高考英语完形填空阅读理解专项练习附答案详解

高考英语完形填空阅读理解专项练习附答案详解

A There are many kinds of friends. Some are always 1 you, but don't understand you. Some say only a few words to you, but understand you. Many people will step in your life, but only 2 friends leave footprints (脚印).‎ I shall always recall (回忆) the autumn and the girl with the 3 . She will always bring back the friendship between us. I know she will always be my best friend.‎ It was the golden season. I could see the yellow leaves 4 on the cool 5 . In such a season, I liked walking alone in the leaves, 6 to the sound of them.‎ Autumn is a 7 season and life is uninteresting. The free days always get me 8 . But one day, the sound of a violin 9 into my ears like a stream (小溪) flowing in the mountains. I was so surprised that I jumped to see what it was. A young girl, standing in the wind, was 10 in playing her violin.‎ I had 11 seen her before. The music was so nice that I listened quietly. Lost in the music, I didn't know that I had been 12 there for so long but my existence (存在) did not seem to disturb her.‎ Leaves were still falling. Every day she played the violin in the corner of the building 13 I went downstairs to watch her performance. I was the only listener. The autumn seemed no longer lonely and life became 14 . 15 we didn't know each other, I thought we were already good friends. I believe she also loved me.‎ Autumn was nearly over. One day, when I was listening carefully, the sound suddenly 16 . To my astonishment (惊讶), the girl came over to me.‎ ‎“You must like violin.” she said. ‎ ‎“Yes. And you play very well. Why did you stop?” I asked.‎ Suddenly, a 17 expression appeared on her face and I could feel something unusual.‎ ‎“I came here to see my grandmother, but now I must leave. I once played very badly. It was your listening every day that 18 me.” she said.‎ ‎“In fact, it was your playing 19 gave me a meaningful autumn,” I answered, “Let's be friends.”‎ The girl smiled, and so did I.‎ I never heard her play again in my life. I no longer went downstairs to listen like before. Only thick leaves were left behind. But I will always remember the fine figure (身影) of the girl. She is like a 20 —so short, so bright, like a shooting star giving off so much light that it makes the autumn beautiful. ‎ ‎1. A. with B. for C. against D. to ‎2. A. good B. true C. new D. old ‎3. A. sound B. song C. play D. violin ‎4. A. shaking B. hanging C. falling D. floating ‎5. A. wind B. snow C. air D. rain ‎6. A. watching B. listening C. seeing D. hearing ‎7. A. lively B. lovely C. harvest D. lonely ‎8. A. up B. off C. down D. over ‎9. A. flowed B. grew C. entered D. ran ‎10. A. lost B. active C. busy D. interested ‎11. A. once B. never C. often D. usually ‎12. A. waiting B. stopping C. standing D. hearing ‎13. A. because B. so C. when D. but ‎14. A. interesting B. moving C. encouraging D. exciting ‎15. A. But B. However C. Even D. Though ‎16. A. stopped B. began C. gone D. changed ‎17. A. happy B. sad C. strange D. surprised ‎18. A. surprised B. excited C. encouraged D. interested ‎19. A. that B. which C. it D. who ‎20. A. song B. dream C. fire D. sister B ‎ In the middle of the night, Peter's wife suddenly fell ill. She couldn’t help crying, “Oh, my stomach (胃)! Get the 1 !”‎ Peter, awaking from a deep sleep, thought his wife was only having a 2 dream.‎ ‎“Stop that noise.” he said to her. He turned over and tried to go to 3 again, but his wife still cried out, “Oh, help! Help! I'm sure I'm 4 !”‎ Peter got out of bed and started 5 , but he could not find him any clothes.‎ ‎“Where is my shirt?” he asked. His wife was 6 ill to tell him, and she could only cry, “Oh, my 7 stomach!”‎ As soon as he had put his clothes 8 , he said, “Now, my dear, are you quite 9 that you need the doctor? Surely you can wait 10 morning, can't you?”‎ ‎“No, I can't. Go, go, go.” his wife shouted,“ 11 you will find me dead 12 the morning.”‎ So Peter went out into the dark street. He had only gone a few meters 13 he heard his wife calling him again.‎ ‎“I'm 14 again now, and I shall not want the doctor.” she said softly.‎ Hearing this, he started running as 15 as he could towards the doctor's. When he arrived there, he knocked at the door loudly enough to wake 16 around.‎ The doctor put his sleepy head out of the bedroom window and said, “Er? Who's there?”‎ ‎“Oh, Doctor.” Peter said to him, “I've very 17 news for you. My wife 18 ill with a terrible stomachache (胃疼). I was on my way to bring you to her, but she called me back to say the trouble had suddenly 19 her. So you need not come. Go back to 20 now, and sleep well!”‎ ‎1. A. driver B. nurse C. doctor D. child ‎2. A. terrible B. interesting C. surprising D. wonderful ‎3. A. bed B. sleep C. dream D. hospital ‎4. A. walking B. dying C. aching D. sleeping ‎5. A. dressing B. wearing C. raising D. working ‎6. A. very B. so C. too D. quite ‎7. A. good B. bad C. wrong D. poor ‎8. A. down B. off C. on D. up ‎9. A. surprised B. afraid C. certain D. worried ‎10. A. before B. for C. to D. until ‎11. A. And B. But C. So D. Or ‎12. A. after B. in C. before D. until ‎13. A. after B. when C. before D. while ‎14. A. good B. wrong C. all right D. right ‎15. A. fast B. slowly C. hurriedly D. happily ‎16. A. everyone B. someone C. no one D. doctors ‎17. A. good B. bad C. necessary D. ill ‎18. A. fell B. stayed C. grew D. failed ‎19. A. gone B. missed C. disappeared D. left ‎20. A. your home B. your bedroom C. your dream D. bed ‎ ‎ （一） 　　Feeling blue about the world? “Cheer up.” says science writer Matt Ridley. “The world has never been a better place to live in, and it will keep on getting better both for humans and for nature.”‎ ‎ 　　Ridley calls himself a rational optimist—rational, because he's carefully weighed the evidence; optimistic, because that evidence shows human progress to be both unavoidable and good. And this is what he's set out to prove from a unique point of view in his most recent book, The Rational Optimist. He views mankind as a grand enterprise that, on the whole, has done little but progress for 100,000 years. He backs his findings with hard facts gathered through years of research. 　　Here's how he explains his views. 　　1 ) Shopping fuels invention 　　It is reported that there are more than ten billion different products for sale in London alone. Even allowing for the many people who still live in poverty, our own generation has access to more nutritious food, more convenient transport, bigger houses, better cars, and, of course, more pounds and dollars than any who lived before us. This will continue as long as we use these things to make other things. The more we specialize and exchange, the better-off we'll be. 　　2) Brilliant advances 　　One reason we are richer, healthier, taller, cleverer, longer lived and freer than ever before is that the four most basic human needs—food, clothing, fuel and shelter—have grown  a lot cheaper. Take one example. In 1800 a candle providing one hour's light cost six hours' work. In the 1880s the same light from an oil lamp took 15 minutes' work to pay for. In 1950 it was eight seconds. Today it's half second. 　　3 ) Let's not kill ourselves for climate change 　　Mitigating (减轻) climate change could prove just as damaging to human welfare as climate change itself.  A child that dies from indoor smoke in a village, where the use of fossil-fuel (化石燃料) electricity is forbidden by well-meaning members of green political movements trying to save the world, is just as great a tragedy as a child that dies in a flood caused by climate change. If climate change proves to be mild, but cutting carbon causes real pain, we may well find that we have stopped a nose-bleed by putting a tourniquet (止血带) around our necks. 　　1. What is the theme of Ridley's most recent book? 　　  A. Weakness of human nature. B. Concern about climate change. 　　  C. Importance of practical thinking.　  D. Optimism about human progress. 　　2. How does Ridley look at shopping? 　　  A. It encourages the creation of things.  B. It results in shortage of goods. 　　  C. It demands more fossil fuels.　　  D. It causes a poverty problem. 　　3. The candle and lamp example is used to show that ________. 　　  A. oil lamps give off more light than candles　　  B. shortening working time brings about a happier life 　　  C. advanced technology helps to produce better candles　‎ ‎ D. increased production rate leads to lower cost of goods 　　4. What does the last sentence of the passage imply? 　　  A. Cutting carbon is necessary in spite of the huge cost.　 ‎ ‎ B. Overreaction to climate change may be dangerous. 　　  C. People's health is closely related to climate change.　  ‎ ‎ D. Careless medical treatment may cause great pain.‎ ‎（二）‎ In business, there's a speed difference: It's the difference between how important a firm's leaders say speed is to their competitive(竞争的) strategy(策略) and how fast the company actually moves.The difference is important regardless of industry and company size. Companies fearful of losing their competitive advantage spend much time and money looking for ways to pick up the speed. 　　In our study of 343 businesses, the companies that chose to go, go, go to try to gain-an-edge ended up with lower sales and operating incomes than those that paused at key moments to make sure they were on the right track.What's more, the firms that “slowed down to speed up” improved their top and bottom lines, averaging 40% higher sales and 52% higher operating incomes over a three-year ‎ period. 　How did they disobey the laws of business physics, taking more time than competitors yet performing better? They thought differently about what “slower” and “faster” mean.Firms sometimes fail to understand the difference between operational speed (moving quickly) and strategic speed (reducing the time it takes to deliver value)．Simply increasing the speed of production, for example, may be one way to try to reduce the speed difference.But that often leads to reduced value over time, in the form of lower-quality products and services. 　　In our study, higher-performing companies with strategic speed always made changes when necessary. They became more open to ideas and discussion.They encouraged new ways of thinking.And they allowed time to look back and learn.By contrast (相比而言), performance suffered at firms that moved fast all the time, paid too much attention to improving efficiency, stuck to tested methods, didn't develop team spirit among their employees, and had little time thinking about changes. 　　Strategic speed serves as a kind of leadership.Teams that regularly take time to get things right, rather than plough ahead full bore, are more successful in meeting their business goals.That kind of strategy must come from the top. 　　1．What does the underlined part “gain an edge” in Paragraph 2 mean? 　　    A．Increase the speed. 　　　    　 B．Get an advantage. 　　    C．Reach the limit.          　 　D．Set a goal. 　　2．The underlined part “the laws of business physics” in Paragraph 3 means ________. 　　    A．spending more time and performing worse 　　    B．spending more time and performing better 　　    C．spending less time and performing worse 　　    D．spending less time and performing better 　　3．What can we learn from the text? 　　    A．How fast a firm moves depends on how big it is. 　　    B．How competitive a firm is depends on what it produces. 　　    C．Firms guided by strategic speed take time to make necessary changes. 　　    D．Firms guided by operational speed take time to develop necessary team spirit. 　　4．Which could be the best title for the text? 　　    A．Improve quality? Serve better.　　    B．Deliver value? Plough ahead. 　　    C．Reduce time? Move faster.　　    D．Need speed? Slow down. （三）‎ Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill（友好）between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred（仇恨）. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests. One country received its second—place medals with visible indignation after the hockey final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match as, the losers objecting to the final decisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents’ victory was unfair .Their manager was in a rage when he said:“ This wasn’t hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.” The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension（暂停） of the team for at least three years. The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the ‎ U.S.A. had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals. Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or in nonnational terms, might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism（爱国主义）.　‎ ‎1.According to the author, recent Olympic Games have ____.‎ A. created goodwill between the nations B. bred only false national pride C. hardly showed any international friendship D. led to more and more misunderstanding and hatred ‎2.What did the manager mean by saying,“...Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished”? A. His team would no longer take part in international games.‎ B. Hockey and the Federation are 60th ruined by the unfair decisions.‎ C. There should be no more hockey matches organized by the Federation.‎ D. The Federation should be dissolved.‎ ‎3.The basketball example implied that ____.‎ A. too much patriotism was displayed in the incident B. the announcement to prolong the match was wrong C. the appeal jury was too hesitant in making the decision D. The American team was right in receiving the silver medals ‎4.The author gives the two examples in paragraph 2 and 3 to show ____.‎ A. how false national pride led to undesirable incidents in international games B. that sportsmen have been more obedient than they used to be C. that competitiveness in the games discourages international friendship D. that unfair decisions are common in Olympic Games ‎5.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?‎ A. The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved.‎ B. Athletes should compete as individuals in the Olympic Games.‎ C. Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game.‎ ‎ D. International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations.‎ ‎（四）‎ There are two major parties in Britain today,the Conservative Party and the Labour Party, which have been in power by turns since 1945.The two—party system of Britain was formed in the course of the development of the capitalist state and the political parties.In order to strengthen the state machine,the British bourgeoisie（资产阶级） have let it come into being and exist in one form or another form since the 17th century. P.S.Tregidgo once said:“The more parties there are,the less likely it is that any one of them will be strong enough in Parliament（议会）to outvote all the others;but when there are only two, one of them is sure to have a majority of seats.This helps to ensure a strong and stable government.”This may be the reason why the British have the two party system. The division into two parties grew out the establishment of a Protestant Church of England in the 16th century.Because of a purely religious difference of opinion,the Puritans were separated from the broad body of the Anglican Church. The non-Puritan Anglicans were on the side of the King and Church,and their supporters were called by their opponents “Tories.”The Puritans were for Parliament and trade, and their supporters were called by the “Tories”“Whigs”.The Tories and the Whigs were in power by turns for a long time.In 1833,the Tory party split into two and its name was changed to Conservative.In the 1860s the Whigs became Liberals.From that time ‎ on,the Liberals and the Conservatives were in office by turns until 1922.The policies they put into effect were sometimes different, but they were both controlled by the rich. The working class became more and more unwilling to follow the Conservatives and the Liberals.They wanted to have their own party.So the Labour party was formed by the trade unions.After 1922 the Labour Party gradually replaced the Liberal Party to become one of the two major parties in Great Britain.　‎ ‎1.What does “it” stand for in the fourth line?‎ A. The two party system. B. The state machine.‎ C. The Partiament. D. The capitalist state. ‎2.We can learn from what P.S Tregidgo once said that ____.‎ A. if there are parties in Britain,none of them will be strong enough to have control in the government.‎ B. the more patients there are, the more likely it is that they will have the decisive say in the government.‎ C. the two party system contributes to the establishment of a powerful and long lasting government.‎ D. if there are only two parties in Britain, it will be easy for the government to control them.‎ ‎3.What can we infer from the forming of the Tory Party and the Whig Party? ‎ A. These two parties originally believed in different religions.‎ B. These two parties were established under the influence of different religious believes.‎ C. The British King and the Parliament supported different religions because they were for the two party system.‎ D. The British King and the Parliament were supported by different parties for political reasons.‎ ‎4.According to the passage,why was the Labour Party established in Britain?‎ A. Because the trade unions did not do much good for the working people.‎ B. Because the Liberal Party were not strong enough to defeat the Conservative Party.‎ C. Because the working people would not like to be members outside the Liberal Party.‎ D. Because neither of the two major parties was the parties for the working people.‎ ‎5.Which of the following is true concerning the Tory Party or the Whig Party?‎ A. The Whig Party no longer exists in Britain.‎ B. The Tory Party has kept its unity until the present day.‎ C. The Whig Party has taken the place of the Liberal Party.‎ ‎ D. The Tory Party has taken the place of the Conservative Party.‎ ‎【答案详解】‎ ‎ Passage A 文章通过“我”和一个小姑娘秋天邂逅的故事体现了知心朋友的重要性。‎ ‎1. A. 结合后面一句可知，“许多人与你在一起(with you)， 却不能理解你”。‎ ‎2. B. 只有真正的朋友，才能留在心中。‎ ‎3. D. 结合后面的内容可知，“我”每天去听小姑娘拉小提琴。‎ ‎4. D. 金黄的树叶在秋风中随风飘动。‎ ‎5. A. 叶子是在风中飘动。‎ ‎6. B. 现在分词用作伴随状语。‎ ‎7. C. 秋天本是收获的季节，但是此处“我”却独自一人漫步在落叶之上，与下文的生活的无趣相对应。‎ ‎8. C. 短语 get sb. down 意为“使人泄气； 使人疲倦”。‎ ‎9. A. 琴声像山涧溪流一样，流进(flow into)“我”的耳畔。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m ‎10. A. 短语be lost in (doing) sth. “陷入……之中”。此处指小姑娘正在聚精会神地拉小提琴。‎ ‎11. B. 结合上下文可知，“我”以前与小姑娘素不相识。‎ ‎12. C. “我”沉浸在优美的琴声中，不自觉地在风中伫立。‎ ‎13. C. 从下文可知，“我”并不是听到琴声才下楼，而是因为两人心有灵犀，每次几乎是在小姑娘拉琴的同时，“我”也到了楼下。因此这里应用when。‎ ‎14. A. 与上文的“生活无趣”相对，琴声让“我”觉得“生活有趣”。‎ ‎15. D. 从整个句意来看，这里是一个让步状语从句。though表“尽管”，合乎文意。‎ ‎16. A. 与平日不同，琴声突然停止，小姑娘朝“我”走来，让“我”惊讶。‎ ‎17. B. 由下文可知，小姑娘即将离开，故脸上闪现出悲伤的神色。‎ ‎18. C. 在小姑娘眼中，“我”每天来听琴对她是一种无声的激励。‎ ‎19. A. 此处是一个强调句型。‎ ‎20. B. 结合全文的意思可知，在“我”看来，小姑娘就像一个梦，让“我”久久难忘。　‎ Passage B 本文讲述的是一个妻子半夜突然生了病，而她丈夫在她已经好转之后还到医生家把医生叫醒的幽默小故事。‎ ‎1. C. 生了病自然是去请医生。‎ ‎2. A. 妻子睡觉时突然大叫，丈夫以为她只是做了个恶梦。‎ ‎3. B. 他翻了个身又想睡了。go to sleep意为“ 入睡”, go to bed意为“ 去睡觉”。‎ ‎4. B. 妻子感觉病得很重以致于快死了。‎ ‎5. A. 这里肯定是穿衣且强调动作，所以用dress。‎ ‎6. C. 从下文可以得知妻子没有告诉他，因为她病得太厉害了。‎ ‎7. D. poor 在这里解释为“可怜的，不幸的”，其他三个选项均不符题意。‎ ‎8. C. 这里是穿上衣服，故选put...on。‎ ‎9. C. 丈夫想确定一下妻子是否真的需要请医生。‎ ‎10. D. 根据句意是“等到早上”。‎ ‎11. D. 妻子让丈夫赶快去，否则到了早上他会发现她已经死了。‎ ‎12. B. 在早上是in the morning。 ‎ ‎13. B. 他刚走了几米，这时他听到他的妻子又喊他。when 表示“就在这个时候”。‎ ‎14. C. 下文说不用请医生了，说明她感觉好了。‎ ‎15. A. as fast as he could意为“尽可能快地”。‎ ‎16. A. 敲门如此之响以致于能吵醒附近的每一个人。‎ ‎17. A. 从下文得知医生不用半夜出诊了，他认为这对医生来说是个好消息。‎ ‎18. A. 从文章开头能看出答案。fall ill 意为“生病”。‎ ‎19. D. 后来病痛突然就没了。‎ ‎20. D. 既然不用去给他妻子看病，丈夫就让医生回去睡觉。‎ ‎ （一） 　　1．D　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Ridley calls himself a rational optimist—rational, because he's carefully weighed the evidence; optimistic, because that evidence shows human progress...” Ridley 自称是一个理性的乐观主义者，所谓理性是因为他仔细权衡证据；所谓乐观是因为这些证据表明人类进步是不可避免的，而且也是十分美好的。这就是他在近期的一 本书当中以全新的视角向人们证明的主题。故此处D项正确。 　　2．A　推理判断题。根据第一个小标题题目“Shopping fuels invention”以及其内容最后一句“The more we specialize and exchange, the better off we'll be.”可知，购物刺激发明创造，刺激消费，促进生产，这种情况越多，我们将会越富有。故此处A项正确。 　　3．D　细节理解题。从第二个标题内容可知，我们生活远比以前富裕，健康，长寿，人也长得高了，也比以前聪明了，其中一个原因是我们人类的四种基本需求——衣，食，住，行比以前便宜了很多。因此以油灯和蜡烛为例进一步阐述，故此处D项正确。 　　4.B　推理判断题。由文章最后一句可知，如果气候变化证明是轻微的，然而降低二氧化碳会引起麻烦，那么很可能会发现我们用止血带缠绕脖子以此止住鼻血。此处暗指对气候变化的过度反应存在危险。故B项正确。 （二） 　　1.B　词义猜测题。许多公司都想选择提速来获取优势，而不是达到极限或设定目标，故get an ‎ advantage正确。 　　2.D　细节理解题。由文中第三段第一句和第二句的含义：他们怎样违反商业物理规则，比做得更好的竞争对手花了更多的时间？他们不同地看待更慢和更快的意思。可知商业物理规则应是用更少的时间做得更好。故选D项。 　　3.C　推理判断题。文章主要讲述了strategic speed的重要性，且在文中第四段第一句也说明了这一点：运用策略速度的公司往往在必要时作出改变。故选C项。 　　4．D　主旨大意题。文章围绕speed 展开，且区分了operational speed 与 strategic speed，强调了后者的重要性，故D项正确。‎ ‎ （三）‎ ‎1.C从原文第3行“but...brotherhood”可以得知。 ‎2.B 这是负方领队不服裁判结果的气话。 ‎3.A 篮球的事例表明了作者的观点：爱国情绪太过头，体育规则受到渺视。 ‎4.C 从原文最后一段可以推知。 ‎5.A 这是一篇评论性文章。文中寄托了作者的希望。只有A符合。 ‎ （四）‎ ‎1.A 本题要求读者指出第3行的“it”指代什么。A为两党制，B为国家机器，C为议会，D 为资本主义政府，从原文可知，资产阶级是为了强化国家机器，而让两党制形成并存在的。 故答案为A。 ‎2.C 本题要求读者指出从P.S.特莱吉欧说的话中可得知什么。A意思是：如果英国有政党的 话，哪个党也不能控制政府。B意思是：政党越多，他们就越有可能在政府中有决定性的发言权。C意思是：两党制有利于建立一个有力的持久的政府。D意思是：如果英国只有两个政党，政府会很容易控制他们。从原文可知，A，B，D都不符合原文，故正确答案为C。 ‎3.B 本题要求读者指出从托利党和辉格党的形成可得出什么推论。A意思是：这两个党原来属于不同的宗教信仰。B意思是：这两个党是受不同的宗教信仰影响而建立起来的。C意思是：英国的国王和议会支持不同的宗教因为他们拥护两党制。D意思是：英国的国王和议会 由于政治上的原因受不同的党派的支持。从原文可知，由于继宗教上的原因，英国国教分化为清教徒和非清教徒，这两支后来发展为辉格党和托利党。所以正确答案为B。 ‎4.D 本题要求读者指出英国工党是为什么建立的。A意思是：因为工会没有为工人阶级谋多少利益。B意思是：因为自由党对抗不过保守党。C意思是：因为工人阶级不想成为自由党外的成员。D意思是：因为当时的两大政党都不代表工人阶级利益。从原文可知，工党的建 立起因是工人阶级不愿受自由党和保守党的控制，且这两大党都是富人的党。所以正确答案为D。 ‎ 5.A 本题要求读者指出关于托利党和辉格党的正确叙述。A意思是：在英国辉格党已经不存在了。B意思是：直到今天托利党还保持着完整统一。C意思是：辉格党取代了自由党。D 意思是：托利党取代了保守党。从原文可知，辉格党发展成后来的自由党，自由党又为工党 取代。所以正确答案为A。 ‎