代词。 三、指示代词 指示代词表示“那个”“这个”“这些”“那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。如: That is a good idea.那是个好主意。 指示代词的用法 ‎1.指示代词分单数(this/that)和复数(these/those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可作代词。 ‎2.指示代词的句法功能。 ‎1)作主语。如: This is the way to do it.这事儿就该这样做。 ‎2)作宾语。如: I like this better than that.我喜欢这个甚至那个。 ‎3)作表语。如: My point is this.我的观点就是如此。 ‎4)作介词宾语。如: I don’t say no to that.我并未拒绝那个。 There is no fear of that.那并不可怕。 说明1:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人。如:‎ ‎(对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。(that作主语,指人)  ‎(对)He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词) ‎(错)He is going to marry this.(this作宾语时不能指人) ‎(对)I bought this.我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语) 说明2:that和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较: ‎(对)He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。 ‎(对) He admired those who looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人) ‎(错) He admired that who danced well.(that作宾语时不能指人) ‎(对)He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人) ‎(对)He admired those which looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)四、反身代词 表示“我自己”“你自己”“他自己”“我们自己”“你们自己”和“他们自己”等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为“反身代词”。如: She was talking to herself.她自言自语。‎ 反身代词 单数 复数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 myself yourself Himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves 反身代词的用法 ‎1.作宾语,如 ‎1)有些动词需有反身代词,如absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behave等。如: We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。 Please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼。 ‎2)用于及物动词+宾语+介词,如: take pride in,be annoyed with,help oneself to sth等。 I could not dress(myself)up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。 注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,如:get up,sitdown,stand up,wake up等。 Please sit down.请坐。‎ ‎2.用作表语。如。 I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。‎ ‎3.用作同位语。如 The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。‎ ‎4.在不强调的情况下,but,except,for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。 注意:1)反身代词本身不能单独作主语。 ‎(错)Myself drove the car. ‎(对)I myself drove the car.我自己开车。 ‎2)但在and,or,nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。‎ Charles and myself saw it.查尔斯和我看见了这件事。 五、 相互代词 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的。如: It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。‎ 相互代词 宾格 each other,one another 所有格 each other’s,one another’s 相互代词的句法功能 ‎1.作动词宾语。如: People should love one another.人们应当彼此相爱。‎ ‎2.可作介词宾语。如: Dogs bark,cocks crow,frogs croak to each other.犬吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。 说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other, 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多。 He put all the books beside each other/one another.他把所有书并列摆放起来。 Usually these small groups were independent of each other.这些小团体通常是相互独立的。‎ ‎3.相互代词可加’s构成所有格。如: The students borrowed each other’s notes.学生们互借笔记。 六、不定代词 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有some,any,no等的合成代词,如anybody,something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如: ‎—Do you have a car?你有一辆小汽车吗? ‎— Yes,I have one.是的,我有一辆。 ‎— I don’t know any of them.他们,我一个也不认识。 Ⅱ  代词的用法 ‎ 1. nothing, none, no one ‎ ‎ none作为代词,最常用来表示数量,它可以是一个可数的概念(how many)也可以是一个不可数的概念(how much),或者any引起的问题;而nothing是相对于something(有某物)什么都没有,它回答的是“What is in/on...”的问题;而no one=nobody没有人,它回答的是“Who did that?”(谁……)或是anyone(有没有人)的问题。  ‎ 2. one, ones, that, those, it ‎ (1)one和ones可以用来代替前面提到过的可数名词,one代单数,ones代复数,其中: 两者都可以指代物(只要是可数) ‎ one前面一般不加a,因为它本身有“一个”的意思,但如果one前面有形容词修饰,则需要加a/an。 ‎ one可以单独使用,意思为“任何人”。例如: ‎ —Shall we have a rest?‎ ‎ —Didn’t we just have one?(因为one=a something)‎ ‎ I happened to see a book about George W. Bush, a nice one indeed. ‎ One should always believe in oneself. ‎ (2)that与those: ‎ that可以代替前面提到的不可数名词或可数名词单数(相当于the one;而those 代替前面提到的复数名词,有时可以用the ones替换。例如: ‎ The population of China is bigger than that of India. (that=the population) ‎ The boy told his story and that of the girl next room.(that=the story) ‎ The cell phones we made nowadays are better than those/the ones made 2 years ago.(those=the cell phones=the ones)‎ ‎ (3)one和it: ‎ 两者都可以用来代替前面出现过的单数名词,one指这类东西中的任何一个,指类属,泛指。it指前面所指的同一物。例如: ‎ I need a pen to sign my name. Can I have one? (one =a pen) ‎ I cannot find my new pen. Have you seen it?(it指那支新钢笔)‎ ‎ 3. another, the other, other, others, the others  ‎ (1)another和the other: ‎ 两者都是“另一个”的意思,但数量上有区别:用 another指两个以上的数量,而the other只指两个中的另一个,例如: ‎ He has three brothers, one is a teacher, another is a doctor and the third is an engineer.(当然如果还有第四个,五个就是the fourth, the fifth)‎ ‎ He has a book in one hand and a pen in the other. ‎ 注:another除了可以作代词,还可以用作形容词。这里有必要区别another, the other和more的用法: ‎ ①another: ‎ another表“另一个”时只跟可数名词单数,而表“另外的、额外的、附加的”时,可跟带有few或具体数字的复数名词,此时可把“数词+复数名词”看作是一个整体。例如:  ‎ —Have you finished your report yet? ‎ —No,I will finish it in another 10 minutes. ‎ There is room for another few people in the back of the bus. ‎ ②other: ‎ 表“另外的”接复数名词,如与具体数词连用,则置于数词之后,但与定冠词the连用时,other要放在数词前。例如: ‎ Tony is going camping with two other little boys next Sunday. ‎ Do you know where he found the other two photos? ‎ ③more: ‎ more一般位于数词之后,名词之前,有时也可置于名词之后。例如: ‎ One more step(One step more),and I’ll shoot you. ‎ Where shall we be in ten more years? ‎ more除跟数词外,还可与many, a little,a few,a lot,several等词连用,例如: ‎ There are many more dictionaries on the desk. ‎ Would you like some more tea? ‎ (2) others, the others ‎ others是相对于some来说的:some...some....others... (一些……一些……另一些……)是泛指;而the others是特指另一些,相对于ones (可以理解为one, the other的复数)。例如:‎ Class 1 are cleaning the classroom. Some are sweeping the floor, some are cleaning the window, and others are washing the blackboard. (泛指) There are only 20 students in the classroom, where are the others.(特指) ‎ 4. both, other, neither, each, any, all ‎ both:两者都,谓语动词用复数; ‎ either:两者中间的任何一个,谓语动词用单数; ‎ neither:两者中间无任何一个,谓语动词多用单数,也可以用复数; ‎ each:两个或两个以上中的每一个,谓语动词用单数; ‎ any:三者或三者以上中的任何一个,谓语动词用单数; ‎ all:三者或三者以上全部; ‎ 5. some, any, no ‎ some属于肯定词,主要用于肯定句中,但当说话人期待肯定回答时,也可以用于疑问句中。例如: ‎ Could I have some more tea, please?‎ ‎ Would you like some more coffee?‎ ‎ any属于非肯定词,主要用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。它可以与形容词的比较级连用。例如: ‎ Don’t come any closer, or I’ll shoot!‎ ‎ no属于否定词,用于否定句中: ‎ no+可数名词单数=not a/an ‎ no+可数名词复数=not any。例如: ‎ There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world. (注意thing前面没有冠词a) ‎【考点诠释】‎ 纵观历年高考试题,代词的主要考点主要集中在以下几个方面:不定代词one,the one,ones,the ones;物主代词的用法;人称代词主格和宾格的用法;表示两者和多者的不定代词的比较;指示代词this,that,these,those,it的用法;another,(the)other(s),else;the rest的用法;every-,some-,any-,no-与-thing,-one,-body构成的复合不定代词的用法。‎ 考点1 人称代词 一般地说人称代词作主语时用主格;作宾语时用宾格;作定语时用形容词性物主代词;名词性物主代词可以代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”。但口语中,在无动词的句子里,往往用代词的宾格形式。‎ ‎1.用于无谓语的句子中 一Dpes any of you know why Jack hasn’t come yet?你们有谁知道杰克为什么还没有到吗?‎ 一Me.我。‎ 特别提示 答语如果带谓语,就得用主格,如:I can.和I do,too./So do I.‎ ‎2.表示惊奇、猜疑、反问、不满、厌烦等情绪 ‎①Do you have good eyesight,young man?年轻人,你的视力好吗?‎ 一Me?I can see a sparrow two hundred paces away.我?我能看见一只两百步外的云雀。‎ ‎②What?Me fight a big chap like him?Not me!什么?我同像他那样的大个子打架?不会是我!‎ ‎3.代替as,than等连词之后的主格(多用于口语中,尤其用于句末)‎ ‎①I’m not as tall as him(he).我没有他个子高。‎ ‎②)She is much more careful than ‎ me(I).她比我细心得多。当这类人称代词带有all,both等同位语时,用宾格的形式就更为常见了。如:‎ He works harder than us a11.他比我们所有人学习都刻苦。‎ 考点2指不代词 ‎1.this/these,that/those this,these指代下面要说的内容;that,those指代上面陈述过的内容。如:‎ ‎①What I’d like to say about how to improve our spoken English is like this.关于如何提高我们的英语口语,我想说的是这样的。‎ ‎②That’s a11.Thank you.我的话完了。谢谢。(多用于演讲、口头通知的结束语)‎ ‎③Salaries are higher here than those in my hometown.这里的薪水比我家乡的高。‎ ‎2.一些习惯说法中this和that的用法比较固定 ‎①Who’s that?你是谁?(打电话用语)‎ ‎②)This is Mary.我是Mary。(打电话用语)‎ ‎③11at’s all right/OK.不用谢。(对感谢的答语)‎ ‎④nat’S nothing.没什么。(对道歉的答语) ‘‎ ‎⑤That’s that.就这么定了。(表示决定不能更改)‎ ‎⑥That’S a11.就这些了。‎ ‎⑦That is…那就是……‎ ‎3.this,that有时可以用作副词,意为“这么,那么”,用在形容词或副词前作状语,表示程度 It isn’t that cold.还没那么冷。‎ 考点3不定代词 以下是几组易混不定代词:‎ ‎1.some类不定代词与any类不定代词 ‎(1)some类不定代词多用于肯定句中;any类的多用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。如:‎ Raise your hands if you have any questions.如果你们有问题,请举手。‎ ‎(2)但在表示客气的请求或希望对方给予肯定回答的疑问句中,要用some类的不定代词。如:‎ Would you like something to drink?你要喝点什么吗?‎ ‎(3)any类的不定代词用在肯定句中,表示“任何(一个);任何事情;无论什么”。如:‎ She promised that she could do anything for you.她许诺能为你做任何事情。‎ ‎2.all,both,neither,none ‎(1)all指三者或三者以上“都”,both指两者“都”。如:‎ ‎①Both(of)his hands were wounded.他的两只手都受伤了。‎ ‎②All(of)his fingers were wounded.他的手指都受伤了。(多于两个手指)‎ ‎(2)neither表示“两个都不”,常和of连用,放在带有冠词、物主代词或指示代词的复数名词之前,作主语时,谓语动词可以用单数或复数;none表示三个或三个以上“都不”,可用于人,也可用于物,后可接of短语,与复数名词、代词或单数集合名词连用作主语,指人时,谓语动词用单、复数皆可;指物时,只用第三人称单数形式。如:‎ ‎①Neither of the twins is/are correct.那两个双胞胎都不正确。‎ ‎②None of us has/have ever been to the Great wall.我们没有人去过长城。‎ ‎3.any,either,each,every ‎(1)any一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。也可用在肯定句中,以加强语气,表示“任一”的概念;还可以用来修饰可数名词单数,表示三者或三者以上中的“任何一个”。如:‎ I didn’t eat any meat.我一点儿肉也没吃。‎ ‎4.no,none,nothing,nobody ‎(1)no不能单独使用,相当于not a或not any,作定语修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如:‎ You have no sympathy for the sufferings of others.你对别人的痛苦没有同情心。‎ ‎(2)none既可以指人,也可以指物,侧重指三者或三者以上的人或物,用于回答how many/much引导的疑问句,可与介词of连用。如:‎ ‎①None of the books is suitable for the young.这些书都不适合年轻人读。‎ ‎②一How many people are there in the room?屋内有多少人?‎ 一None.没人。‎ ‎(3)nobody指人,用于回答who引导的疑问句;nothing指物,用于回答what引导的疑问句。如:‎ 一Who is in the room?谁在屋内?‎ 一Nobody.没有人。‎ ‎5.it,one,ones, that和those ‎(1)it特指上文所提到的同一个物,它所代替的名词常由the,this,that等修饰。one指上文提到的同类事物中的一个,不特指,被指代的名词通常由不定代词some或any修饰。如:‎ ‎①Where is that book?I can’t find it.那本书在哪儿?我找不到它。‎ ‎②I haven’t got any erasers.Will you please give me one?我没有橡皮,请你给我一块好吗?‎ ‎(2)one与that都可用来代替上文中出现的名词,one前要用定冠词the,有时that和the one可互换使用。如:‎ The book isn’t so interesting as the one/that you borrowed.这本书不如你借的那本有趣。‎ ‎(3)但that和one在多数情况下是不能互换的,主要区别在于:that既可代替可数名词,也可代替不可数名词,常要求有后置定语,一般不指人,复数形式为those。one只能代替可数名词单数,复数形式为ones。当可数名词前有形容词修饰时,只能用one,不用that。当of短语作可数名词的后置定语时,用that,不用one。如:‎ ‎①The best cigarettes are those from Yunnan.最好的香烟是那些来自云南的。‎ ‎②The boy told me his story and that of the girl next door.这个男孩跟我讲了他以及隔壁那个女孩的故事。‎ Your coat is blue,and my new one is green.你的大衣是蓝色的,我的新大衣是绿色的。‎ ‎(4)the ones用来代替上文提到的特指的复数名词,有时可以用those代替,尤其在有后置定语的情况下。如:‎ The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.桌上的那些书比桌下的好。‎ ‎6.another,other,others,more ‎(1)another既可以单独使用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用“another+数量词+复数名词”,表示”再,又”。如:‎ ‎①was there another way out?还有别的路出去吗?‎ ‎②we’d better wait another five minutes.我们最好再等五分钟。‎ 特别提示 表示“另外一个学生”只能用another student,不能说成another one student。‎ ‎(2)other不能单独使用,应用于复数名词前,表示另外的某些人或物,也可以用在some,any,no之后,或具体数词之后,再接名词,构成”不定代词或具体数词+other+名词”;接单数名词时,还可以用在冠词the后,特指两个人或物中的另外一个(可以省略为the other),或特指另外的某些人或物(可以省略为the others),others泛指”其他的(事物),别人”。如:‎ Done remained and the other went away.一个留下了,另一个走了。‎ ‎②We should learn to treat others as equals.我们应该学会平等待人。‎ ‎7.something,anything,everything,nothing ‎(1)something一般用在肯定句中,也可以用在表示邀请、征询意见的委婉问句中。如:‎ Could you do something for me?请为我做点事好吗?‎ ‎(2)anything用在否定句、疑问句或条件句中。如:‎ There isn’t anything inside.里面什么也没有。‎ ‎(3)everything意为”一切事物”,可用在肯定句或疑问句中。‎ 用于否定句时,表示部分否定;表示全部否定时要用nothing或not anything。如:‎ Everything is good when new,but friends when old.东西是新的好,朋友是老的亲。(谚语)‎ ‎(4)nothing表示”什么也没有”,常用于陈述句,表示否定意义,不能与否定词连用。如:‎ ‎①Do nothing by halves.凡事不可半途而废。(谚语)‎ ‎②Fools learn nothing from wise men,but wise men learn much from fools.愚者不学无术,智者不耻下问。(谚语)‎ 典例1: Swimming is my favorite sport. There is _____ like swimming as a means of keeping fit.‎ A something B anything ‎ C nothing D everything ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查不定代词。句意:游泳是我最爱的运动。再没有比游泳更好的锻炼方式了。There is nothing like…意即”没有什么能像……了”。‎ 典例2: Jane was asked a lot of questions,but she didn’t answer of them.‎ A.other B.any C.none D.some 典例3: Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children compared with of their parents.‎ A.those B.one C.both D.that 解析D ‎ ‎ 句意:十分之九的家长认为他们教育孩子的方法和他们父母的教育方法有明显的差别。在同一句话中,指代的名词和前面提到的名词是同一类,即同名异物,要用that。‎ 考点4 反身代词 ‎1.反身代词在句中可以作宾语、表语、并列主语,以及名词、代词的同位语 ‎①The text itself is very easy.这篇课文本身很简单。(作主语的同位语)‎ ‎②(Either)Jane or yourself will go there.要么Jane去,要么你自己去。(作并列主语,但不能单独作主语)‎ ‎③He is not laughed at that laughs at himself first.[谚]自嘲者不会让人嘲笑。‎ ‎④Respect yourseff,or no one else will respect you.[谚]要人尊敬,必须自重。‎ ‎2.主语与宾语是同一个人时,应当用反身代词teach oneself,enjoy oneself,help oneself,throw oneself,look after oneself ‎3.在系动词后作表语,常用于否定句,表示身体不适 I don’t know what’S the matter with me.I’m not myself today.‎ ‎4.用在交际英语中 ‎①Help yourseff!随便吃!(宴请礼仪)自己拿吧!‎ ‎②Make yourself at home!别拘束!‎ ‎③Don’t upset yourself!别自寻煨商了1‎ ‎5.辨别几组搭配 by oneself独自,单独;for oneself独自地,靠自己的力量;of oneself~t动地;to oneself独占,独用 典例:Isn’t it amazing how the human body heals after an injury?‎ A.hireself B.him C.itself D.it 考点5 it的用法 在英语中,运用it的场合较多。从它在句中的作用和意义来看,it的用法可分为三类:‎ ‎1.指代作用 ‎(1)用作人称代词,代替前文或后文所提到的同一事物(单数可数名词或不可数名词)。如:‎ Although we cannot see it,there is air all around us.虽然我们看不见空气,但它却在我们的周围。‎ ‎(2)代替前面的整个句子。如:‎ It is said that he has died of a disease,but it isn’t true.据说他已经病死了,但这不是真的。‎ ‎(3)用在答语中代替指示代词this,that。如:‎ 一What is this?这是什么?‎ 一It’s a bike.是自行车。‎ ‎(4)代替不能或没有必要区分性别的或某些习惯说法中的人。如:‎ ‎①The baby cried because it Was ‎ hungry.婴儿哭是因为饿了。(婴儿习惯上不区分性别)‎ ‎②一Who is knocking at the door?谁在敲门?‎ 一It’s me.是我o ‎(5)指环境、情形等。如:‎ ‎①I can’t stand it any longer.我再也不能容忍这种情况了。‎ ‎②Take it easy.别紧张。‎ ‎③It doesn’t matter.没关系。‎ ‎(6)指度量衡单位、时间、距离、季节、天气及自然现象。如:‎ ‎①It’s getting colder and colder now.现在越来越冷了。‎ ‎②It is winter now.现在是冬天了。‎ ‎2.形式作用 ‎(1)形式主语 当动词不定式、v.ing形式或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式主语。如:‎ ‎(I)It’s no use crying over spilt milk.[谚]覆水难收。‎ ‎②It takes three generations to make a gentleman.[谚]十年树木,百年树人。‎ ‎ (2)形式宾语 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、v-ing形式或宾语从句时,往往把真正的宾语放在补足语后面,而用it作形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前。如:‎ ‎①You must make it clear to them that the situation is ‎ serious.你必须向他们表明形势是严峻的。‎ ‎②)They thought it difficult to talk to the guests about the recent events.他们觉得和客人们谈近来发生的事情很困难。‎ 特别提示 形式宾语用在“主语+谓语动词+宾语”结构中,谓语动词appreciate,dislike,hate,like,love,make(按时到达,成功)等后接由if或when等引导的从句时,往往在从句前加形式宾语it。如:‎ ‎①1 would appreciate it if you paid in cash.如果你能支付现金的话,我会不胜感激。‎ ‎②The boy likes it when you do that.那个男孩喜欢你那样做。‎ ‎3.强调作用 it可以用来改变句子的结构,使句子的某一成分得到强调。强调句型的基本结构为:It is/was+所强调的成分+that/who/whom+其他成分。‎ ‎【试题放送】‎ ‎【2012全国II】9. Sarah made ______ to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning.‎ A. herself B. this C. that D. it ‎ ‎【答案】D ‎【考点】考查代词的用法。‎ ‎【解析】此处it是形式主语,代替后面的不定式短语。句意:Sarah今天早上成功地及时到达了机场赶上了她的航班。‎ ‎【2012四川卷】2. New technologies have made ____ possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.‎ A. that B. this C. one D. it ‎ ‎【答案】 D ‎ ‎【考点】本题考查代词。‎ ‎【解析】题干为固定句型:make + it + adj. + to do。其中it作形式宾语,替代动词不定式to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost。句意为:新兴科技已经使得更快地、以更低的成本生产新产品成为可能。‎ ‎【2012江西卷】23.My brother would like to buy a good watch but was available from that shop. A.nothing B.none C.no one D.neither ‎【答案】B  ‎ ‎【考点】不定代词 ‎【解析】此处 nothing指物,什么都不是;none既可指人也可指物,强调“每一个”;no one只能指人;neither表两者都不,故此题选B。‎ ‎【2012重庆卷】21.-John, when shall we meet again, Thursday or Friday?‎ ‎ -_________.I’ll be off to London then.‎ ‎ A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None ‎【答案】B ‎【考点】不定代词用法 ‎【解析】根据答语“I’ll be off to London then.”可知,约定的星期三或者星期五对John来说,都不行。在选项中B选项是“两者都不”之意,符合语境。因此,正确答案为B选项。‎ ‎【2012北京卷】 If you’re buying today’s paper from the stand, could you get for me?‎ A. one B. such C. this D. that ‎【答案】A ‎【考点】代词的用法 ‎【解析】根据句意:如果你去报摊上买今天的报纸,给我捎回一份好吗?one作“一个”,“一本”,“一件”等解,用来代替上文提到过的paper。相当于a copy of paper.‎ ‎【2012浙江卷】5. Studying Wendy's menu, I found that many of the items are similar to______ of McDonald's.‎ A. those B. ones C. any D. all ‎【答案】A ‎【考点】代词 ‎【解析】 those=that ones, 代指前面的many of the items,表示复数、特指,被of McDonald’s修饰,符合语境。Ones表示复数、泛指;any任何一个;all全部,均不符合语境,故排除。‎ ‎【2012江苏卷】23. Sophia waited for a reply, but ____ came.‎ A. either B. another C. neither D. none ‎【答案】D ‎【考点】代词辨析—neither/ none ‎【解析】句意为:Sophia等候答复,但没有任何答复。根据转折连词but可知,此处应用表示否定意义的代词,所以排除A项和B项。neither意为“两者都不”;none意为“三者或三者以上都不”。根据前半句中的“a reply”提示可知,故选D项。‎ ‎【2012陕西卷】13. No matter where he is, he makes _____a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.‎ ‎ A. him B this C. that D. it ‎ ‎【答案】D ‎ ‎【考点】考查代词。‎ ‎【解析】所填词做使役动词make的形式宾语,真正宾语是to go for a walk,选D。‎ ‎【2012全国新课程】31. Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but of them wants to, because they have work to do.‎ A. either B. any C. neither D. none ‎【答案】C ‎【考点】考查代词的用法。‎ ‎【解析】根据句意可知,Bill和Peter两个人,所以其否定形式用neither。句意:Larry请求Bill和Peter一起和他去野餐,但他们两个都不想去,因为他们要工作。‎ ‎【2012山东卷】21. When you are done with the book, just give it to Lucy or Helen or __________. A. whoever B. wherever ‎ C. whatever D. however ‎【答案】A ‎【考点】考查代词的用法。‎ ‎【解析】此处whoever是代词,意为:任何人,无论谁。它作to的宾语。句意:你看完书后,把书给Lucy或Helen,或谁都行。‎ ‎【模拟试题】‎ ‎1.【2012届河北省普通高考模拟】31 .The air of hills is cooler than___________of plains.‎ A. that B.one C.those D. ones ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。此处that指代不可数名词the air,其后有后置定语of plainsman。句意:山上的空气比平原的凉爽。‎ ‎2.【2012届保定市高三第一次模拟】25. He is_______stupid. In fact he is quite smart.‎ A. anything but B. nothing but C. more than D. no more than ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查不定代词的用法。此处anything but意为:一点也不。句意:他一点也不傻,事实上,他很精明。‎ ‎3.【2012届保定市高三第一次模拟】33.First the car broke down,and now I can't find my keys!if it’s not one thing,it's_______.‎ A. another B. other C. the other D. others ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。句意:首先车抛锚了,现在我又找不到钥匙了!不是这事就是那事。‎ ‎4.【2012届北京海淀区高三一模】31. ---You seem busy these days.‎ ‎---Yes. I’m looking for a house. It’s really not easy to find _____ with a garden.‎ A. this B. one C. it D. that ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查代词题。本题的A选项和D选项基本可以视作同义选项排除,真正考察的区别也就是one和it这对常考代词的区别。it指代前面一个确定的名词概念,而one则指代前面名词范围中不确定的某一个。这里前面的a house明显不是某所确定的房子,说话者只是在找房,并没有确定哪一所,所以应该是B选项one。‎ ‎5.【2012届江西省上饶市第一次高考模拟】22.How wonderful it will be that whoever is in need of a job can get .‎ ‎ A.it B.that C.one D.this ‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。此处one同类指代。句意:需要工作的人找到一个工作那该多好啊。‎ ‎6.【2012届四川省成都石室中学高三二诊模拟】3.Knowledge from real life isn't easier to forget than ___ achieved from textbooks.‎ ‎ A.it B.that C.one D.those ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。此处that指代不可数名词knowledge,其后有后置定语,用于比较句型。‎ ‎7.【2012届河南省郑州市高三第二次质量预测】22. Mr. Robert didn't choose any of the three jackets because he found _______ of them satisfactory.‎ A. all B. either C. none D. Neither ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。此处none意为:没有一个。句意:罗伯特先生没有选择三件夹克衫的任何一个,因为他发现没有一个满意。‎ ‎8.【2012届江西省六校联考】24. The agreement was made quickly as both sides were satisfied with the conditions of _____.‎ A. another B. others C. the other D. either ‎【答案】 C ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。根据前文的both可知:应选C两者当中的另一个。‎ ‎9.【2012届江西省六校联考】29.9. 11 is a special date, ,I think,that will be remembered by the Americans forever.‎ A.what B.it C.which D.one ‎【答案】D ‎ ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。one作date的同位语 ‎10.【2012届江西省六校联考】32. Eventually, she has recognized ____, whatever happens and however bad ____ seems today, life still goes on and everything will be better tomorrow.‎ A.that; it B.it; that C.it; what D.that; what ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎【解析】考查代词。that 引导宾语从句;it指代情况。‎ ‎11.【2012届甘肃省高三第一次高考诊断】20.---Three tickets for Friday night, please.‎ ‎ ---Sorry, but we’ve got ____ left.‎ ‎ A.none B.no one C.nothing D.not any ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。此处none意为:一张都没有。句意:---三张星期五晚上的票。---对不起,我们一张都没有了。‎ ‎12.【2012届贵州师大附中高三年级检测】10. —What about the monthly test? Is it easy?‎ ‎—Yes, but I don’t think ______ pass it.‎ ‎ A. somebody B. anybody C. nobody D. everybody ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。句意:---月考怎么样?简单吗?---是的,但我认为不是每个人都能通过考试。此处not everybody意为:不是每个人,是部分否定。‎ ‎13.【2012届山西太原五中4月月考】32. ---Who is knocking at the door? --- _______. ‎ A. They are the children B. There are the children ‎ C. It is the children D.‎‎ ‎D.‎ That is the children ‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。此处it指身份不明的人。句意:谁在敲门?---是孩子们。‎ ‎14.【2012届山西太原五中4月月考】33. It is our hope that ______ of us will be left behind. ‎ A. nobody B. no one C. every one D none ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。句意:我们中没有人被落下是我们的希望。此处none of us意为:我们没有人。‎ ‎15.【2011届江苏省苏、锡、常、镇四市高三调研测试(一)】34. Mistakes will happen. Accept __________ and learn from________.‎ A. it; them B. them; it C. it; it D. them; them ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。第一空it指代“错误总会发生的”这一事实;第二空从错误中吸取教训。句意:错误总会发生的。接受它并且从错误中吸取教训。‎ ‎16.【2012届吉林省吉林市高三第二次模拟】32. Mr. Zhang gave the textbooks to all the pupils except ________who had already had them.‎ A. ones B. the ones C. some D. the others ‎【答案】 B. ‎ ‎【解析】考查不定代词。the ones代替the pupils。‎ ‎17.【2012届山东省菏泽重点高中高三下学期4月模拟】30. He didn’t make _____ clear when and where the meeting would be held.‎ A. this B. that C. it D. these ‎【答案】C ‎ ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。此处 it作形式宾语,when and where the meeting would be held是真正的宾语。当复合宾语中的宾语是宾语从句时,往往把宾语放在它的补语的后面,而把代词it放在全句谓语动词和宾语补语的中间。宾语补语后面的宾语是真正的宾语,谓语动词和宾语补语中间的it是形式宾语。‎ ‎18.【2012届广西桂林市、崇左市、百色市、防城港市高考联合调研】23.Be patient! You will find a bank on side of the street.‎ ‎ A.neither B.both C.either D.each ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。此处either指“两者中的任何一个”。句意:耐心些!你会在大街的任何一边找到银行。‎ ‎19.【河南省郑州市2012届英语信息卷(三)】2. Building a new school is one thing, while keeping it running smoothly is quite ______.‎ ‎ A.the other B.another C.neither D.others ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎【解析】考查代词。句意为:“建新校是一方面,而让它平稳运转则是另一方面”。another表示“另一;又一”。‎ ‎20.【2012届浙江杭州重点高中原创模拟】18. Li Na has made _______ of herself in the world of tennis since she became a tennis player.‎ A. nothing B. something C. anything D. everything ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎【解析】考查代词的用法和固定用法。make something of oneself 意为“取得成功”句意为:李娜自成为网球选手以来,已在网球世界取得了巨大成功。根据句意选B。‎ ‎21. 【2011·江九江六校第三次联考】—Have you finished all your exercises?‎ ‎—Yes, ___ is left. As a matter of fact, they are as easy as ABC.‎ A. nothing B. not one C. none D. neither ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。此处none是代词,指没有练习被剩下。‎ ‎22. 【2011·山东师大附中第七次质量检测】 For quite students,their teacher’s advice is more important than of their parents’.‎ A.few;one B.a little;some C.a few;that D.a lot;many ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。此处quite a few意为:许多;that代替advice。句意:对于许多学生来说,老师的建议比他们的父母的更重要。‎ ‎23. 【2011·东北三校第二次联考】The school’s Drama Association will be giving a big show tonight and two next week.‎ ‎ A.another B.other C.else D.more ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。此处another修饰数词置于数词前,more置于数词后,故用more。‎ ‎24. 【2011·唐山市二模】7.I want to buy a pair of sports shoes, _____ at a proper price, but of good quality.‎ ‎ A.that B.one C.those D.ones ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】考查代词的用法。此处one是a pair of sports shoes。句意:我想买一双运动鞋,一双有合适的价格且有好的质量。‎
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